Human Resources Motivational Theories

1. Motivations
By Hassan Shahbaz &
Muhammad Saleem
MBA (HRM) From
Dadabhoy Institute of
Higher Education

2. What is Motivation ?
 Motivation is the word derived from the word
'motive' which means needs, desires, wants or
drives within the individuals. It is the process of
stimulating people to actions to accomplish the
goals.

3. The Types Of Motivations
 There are two types Motivations :
1- Intrinsic Motivation:
Intrinsic motivation pertains to any behavior that is driven only by internal rewards. This means
that the motivation to engage in a certain behavior items from within the person because they
experience natural satisfaction.
2- Extrinsic motivation:
Whenever an individual performs an action or behavior because the individual is
affected by the eternal factors such as rewards or punishments, such form of
motivation is called extrinsic motivation.

4. Motivational Theories
 Macgregor's Theory X and Theory Y
 Herzberg’s Motivation–Hygiene Theory
 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
 The Goal Setting Theory
 Reinforcement Theory
 Equity Theory
 Expectancy Theory

5. Macgregor's Theory X and Theory Y
 Classifies human nature into two categories
 Motivational strategy is contingent upon which
category the person is classified in
 Theory is flawed because most people fall
somewhere in between

6. Theory X Personality
 Negative view
 Pessimist
 Little ambition
 Generally dislikes work
 Avoids responsibility
 Needs constant supervision

7. Theory Y Personality
 Positive
 Primarily optimistic
 Enjoys working
 Seeks out responsibility
 Needs little supervision
 High level of ambition

8. Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory
 2 factors influence individual motivation:
 Motivators:
 Increase job satisfaction
 Increase motivation
 Hygiene:
 Eliminate job dissatisfaction
 Fail to motivate

9. Motivators
 Work itself
 Recognitions
 Responsibility
 Achievement
 Growth
 Advancement

10. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
 People are motivated by need
 There are levels of needs that motivate
 Once a level is satisfied, the level is no longer
a motivator
 Theory is flawed because once you reach the
top, there is nothing left to act as a motivator

11. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

12. The Goal-Setting Theory
 Employees set goals and are motivated.
 By the reward and/or recognition that accompanies the
achievement
 MBO (Management By Objective)
 TQM (Total Quality Management)
 Employees are more likely to achieve goals they helped to set.

13. Goal-Setting Theory

14. Reinforcement Theory
 Behavior is a function of its own
consequences
 Behavior is influenced by external factors
 “Reinforces”
 Focuses on action
 Positive reinforcement

15. Equity Theory
 Exchange of individual contributions for rewards
3 variables:
 The inputs an individual perceives she/he is contributing.
 The outcome (rewards) an individual perceives she/he is receiving
 The way in which an individual’s inputs and outcomes compare to
the inputs and outputs of another

16. Expectancy Theory
 People will put out effort equivalent to the perceived
rewards Steps:
 Personal effort leads to personal achievement
 Organizational rewards
 Individual goals

17. Managing a Diverse Workforce
 Compressed work week:
Five days working in a week
 Flex-time: A system that allows employees to choose their own
times for starting and finishing work within a broad range of available
hours.
 Job sharing : share the work with your colleague
 Telecommuting (work from home, making use of the Internet,
email, and the telephone.

18. Motivating the “New Workforce”
 Professional employees.
 Contingent: workers as freelancers, independent contractors,
consultants, or other outsourced and non-permanent.
 Low-skilled, minimum-wage employees.

19. Suggestions for Motivating Employees
 Recognize individual differences
 Match people to jobs
 Ensure that goals are perceived as attainable
 Individualize rewards
 Link rewards to performance
 Check the system for equity

20. The Motivations
Thank You

21. Motivational Video

22. Motivational Video