This study aimed to determine the prevalence of high-risk HPV infections in healthy Saudi women attending gynecology clinics in western Saudi Arabia. The study found that 27 out of 485 women (5.6%) tested positive for high-risk HPV. The highest prevalence was among women aged 60 years and older. This prevalence of HPV in Saudi women is similar to other Arab countries but lower than Western countries. The results provide useful baseline data for establishing HPV testing in a cervical cancer screening program in Saudi Arabia.
Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding cervical cancer screening among...Tariq Mohammed
This document summarizes a study on knowledge and practices regarding cervical cancer screening among female physicians in western Saudi Arabia. The study found that while most physicians were aware of HPV as a cause of cervical cancer and the Pap test as a screening method, awareness of the HPV vaccine was lower. Physicians specializing in gynecology demonstrated greater knowledge of cervical cancer screening and treatment compared to other specialists. The study concluded that further education for physicians in Saudi Arabia on available screening and HPV prevention could benefit cervical cancer reduction efforts.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of female physicians in Saudi Arabia regarding cervical cancer screening and the HPV vaccine. A survey of 200 physicians found that specialists like OBGYNs had better knowledge about HPV's role in cervical cancer and screening methods like the Pap smear test. While nearly half knew about the HPV vaccine, providing information increased the number willing to recommend it to patients. The conclusion is that continued education for physicians in Saudi Arabia could benefit prevention of HPV and cervical cancer.
Attitudes, knowledge, and practices in relation to cervicalTariq Mohammed
This document summarizes a study that assessed knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to cervical cancer screening among women in Saudi Arabia. 500 women completed questionnaires. The study found:
1) 67.6% of women were aware of Pap smear screening but only 16.8% had ever had the test, with the main reason being lack of awareness.
2) Knowledge of HPV as a cause of cervical cancer was reported by 14.4% of women and awareness of the HPV vaccine was 9.8%.
3) After receiving an educational pamphlet, 58.4% of women expressed willingness to get screened and 76.2% supported introducing the HPV vaccine, indicating awareness needs to be improved.
This study analyzed 558 Pap smear reports from women ages 20-70 who presented to a gynecology clinic in Bangladesh from 2015-2016. Most women (70.2%) presented with chronic white discharge and itching. The majority (92.4%) of Pap smears showed inflammatory changes. Premalignant lesions were found in 3.7% of smears, including low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) in 3% and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) in 0.7%. Suggestive of squamous cell carcinoma was seen in 0.7% of smears. The study concludes that Pap smear screening can effectively detect premalign
This study analyzed 558 pap smear tests conducted in Bangladesh and found that 92.4% showed inflammatory changes, 3% showed low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, and 0.7% showed high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions or suggestive of squamous cell carcinoma. Pap smear screening identified pre-cancerous and cancerous cervical lesions and can help reduce cervical cancer mortality when used for routine screening in developing countries. The study concluded that pap smears are an inexpensive and effective method for early detection of cervical cancer even in areas with limited resources.
The document discusses the establishment of a national cervical cancer screening program in Saudi Arabia using HPV testing. It outlines plans to use the Digene Hybrid Capture 2 HPV test as the primary screening, with reflex pap testing for HPV-positive women. The program will target women ages 30-65, both Saudi and non-Saudi, and aims to screen over 94,000 eligible women in the Jeddah region. Implementation will involve collaboration between the Early Detection Unit, local laboratories, and healthcare providers to conduct screening at primary health centers and hospitals.
Hpv prevelance and distribution amoung saudi Basalama Ali
This document summarizes a study on human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence and type distribution among women in Saudi Arabia. The study enrolled 420 women aged 15 years and older from 3 hospitals between 2010-2011. Cervical samples were tested for 57 HPV genotypes. Overall HPV prevalence was 9.8%. The most common high-risk HPV types were HPV-68/73, HPV-18, and HPV-16. HPV prevalence was higher in non-Saudi nationals (16.7%) compared to Saudi nationals (7.8%). The study provides baseline data on HPV epidemiology in Saudi Arabia.
Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding cervical cancer screening among...Tariq Mohammed
This document summarizes a study on knowledge and practices regarding cervical cancer screening among female physicians in western Saudi Arabia. The study found that while most physicians were aware of HPV as a cause of cervical cancer and the Pap test as a screening method, awareness of the HPV vaccine was lower. Physicians specializing in gynecology demonstrated greater knowledge of cervical cancer screening and treatment compared to other specialists. The study concluded that further education for physicians in Saudi Arabia on available screening and HPV prevention could benefit cervical cancer reduction efforts.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of female physicians in Saudi Arabia regarding cervical cancer screening and the HPV vaccine. A survey of 200 physicians found that specialists like OBGYNs had better knowledge about HPV's role in cervical cancer and screening methods like the Pap smear test. While nearly half knew about the HPV vaccine, providing information increased the number willing to recommend it to patients. The conclusion is that continued education for physicians in Saudi Arabia could benefit prevention of HPV and cervical cancer.
Attitudes, knowledge, and practices in relation to cervicalTariq Mohammed
This document summarizes a study that assessed knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to cervical cancer screening among women in Saudi Arabia. 500 women completed questionnaires. The study found:
1) 67.6% of women were aware of Pap smear screening but only 16.8% had ever had the test, with the main reason being lack of awareness.
2) Knowledge of HPV as a cause of cervical cancer was reported by 14.4% of women and awareness of the HPV vaccine was 9.8%.
3) After receiving an educational pamphlet, 58.4% of women expressed willingness to get screened and 76.2% supported introducing the HPV vaccine, indicating awareness needs to be improved.
This study analyzed 558 Pap smear reports from women ages 20-70 who presented to a gynecology clinic in Bangladesh from 2015-2016. Most women (70.2%) presented with chronic white discharge and itching. The majority (92.4%) of Pap smears showed inflammatory changes. Premalignant lesions were found in 3.7% of smears, including low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) in 3% and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) in 0.7%. Suggestive of squamous cell carcinoma was seen in 0.7% of smears. The study concludes that Pap smear screening can effectively detect premalign
This study analyzed 558 pap smear tests conducted in Bangladesh and found that 92.4% showed inflammatory changes, 3% showed low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, and 0.7% showed high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions or suggestive of squamous cell carcinoma. Pap smear screening identified pre-cancerous and cancerous cervical lesions and can help reduce cervical cancer mortality when used for routine screening in developing countries. The study concluded that pap smears are an inexpensive and effective method for early detection of cervical cancer even in areas with limited resources.
The document discusses the establishment of a national cervical cancer screening program in Saudi Arabia using HPV testing. It outlines plans to use the Digene Hybrid Capture 2 HPV test as the primary screening, with reflex pap testing for HPV-positive women. The program will target women ages 30-65, both Saudi and non-Saudi, and aims to screen over 94,000 eligible women in the Jeddah region. Implementation will involve collaboration between the Early Detection Unit, local laboratories, and healthcare providers to conduct screening at primary health centers and hospitals.
Hpv prevelance and distribution amoung saudi Basalama Ali
This document summarizes a study on human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence and type distribution among women in Saudi Arabia. The study enrolled 420 women aged 15 years and older from 3 hospitals between 2010-2011. Cervical samples were tested for 57 HPV genotypes. Overall HPV prevalence was 9.8%. The most common high-risk HPV types were HPV-68/73, HPV-18, and HPV-16. HPV prevalence was higher in non-Saudi nationals (16.7%) compared to Saudi nationals (7.8%). The study provides baseline data on HPV epidemiology in Saudi Arabia.
This document discusses a literature review on neuroblastoma. It covers the origin of neuroblastoma from neural crest cells, common genetic alterations like MYCN amplification and losses on chromosomes 1p and 11q which are associated with poor prognosis. It also discusses other less common genetic changes involving genes like ALK, ARID1A, ARID1B and their association with disease progression. Screening for neuroblastoma using urinary catecholamines was found to increase incidence without reducing mortality and is no longer recommended. The median age of presentation is 23 months and risk stratification is important for determining prognosis and treatment.
HPV Infections, Cervical Dysplasia and the HPV Vaccine; What will the future ...Summit Health
This document discusses HPV infections, cervical dysplasia, and the HPV vaccine. It provides information on HPV epidemiology, risk factors for cervical cancer, pathogenesis and progression of HPV infection to cervical dysplasia and cancer. Screening recommendations and management of abnormal Pap smears and cervical dysplasia are summarized. The history and development of HPV vaccines including Gardasil and Cervarix are briefly outlined.
