This document discusses cloud baseband (BB) technology and its implementation by Huawei. It begins by introducing cloud BB architecture and motivations such as cost savings. It then provides examples of Huawei's commercial cloud BB cases from 2008-2013. The document discusses technical challenges of cloud BB like CPRI bandwidth and presents solutions such as CPRI compression. It also describes coordination capabilities and performance gains enabled by cloud BB such as interference cancellation. Finally, it shares details of an LTE-A network implemented by Huawei for an operator in Seoul using a cloud BB architecture.
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In December 2021, 3GPP has reached a consensus on the scope of 5G NR Release 18. This is a significant milestone marking the beginning of 5G Advanced — the second wave of wireless innovations that will fulfill the 5G vision. Release 18 will build on the solid foundation set by Releases 15, 16, and 17, and it sets the longer-term evolution direction of 5G and beyond. This release will encompass a wide range of new and enhancement projects, ranging from improved MIMO and application of AI/ML-enabled air interface to extended reality optimizations and broader IoT support.
Pci mod3,6,30 analysis and auto optimizationShuangquan Lei
This presentation introduce a network optimization platform, and with this application, system will support you to find 4G LTE cells which have PCI MOD(3), MOD(6) and MOD(30) collision, and then can generate candidate value list by big data analysis.
Please send email to me if this application can make your work more effective.
my email address: lei.shuangquan@gmail.com
Setting off the 5G Advanced evolution with 3GPP Release 18Qualcomm Research
In December 2021, 3GPP has reached a consensus on the scope of 5G NR Release 18. This is a significant milestone marking the beginning of 5G Advanced — the second wave of wireless innovations that will fulfill the 5G vision. Release 18 will build on the solid foundation set by Releases 15, 16, and 17, and it sets the longer-term evolution direction of 5G and beyond. This release will encompass a wide range of new and enhancement projects, ranging from improved MIMO and application of AI/ML-enabled air interface to extended reality optimizations and broader IoT support.
Pci mod3,6,30 analysis and auto optimizationShuangquan Lei
This presentation introduce a network optimization platform, and with this application, system will support you to find 4G LTE cells which have PCI MOD(3), MOD(6) and MOD(30) collision, and then can generate candidate value list by big data analysis.
Please send email to me if this application can make your work more effective.
my email address: lei.shuangquan@gmail.com
A presentation on Cloud RAN fronthaul, current deployment Options, benefits and challenges. This was presented in the
iJOIN Winter School "5G Cloud Technologies: Benefits and Challenges", Bremen, 2015-02-23
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GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
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The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
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Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
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Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
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3. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 3
Centralized Cloud BB
CPRI
Traditional Basestation
What is Cloud BB?：”C” for Centralization + Coordination
4. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 4
Commercial Centralization Cases by Huawei
2008 2009 2010
Case I: Hong Kong P Operator
Capacity : each site has 20-30
BBUs, totally 200 RRUs
Transmission techs: WDM (OTN)
Case 2: China T Operator CDMA
Network
Capacity: totally 12 sites with196
BBUs, maximum site has 58 BBUs,
covering about 10km² area.
2
Case 3: C Operator (SH EXPO
2010)
Capacity: 29 sites with 274
BBUs, maximum site has 34 TD-
S BBUs
CPRI over P2P fiber
Case 4: Japan S Operator WCP
