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Http caching basics

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Martin Breest
Martin Breest

Introduction into basic http caching and explanation of HTTPs expiration, revalidation and variation mechanism.

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HTTP Caching Basics
Agenda HTTP Basics Cache-Related HTTP Headers Expiration Revalidation Variation
HTTP Basics
HTTP Basics - Browser and origin server Browser Origin Server
HTTP Basics - Resource Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html
HTTP Basics - Request and response Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request Response
HTTP Basics - Representation Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request Response Representation Cached Representation
HTTP Basics - Method and status code Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Representation HTTP Method HTTP Status Code
HTTP Basics - Request and response headers Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Accept: text/html ... Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, sdch, br User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 … Cookie: PHPSESSID=12b239d7825bd8d21d5e60df56cbc3a5; Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Type: text/html Content-Encoding: gzip Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2016 12:13:45 GMT Representation Request header Response header
HTTP Basics - Intermediaries Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Representation Intermediary Representation Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Resource /index.html
Quiz: What kind of intermediaries can you think of?
HTTP Basics - Intermediate caches Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Representation Intermediate Cache (Akamai, Varnish) Representation Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Resource /index.html Cached Representations
Cache-Related HTTP Headers
Quiz: Which cache-related HTTP headers do you know?
Cache-related HTTP headers Expiration Cache-Control Expires Age Pragma Variation Vary Revalidation ETag Last-Modified If-Modified-Since If-None-Match
Quiz: Which are request and which are response headers? Header Request Response Cache-Control Expires Age Pragma ETag Last-Modified If-Modified-Since If-None-Match Vary
Cache-related HTTP headers in requests and responses Header Request Response Cache-Control x x Expires x Age x Pragma x x ETag x Last-Modified x If-Modified-Since x If-None-Match x Vary x
Expiration
Expiration - Absolute vs. relative expiration date Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2016 12:15:00 GMT Expires: Fri, 16 Sep 2016 13:00:00 GMT Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2016 12:15:00 GMT Cache-Control: max-age=2700 Cached Representation Cached Representation
Quiz: Which Cache-Control directives do you know?
Expiration - Cache-Control directives Directives Request Response no-cache x x no-store x x max-age x x s-maxage x max-stale x min-fresh x no-transform x x only-if-cached x public x private x must-revalidate x proxy-revalidate x
Expiration - Enforce revalidation with origin server Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2016 12:15:00 GMT Cache-Control: max-age=2700, must-revalidate Cached Representation RepresentationNever use stale representation (even if origin server is down)
Expiration - No-cache shortcut Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2016 12:15:00 GMT Cache-Control: max-age=0, must-revalidate Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2016 12:15:00 GMT Cache-Control: no-cache = Cached Representation Cached Representation
Expiration - No-cache vs. no-store Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2016 12:15:00 GMT Cache-Control: no-cache Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2016 12:15:00 GMT Cache-Control: no-store Cached Representation Cached Representation
Expiration - Age specifies how long representation is cached already Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Cache-Control: max-age=2700 Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Cache-Control: max-age=2700 Age: 0 Intermediate Cache (Akamai, Varnish) Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Resource /index.html 1st Request 2nd Request 15 Minutes Later Different Browser Browser Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Cache-Control: max-age=2700 Age: 900 Intermediate Cache (Akamai, Varnish)Resource /index.html Cached Representation Cached Representation
Revalidation
Revalidation - Based on what? Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2016 12:15:00 GMT Cache-Control: max-age=2700, must-revalidate Cached Representation Representation Revalidation based on what?
Revalidation - Weak vs. strong cache validator Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2016 12:15:00 GMT Cache-Control: max-age=2700, must-revalidate Last-Modified: Fri, 15 Sep 2016 12:00:00 GMT Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2016 12:15:00 GMT Cache-Control: max-age=2700, must-revalidate ETag: "3e86-410-3596fbbc" Cached Representation Cached Representation