Quantum Medical Update is a CME initiative produced by the in-house clinical team of Quantum Diagnostics. This monthly newsletter is in-line with our commitment to better service our doctors.
The document provides information on developing clinical guidelines for prostate cancer screening using PSA testing. It includes requirements for effective screening programs, characteristics of the PSA test, results from two large randomized controlled trials (PLCO and ERSPC) on PSA screening, and considerations for formulating a screening guideline. A third summary discusses estimates of lead time and overdiagnosis from prostate cancer screening from three mathematical models, with lead times ranging from 5-7 years and overdiagnosis estimated at 23-42% of screen-detected cancers.
HIV prevalence and incidence remain high in peri-urban areas of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa according to a study of three districts. Cross-sectional surveys found HIV prevalence of 42% in Ladysmith, 46% in Edendale, and 41% in Pinetown. Follow-up cohort studies in these areas measured HIV incidence rates of 14.8, 6.3, and 7.2 per 100 person-years respectively. Pregnancy incidence was also high at 5.7, 3.1, and 6.3 per 100 person-years despite high reported contraceptive use. These findings suggest ongoing high risk of HIV transmission in these communities.
HPV primary Screening is an tempting option for health providers and patients because the results are not subject to inter-observer variation. HPV screening might become cheaper than cytology in the future. Costs of Human resources HPV primary screening is an attractive option to health service managers because the results are not subject to inter-observer variation. Future HPV screening might be cheaper than cytology. Human resources and quality controling means might become even lower.
Nevertheless, HPV testing also requires equipment, reagents, training, quality control and accreditation - and sensitivity and specificity of different HPV tests is known to vary costs quality control may be lower.
Nevertheless, HPV testing also requires equipment, reagents, training, quality control and accreditation - and sensitivity and specificity of different HPV tests is known to vary
QUẢN LÝ KẾT QUẢ BẤT THƯỜNG TEST TẦM SOÁT UNG THƯ CỔ TỬ CUNGSoM
1) Infection with high-risk HPV is necessary but not sufficient for cervical cancer development. Persistent HPV infection is the strongest risk factor, with HPV 16 and 18 causing the majority of cases.
2) Guidelines for managing abnormal cervical cancer screening tests and precursors were revised in 2012 to incorporate new evidence and extended screening intervals.
3) The revised guidelines stratify management approaches based on disease risk, aim to distinguish transient from significant abnormalities, and seek to minimize overtreatment while maintaining cancer prevention.
Role of Diagnostic Laparoscopy in Chronic Abdominal Conditions with Uncertain...Dr. Ashvind Bawa
A Study by Department of Surgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab and Department of Neurosurgery, Govind Ballabh Pant Hospital, New Delhi, India
Test Offering, not Additional Information, May Increase HIV Testing Uptake in...Humphrey Misiri
Abstract
Objectives:To evaluate patient HIV knowledge and testing experience and assess the effect of an HIV
informational handout on HIV testing propensity.
Design:Cross sectional, descriptive techniques were employed to assess demographics, HIV knowledge and
HIV testing experience. A randomized controlled trial was performed to determine if an HIV/AIDS
information sheet influenced testing propensity.
Setting:Blantyre Adventist Hospital Outpatient Clinic.
Subjects:Non-emergency patients over 18 years old attending during consulting hours.
Interventions:All subjects answered a questionnaire. For the randomized controlled trial component, half
received an HIV information handout.
Main Outcome Measures:Proportions were calculated to evaluate testing experience. Logistic regression
was used to assess impact of written information and demographics on HIV testing propensity.
Results:490 participants were recruited, of whom 57% had never been tested for HIV. O f the untested, 88%
had never been offered an HIV test. O f those that had never been offered a test, 46% desired one. The sample
was highly knowledgeable about HIV. Reading an information sheet had no impact on HIV knowledge
(p=0.736 to 0.788) or desire for testing (p=0.387). However, age (OR=0.97,95% CI (0.95,0.99)) and gender
(OR=1.85, 95%CI (1.06, 3.23)) significantly correlated with testing propensity.
Conclusions:A large percentage of patients who have never been offered HIV testing desire testing. More
frequent HIV test offering by clinicians fcould improve testing rates. Clinician education programmes should
be developed to increase test offering. Furthermore, written health information in a setting of high HIV/AIDS
knowledge may not change behaviour. Alternative methods should be employed to encourage HIV testing
uptake.