Capacity: Up to 100 BBUs/site
CPRI over P2P fiber
2013
5. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei proprietary. No spread without permission. Page 5
Cloud BB: cost overview
CAPEX savings
• air conditioning units
• backup systems e.g. batteries
• BB resources utilization improvement
OPEX savings
• power consumption i.e. payment to
power company
• regular maintenance of BTS site
•BTS room rental fee
CAPEX issues
• CPRI transmission devices
• site redesign
OPEX issues
• Transmission channel or fiber rent
fee
6. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei proprietary. No spread without permission. Page 6
CPRI issue: CPRI is the challenge in Cloud BB implementation
Solution Dark Fiber (P2P Fiber) Active WDM Micro Wave
Tech RRU chain or loop;
BBU/RRU insert long distance
white optic module
BBU、RRU are connected by short
distance optic directly, BB-RF over OTN
Eband ( 71-76,81-86 GHz)
BW (Gbps)
• Bandwidth reduction : 1/3
Data: Huawei Research
0
0.5
1
1.5
2.0
2.5
2011 2012 2014
2.5G
1.25G
800M
50%
67%
CPRI Compression
Transmission
Deployment
Solution
Interface
Optimization
Technology
RRU BBU RRU OTN BBUOptical fiber
7. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei proprietary. No spread without permission. Page 7
CPRI Compression Solution example: CPRI Configuration and CPRI Compression
Cell BW Antenna CPRI BW
5M 2T2R 1.2288Gbps
5M 4T4R 1.2288Gbps
10M 2T2R 1.2288Gbps
10M 4T4R 2.4576Gbps
15M/20M 2T2R 2.4576Gbps
15M/20M 4T4R 4.9152Gbps
For 20M_2T2R_4 level cascading:
No compression: 2.5G*4=10G
With normal compression(2:1): 5G
CRPI Bandwidth
For 20M_2T2R_Star_Topology
2.5G/RRUCRPI Bandwidth
CPRI transmission bandwidth requirement
CPRI Compression Specification
Cell BW CPRI Compression Ratio
Normal
Compression
Enhanced CPRI
Compression
5M 3:2 Not supported
10M 3:2 2:1
15M/20M 2:1 3:1
8. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 8
Deep Coordination@ Cloud BB for No Edge Experience
Cloud BB
Cells Combination Inference Cancellation
One Cell
Multi Cells
Cloud BB
Inter-Site Coordination
Cloud BB
Inter-site CA
Railway, “0” Handover
Challenge : Frequent handover between cells
Cloud BB: cells combined, no handover
Dense Urban, “0” Interference
Challenge : Serious interference at cell edge
Cloud BB: combine multi-cells, no interference
Hot Spot, CA “Everywhere”
Challenge : CA coverage uneven
Cloud BB: cover the CA hole, improve edge
throughput
9. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 9
Cloud BB for Better Inter Site Coordination
Inter Site CA:
•CA area increased
•CA user increased
•No physical site limitation
Inter eNodeB UL CoMP
•15%~200% cell edge gain
• 9%~20% cell average gain
• Coverage expand
user 1 user 2 user 3
Cell1 Cell2
UE1 UE2
Tx Power
CSPC: Coordinated Scheduling & Power Control
CA: Carrier Aggregation
Fast Inter eNodeB Power
Control
•RB level coordination
• TTI level power control
•30% DL throughput gain
SFN
•eliminates cell edge
•Reduce handover
•improve user experience
SFN: Single Frequency Network
CoMP: Coordinated Multiple Points Reception/Transmission
10. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 10
Performance Gain
Cloud BB Scenario
Cloud BB Performance Gains
Inter Site UL CoMP
15%~200% cell edge gain
9%~20% cell average gain
Inter Site CA 100% gain for edge user downlink throughput.
SFN
• Improve DL single user throughput：average 20%，edge 40%
• Reduce the times of Handover and improve Handoff success rate and call drop
rate
Adaptive SFN
72% throughput gain
(vs. normal SFN)
CSPC
• Cell edge throughput: 10%～200% Gain
• Cell average throughput: 0%～40% Gain
13. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 13
Coordination over Relaxed
Backhaul
Cloud BB Specification
Centralized Cloud BB
BBU Spec.
60 BBU@Cloud BB (12 1st Level
USUs and 2 2nd Level USUs)
Distances Spec.
BBU&USU/ USU&USU: <100 m
BBU&RRU < 10km
BBU Spec.
eX2 (BBU1<->BBU2) Switched Network
Latency requirement < 8ms (Eran11.1)
Time Synchronization
CPRIUSU
BBU Hotel
X2
14. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 14
Centralized Cloud BB Connection Model and Specification
Spec. Item Description
Physical Size 442mm(W)*420mm(D)*2U(H)