Revalidation - Revalidation based on Last-Modified Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 If-Modified-Since: Fri, 15 Sep 2016 12:00:00 GMT Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2016 13:00:00 GMT Cache-Control: max-age=2700, must-revalidate Last-Modified: Fri, 16 Sep 2016 13:00:00 GMT Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Response HTTP/1.1 304 Not Modified Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2016 13:00:00 GMT Cache-Control: max-age=2700, must-revalidate Last-Modified: Fri, 15 Sep 2016 12:00:00 GMT Cached Representation Cached Representation OR
Revalidation - Revalidation based on ETag Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 If-None-Match: "3e86-410-3596fbbc" Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2016 13:00:00 GMT Cache-Control: max-age=2700, must-revalidate ETag: "6e35-240-2672fbbc" Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Response HTTP/1.1 304 Not Modified Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2016 13:00:00 GMT Cache-Control: max-age=2700, must-revalidate ETag: "3e86-410-3596fbbc" Cached Representation Cached Representation OR
Quiz: How does revalidation behave for different Cache-Control setups?
Expiration - No-store means no revalidation possible Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2016 12:15:00 GMT Cache-Control: no-cache Last-Modified: Fri, 15 Sep 2016 12:00:00 GMT Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2016 12:15:00 GMT Cache-Control: no-store Last-Modified: Fri, 15 Sep 2016 12:00:00 GMT Cached Representation Cached Representation
Variation
Variation - Most common is Vary on Accept-Encoding Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Accept-Encoding: gzip Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Encoding: gzip Vary: Accept-Encoding Representation Means different zipped and unzipped variants of representation are possible.
Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Vary: Accept-Encoding Variation - Used to control behavior of intermediate caches Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Accept-Encoding: gzip Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Vary: Accept-Encoding Representation Intermediate Cache (Akamai, Varnish) Representation Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Accept-Encoding: gzip Resource /index.html Cached Representations Accept-Encoding: gzip Empty Accept-Encoding
Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Vary: Accept-Encoding, User-Agent Variation - Also used in combination with User-Agent to deliver device type specific content Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Accept-Encoding: gzip User-Agent: Chrome … Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Vary: Accept-Encoding, User-Agent Representation Intermediate Cache (Akamai, Varnish) Representation Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Accept-Encoding: gzip User-Agent: Chrome … Resource /index.html Cached Representations Accept-Encoding: gzip User-Agent: Chrome … Accept-Encoding: gzip User-Agent: Edge …
Quiz: What is the problem with that setup?
Combinations are endless and hit rate will be really low Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Vary: Accept-Encoding, User-Agent Variation - Wrong usage of Vary header can lead to low hit rates Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Accept-Encoding: gzip User-Agent: Chrome … Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Vary: Accept-Encoding, User-Agent Representation Intermediate Cache (Akamai, Varnish) Representation Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Accept-Encoding: gzip User-Agent: Chrome … Resource /index.html Cached Representations Accept-Encoding: gzip User-Agent: Chrome … Accept-Encoding: gzip User-Agent: Edge …
Combinations are endless and hit rate will be really low Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Vary: Accept-Encoding, User-Agent Variation - Don’t do it like that Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Accept-Encoding: gzip User-Agent: Chrome … Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Vary: Accept-Encoding, User-Agent Representation Intermediate Cache (Akamai, Varnish) Representation Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Accept-Encoding: gzip User-Agent: Chrome … Resource /index.html Cached Representations Accept-Encoding: gzip User-Agent: Chrome … Accept-Encoding: gzip User-Agent: Edge …
Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Vary: Accept-Encoding, X-Device Variation - Create generic header to improve hit rate and return private in Cache-Control to avoid caching Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Accept-Encoding: gzip User-Agent: Chrome ... Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Cache-Control: private Representation Intermediate Cache (Akamai, Varnish) Representation Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Accept-Encoding: gzip X-Device: Mobile Resource /index.html Cached Representations Accept-Encoding: gzip X-Device: Mobile Accept-Encoding: gzip X-Device: Desktop
Conclusion
Conclusion Use Cache-Control header in general to control caching behaviour Implement ETag and/or Last-Modified to allow for revalidation Do not use User-Agent in Vary header and rather extract required attributes and work with X-... headers
Questions?