Switch
Capacity
1Tbps switching bandwidth
30 QSFP port, flexible switching between each port
Scalability 1st Level USU: 5 BBUs Max; (6 baseband for 1 BBU)
2nd Level USU: 60 BBUs Max. (12*1st Level USUs+2*2nd
Level USU)
USU3910
2nd Level USU
USU1 USU6 USU7 USU12
…
…
BBU1 BBU5
…
BBU1 BBU5
…
BBU1 BBU5
…
BBU1 BBU5
…
1st Level USU
USU1 USU2
USU
BBU1 BBU5
…
Less than 5 BBUs More than 5 BBUs, Need 2nd Level USU
15. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 15
LTE-A
Technology
Transmissio
n Medium
Transmission
Bandwidth
Synchronization
DL CA
IP RAN
Average:~35Mbps/cell
Peak:150Mbps/cell
Time Synch，<+/-1.5us
Dedicated eX2 440Mbps/cell Time Synch，<+/-1.5us
CSPC Dedicated eX2 10M/cell Time Synch，<+/-1.5us
UL COMP
IP RAN 30M/cell Time Synch，~1us
Dedicated eX2 770M/cell Time Synch，~1us
SFN/A-SFN Dedicated eX2 250M/cell Time Synch，<+/-1.5us
Coordination Feature requirement for inter-site coordination
17. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 17
Time Synchronization Solutions for Centralized Cloud BB
USU 0
USU 1 USU 2
Level 2
Level 1
BBU 0 BBU 4 BBU 5 BBU 9
GPS clock
source for time
synchronizatio
n
GPS clock source
for time
synchronization
Backup
(recommended)
USU 0
USU 1 USU 2
Level 2
Level 1
BBU 0 BBU 4 BBU 5 BBU 9
GPS clock
source for time
synchronization
GPS clock
source for time
synchronization
Backup
(recommended)
18. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 18
Cloud BB, Evolved Radio
2016Q22015Q22014Q2
SFN
Cloud BB
Inter-site CA
CoMP
CSPC
SRAN10.1
•UCCU: used in BBU, support
10GE
•USU3910
• Centralized:60 BBU
• Distributed:300 BBU
SRAN11.1
•USU3910: Centralized 2-
level USU backup
•Centralized Cloud BB
•Distributed Cloud BB
•Centralized Cloud BB
•Coordinated Scheduling
based Power Control [Cloud
BB]
•Inter-eNodeB UL CoMP
[Cloud BB]
•Inter-site Adaptive
SFN/SDMA [Cloud BB]
•Inter Site CA based on
Relaxed Backhaul
•DL CoMP [Cloud BB]
•DPS
19. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 19
No-Edge LTE addresses network challenges
No-Edge LTE
Cell edge Coverage
Improvement
Interference coordination CA everywhere
• VoLTE
• UL CoMP
• CA based on CloudBB
• CA based on IPRAN
InterferenceCell edge CA coverage hole
• CSPC
• SFN/ASFN
20. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 20
UL CoMP for fully scenarios
IntraBBU
InterBBU
NoCoMP
Expand 17% area from inter-eNodeB CoMP.
>50% cell edge thrp gain vs. intra-eNodeB CoMP
6.78% cell average thrp gain vs. intra-eNodeB CoMP
13
15
17
UL CoMP ON
UL CoMP Off
11%
11% cell edge thrp gain.
8.7% cell average thrp gain .
UL CoMP ON
Intra eNodeB UL CoMP
10%~50% cell edge gain
7%~10% cell average gain
Inter eNodeB UL CoMP
CloudBB
15%~50% cell edge gain
9%~20% cell average gain
10+ Commercial
（eRAN3.0） （eRAN7.0）
Inter eNodeB UL CoMP
Improve 0.5~2dB VoLTE
Coverage
2014.02 2014.07
Relaxed Backhaul
(IPRAN based)
eX2 eX2
A B
eRAN11.1 One way latency<30ms
21. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 21
CSPC Coordination to Mitigate Inter-Site Interference
80,000 People @Bernabeu Stadium
Average Cell Edge Throughput Gain: 20%~30%
Cell Average Throughput Gain: up to 10%
CSPC ON
-1000
4000
9000
14000
Cell1-MX31 Cell10-MX31 Cell11-MX31 Cell2-MX31 Cell3-MX31
Cell1-MX32 Cell10-MX32 Cell11-MX32 Cell2-MX32 Cell3-MX32
30%
LTE DL Cell Edge Throughput (Kbps)
CSPC Off
Cloud RAN
Cell1 Cell2
Cell-
Center
Cell-
Edge
Cell edge
IPRAN
Cell center
Tx Power
eRAN11.1(One way latency<=8ms)
Cell1
Cell2
Throughput Gain :
about 60% of CloudBB CSPC
22. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 22
SFN Eliminating Cell Edge
0 Handover, 0 Interference, 0 Capacity loss
Normal cell
Cell
Combination
Adaptive SFN/SDMA
capacity
edge user
Metro with ASFN
DL throughput gain:
30%
10.5% cell throughput
increasing
• Super dense urban: 150 sites/km2
• Up to 123% cell edge throughput
increasing
Case of Dense Urban
Case of Metro & Dense Urban
23. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 23
•CA Activation Ratio 85% 98%
relaxed backhaul
one way delay<4ms
GPS
GB/2.6G(20MHz) HUT/1.8G (10MHz)
BBU BBU
IEEE
1588V2
Inter-site CA
>1.8x peak rate
CA everywhere bring consistent user experience
Area