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Http caching basics

  • 2. Agenda HTTP Basics Cache-Related HTTP Headers Expiration Revalidation Variation
  • 4. HTTP Basics - Browser and origin server Browser Origin Server
  • 5. HTTP Basics - Resource Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html
  • 6. HTTP Basics - Request and response Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request Response
  • 7. HTTP Basics - Representation Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request Response Representation Cached Representation
  • 8. HTTP Basics - Method and status code Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Representation HTTP Method HTTP Status Code
  • 9. HTTP Basics - Request and response headers Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Accept: text/html ... Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, sdch, br User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 … Cookie: PHPSESSID=12b239d7825bd8d21d5e60df56cbc3a5; Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Type: text/html Content-Encoding: gzip Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2016 12:13:45 GMT Representation Request header Response header
  • 10. HTTP Basics - Intermediaries Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Representation Intermediary Representation Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Resource /index.html
  • 11. Quiz: What kind of intermediaries can you think of?
  • 12. HTTP Basics - Intermediate caches Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Representation Intermediate Cache (Akamai, Varnish) Representation Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Resource /index.html Cached Representations
  • 14. Quiz: Which cache-related HTTP headers do you know?
  • 16. Quiz: Which are request and which are response headers? Header Request Response Cache-Control Expires Age Pragma ETag Last-Modified If-Modified-Since If-None-Match Vary
  • 17. Cache-related HTTP headers in requests and responses Header Request Response Cache-Control x x Expires x Age x Pragma x x ETag x Last-Modified x If-Modified-Since x If-None-Match x Vary x
  • 19. Expiration - Absolute vs. relative expiration date Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2016 12:15:00 GMT Expires: Fri, 16 Sep 2016 13:00:00 GMT Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2016 12:15:00 GMT Cache-Control: max-age=2700 Cached Representation Cached Representation
  • 20. Quiz: Which Cache-Control directives do you know?
  • 21. Expiration - Cache-Control directives Directives Request Response no-cache x x no-store x x max-age x x s-maxage x max-stale x min-fresh x no-transform x x only-if-cached x public x private x must-revalidate x proxy-revalidate x
  • 22. Expiration - Enforce revalidation with origin server Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2016 12:15:00 GMT Cache-Control: max-age=2700, must-revalidate Cached Representation RepresentationNever use stale representation (even if origin server is down)
  • 23. Expiration - No-cache shortcut Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2016 12:15:00 GMT Cache-Control: max-age=0, must-revalidate Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2016 12:15:00 GMT Cache-Control: no-cache = Cached Representation Cached Representation
  • 24. Expiration - No-cache vs. no-store Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2016 12:15:00 GMT Cache-Control: no-cache Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2016 12:15:00 GMT Cache-Control: no-store Cached Representation Cached Representation
  • 25. Expiration - Age specifies how long representation is cached already Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Cache-Control: max-age=2700 Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Cache-Control: max-age=2700 Age: 0 Intermediate Cache (Akamai, Varnish) Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Resource /index.html 1st Request 2nd Request 15 Minutes Later Different Browser Browser Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Cache-Control: max-age=2700 Age: 900 Intermediate Cache (Akamai, Varnish)Resource /index.html Cached Representation Cached Representation
  • 27. Revalidation - Based on what? Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2016 12:15:00 GMT Cache-Control: max-age=2700, must-revalidate Cached Representation Representation Revalidation based on what?
  • 28. Revalidation - Weak vs. strong cache validator Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2016 12:15:00 GMT Cache-Control: max-age=2700, must-revalidate Last-Modified: Fri, 15 Sep 2016 12:00:00 GMT Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2016 12:15:00 GMT Cache-Control: max-age=2700, must-revalidate ETag: "3e86-410-3596fbbc" Cached Representation Cached Representation
  • 29. Revalidation - Revalidation based on Last-Modified Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 If-Modified-Since: Fri, 15 Sep 2016 12:00:00 GMT Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2016 13:00:00 GMT Cache-Control: max-age=2700, must-revalidate Last-Modified: Fri, 16 Sep 2016 13:00:00 GMT Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Response HTTP/1.1 304 Not Modified Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2016 13:00:00 GMT Cache-Control: max-age=2700, must-revalidate Last-Modified: Fri, 15 Sep 2016 12:00:00 GMT Cached Representation Cached Representation OR
  • 30. Revalidation - Revalidation based on ETag Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 If-None-Match: "3e86-410-3596fbbc" Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2016 13:00:00 GMT Cache-Control: max-age=2700, must-revalidate ETag: "6e35-240-2672fbbc" Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Response HTTP/1.1 304 Not Modified Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2016 13:00:00 GMT Cache-Control: max-age=2700, must-revalidate ETag: "3e86-410-3596fbbc" Cached Representation Cached Representation OR
  • 31. Quiz: How does revalidation behave for different Cache-Control setups?
  • 32. Expiration - No-store means no revalidation possible Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2016 12:15:00 GMT Cache-Control: no-cache Last-Modified: Fri, 15 Sep 2016 12:00:00 GMT Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Fri, 16 Sep 2016 12:15:00 GMT Cache-Control: no-store Last-Modified: Fri, 15 Sep 2016 12:00:00 GMT Cached Representation Cached Representation
  • 34. Variation - Most common is Vary on Accept-Encoding Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Accept-Encoding: gzip Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Encoding: gzip Vary: Accept-Encoding Representation Means different zipped and unzipped variants of representation are possible.
  • 35. Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Vary: Accept-Encoding Variation - Used to control behavior of intermediate caches Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Accept-Encoding: gzip Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Vary: Accept-Encoding Representation Intermediate Cache (Akamai, Varnish) Representation Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Accept-Encoding: gzip Resource /index.html Cached Representations Accept-Encoding: gzip Empty Accept-Encoding
  • 36. Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Vary: Accept-Encoding, User-Agent Variation - Also used in combination with User-Agent to deliver device type specific content Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Accept-Encoding: gzip User-Agent: Chrome … Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Vary: Accept-Encoding, User-Agent Representation Intermediate Cache (Akamai, Varnish) Representation Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Accept-Encoding: gzip User-Agent: Chrome … Resource /index.html Cached Representations Accept-Encoding: gzip User-Agent: Chrome … Accept-Encoding: gzip User-Agent: Edge …
  • 37. Quiz: What is the problem with that setup?
  • 38. Combinations are endless and hit rate will be really low Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Vary: Accept-Encoding, User-Agent Variation - Wrong usage of Vary header can lead to low hit rates Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Accept-Encoding: gzip User-Agent: Chrome … Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Vary: Accept-Encoding, User-Agent Representation Intermediate Cache (Akamai, Varnish) Representation Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Accept-Encoding: gzip User-Agent: Chrome … Resource /index.html Cached Representations Accept-Encoding: gzip User-Agent: Chrome … Accept-Encoding: gzip User-Agent: Edge …
  • 39. Combinations are endless and hit rate will be really low Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Vary: Accept-Encoding, User-Agent Variation - Don’t do it like that Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Accept-Encoding: gzip User-Agent: Chrome … Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Vary: Accept-Encoding, User-Agent Representation Intermediate Cache (Akamai, Varnish) Representation Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Accept-Encoding: gzip User-Agent: Chrome … Resource /index.html Cached Representations Accept-Encoding: gzip User-Agent: Chrome … Accept-Encoding: gzip User-Agent: Edge …
  • 40. Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Vary: Accept-Encoding, X-Device Variation - Create generic header to improve hit rate and return private in Cache-Control to avoid caching Browser Origin Server Resource /index.html Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Accept-Encoding: gzip User-Agent: Chrome ... Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Cache-Control: private Representation Intermediate Cache (Akamai, Varnish) Representation Request GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Accept-Encoding: gzip X-Device: Mobile Resource /index.html Cached Representations Accept-Encoding: gzip X-Device: Mobile Accept-Encoding: gzip X-Device: Desktop
  • 42. Conclusion Use Cache-Control header in general to control caching behaviour Implement ETag and/or Last-Modified to allow for revalidation Do not use User-Agent in Vary header and rather extract required attributes and work with X-... headers

Editor's Notes

  1. Representation - different based on request (mobile, desktop; uncompressed, compressed)
  2. Why? Caches, security, routing, ...
  3. Caching, Security, Routing, Logging Cross-cutting concerns
  4. Can cache representations Shorter response time Lower latency with edge caches (cache nodes near customer) Better scalability
  5. Why? What is the downside?
  6. -do not use without revalidation for subsequent requests -behaviour depends on browser -back-button might not qualify as subsequent request
  7. Why? What is the downside?