P/S
CC
Band
CA
Activation
Ratio
CC THP
[Mbps]
Total
THP
[Mbps]
YangCheo
n-gu
PCC 2.6G
98.91%
93.35
122.68
SCC 800M 29.34
Case: LGU+ Inter-site CA @CloudBB(eRAN7.0)
IP
Inter-Site CA @ Relaxed Backhaul
(eRAN8.1&eRAN11.1)
Inter-Site CA @ CloudBB
(eRAN7.0)
LTE-A Coverage hole
Throughput
CA Coverage hole
eRAN11.1(One way latency<=8ms)
24. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei proprietary. No spread without permission. Page 24
L Operator Cloud BB-based LTE-A Network Introduction
25. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei proprietary. No spread without permission. Page 25
Complicated Network Condition in Seoul
Ultra Dense Low Frequency Network, More Interference, Complicated Scenarios
Seoul: 16475 people/KM2
Tokyo: 6909 people/KM2
Source: population density: Asia and Oceania, 2012, OECD
Seoul is Twice Denser than Tokyo
~120 Meter
Inter Site Distance
40
Site/KM2
•40% RRU in Seoul
•60% Traffic in Seoul
Very dense
residential
area
Lots of tall
buildings in
dense urban
26. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei proprietary. No spread without permission. Page 26
L Operator Choice: Cloud BB Architecture
Cloud BB
•150 GC Room
•4000+ BBU
•60000+ RRU
Nationwide:
•130,000+ RRU
•Cloud BB ~95% area
Seoul Area
•60000+ RRU
•Hot Zone: 230 cells@km2
•Average: 100Cells@km2
27. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei proprietary. No spread without permission. Page 27
L Operator Cloud BB Basic Information
• Average 30 BBUs in 1 GC Room;
• More Reduction of Capex & Opex
• Shorter Time to Market
WDM
BBU Cloud EPC
~17km
HUB Office Core Office
RRU
CPRI over OTN Backhaul
RRU
Up to 20km RRUBBU Distance
RRU
UL CoMP
Big Cloud BB
• CA Everywhere: ~90% area with CA
• CoMP Everywhere: 15~200% THP gain
in cell edge
No-Edge in Cloud BB
28. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei proprietary. No spread without permission. Page 28
Huawei Cloud BB case at S Operator in Japan
Reusing Existing PHS Sites Supper Dense BTS
160K PHS site across the
whole country
• Omni antenna, multi-
antenna application
• Limited site space
High performance:
• High BTS density: ISD
= 100 ~ 200m
• Need interference
control
Centralized Cloud BB for Saving TCO & Improved
Performance
Easy network expansion
Saving site rental cost due to centralized BBU
Reuse the dark fiber w/o additional cost on fronthaul
High network reliability
Improved SINR: 10dB
By using SFN @ Cloud BB
29. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 29
Networking configuration and test result of CSPC
5
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
BBU1
Cell# 1234512
Cell# 67891011
Cloud BB
Fiber
BBU0
USU
V Operator :We have a fantastic scenario to show the potential of Cloud RAN !
First result are promising ,let’s complete the trial to fully understand C-RAN potential!
DL Cell Throughput (Kbps)
CSPC ON CSPC OFF
-1000
4000
9000
14000
Cell1-MX31 Cell10-MX31 Cell11-MX31
Cell2-MX31 Cell3-MX31 Cell1-MX32
30% Improved
30%
30. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
www.huawei.com
E Operator and Huawei Joint Distributed Cloud BB
Trial
31. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei proprietary. No spread without permission. Page 31
E Opeator and Huawei Joint Distributed Cloud BB Trial Test
Distributed Cloud BB
Value.
Easy for legacy site coordination
Larger area coverage
Less fiber requirement
Feature support.
Inter-site CA/SFN/UL_CoMP
eX2
Inter Site CA
Switched Off
Inter Site CA
Switched On
DL Throughput is increased by ~40%
SFN Switched
Off
SFN Switched
On
Average:
~12Mbps
Average:
~27Mbps
2x DL Throughput by SFN
UL CoMP
Switched Off
UL CoMP
Switched On
Average:
~14Mbps
Average:
~30Mbps
2x UL Throughput UL CoMP
32. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 32
Hong Kong：First IPRAN CA
relaxed
backhaul
<4ms
F
A
N
UPEU
BBP
UPEU
BBP UMPT
F
A
N
UPEU
BBP
UPEU
BBP UMPT
LAN switch
Metro
NE 40E
MME
87
73
27.84
61
50
9.55
139
119
36.50
CA Current Network Test result(Mbps)
IPRAN CA= 0.96 (A+B)
MME
Hong Kong
2014/12: 100 site deploying
2015: All network 2000+Site will deploy
LAN switch
Metro
GB/2.6G(20MHz) HUT/1.8G (10MHz)
2.6G
1.8G
2.6G + 1.8G