Dr Ayman Ewies - Prevalence of hyperplasia and cancer in endometrial polyps i...AymanEwies
This document summarizes a study that aimed to quantify the prevalence of hyperplasia and cancer in endometrial polyps among women with postmenopausal bleeding (PMB). The study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 10 studies and found an overall prevalence of hyperplasia and cancer of 8.9%. However, there remains uncertainty around the exact prevalence due to heterogeneity in prior studies. There is also no consensus on whether polyps should be routinely removed or if expectant management could be adopted in some cases. Future research with large prospective studies is needed to help guide clinical practice.
Primary High Risk HPV Testing with Cyctology TriagePHEScreening
1) Primary testing for high-risk HPV will replace cytology-based screening as the initial test in the NHS cervical screening program. Women who test positive for high-risk HPV will receive cytology triage, while HPV-negative women will be returned to routine recall.
2) A large trial showed primary HPV testing improved sensitivity over cytology alone. A pilot of primary HPV testing confirmed benefits and informed clinical protocols.
3) Women will receive results and follow-up management based on HPV and cytology results, with longer recall for HPV-negative women and colposcopy referral for HPV-positive women with abnormal cytology.
To evaluate the awareness about human papilloma virus (hpv) vaccine in the pr...pharmaindexing
This study evaluated awareness of the HPV vaccine for cervical cancer prevention among 500 medical students in Mumbai, India. The key findings were:
- 96% of participants were aware that HPV causes cervical cancer, but only 69.4% were aware a vaccine is available.
- Awareness of vaccine availability in India was 56.2% and only 27.6% knew the recommended target population for vaccination.
- The most common source of information was electronic media like the internet.
- Only 6% of participants had received the HPV vaccine despite its availability.
- Most (79.6%) felt inadequate information was the main barrier to vaccination programs in India.
- Overall acceptance of the HPV vaccine was 67
This document summarizes a study on the clinico-demographic characteristics of colorectal carcinoma in Bangladeshi patients. The study found that the mean age was 47 years, with most patients between 50-59 years of age. Males were slightly more affected than females. The most common presenting symptoms were per rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, and altered bowel habits. Histological examination found that 88% of cases were adenocarcinoma. The study concludes that middle-aged males in Bangladesh are most at risk for colorectal carcinoma, which commonly presents with bleeding, pain, or changes in bowel habits.
Dr. Ian McGowan, Chief Medical Officer at Orion Biotechnology, presented at the ASCO 2019 conference in Chicago. His presentation was in the Gastrointestinal (Colorectal) cancer track and focused on the surveillance and management of anal intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV and non-HIV infected patients.
This document discusses screening for ovarian cancer. It notes that ovarian cancer often presents at an advanced stage and has a poor survival rate as a result. Screening aims to detect the cancer earlier when it is more treatable. However, current screening methods like pelvic exams and the tumor marker CA-125 lack sufficient accuracy. A large clinical trial found that annual screening using transvaginal ultrasound and CA-125 did not result in earlier detection or reduced mortality compared to no screening. The high rate of false positives can lead to unnecessary surgeries, which pose risks. More accurate tests are needed for population-wide ovarian cancer screening to be effective.
Ov cancer and mayer hauser hauser syndromeTariq Mohammed
A 48-year-old woman with Mayer–Rokitansky–Kuster–Hauser (MRKH) syndrome, right kidney aplasia, and an abdominal-pelvic mass underwent surgery. Pathological examination revealed a poorly differentiated ovarian carcinoma of mixed cell types. Despite her conditions of MRKH syndrome and kidney aplasia, she was diagnosed with stage III ovarian cancer. She received chemotherapy and was asymptomatic 24 months post-operatively, demonstrating that ovarian cancer can rarely be associated with MRKH syndrome.
This case report describes a 32-year-old woman who developed multiple large urinary stones 6 years after undergoing a total pelvic exenteration and creation of a continent urostomy due to cervical cancer. She presented with recurrent urinary tract infections. Imaging revealed 10 large stones measuring 2.5-3cm each in the urostomy pouch. She underwent laparotomy and removal of the stones through an incision in the pouch. Analysis found the stones were composed of various minerals, and the patient was found to have a metabolic defect causing low citrate in her urine which contributed to stone formation. She was treated with citrate supplementation and has had no further stones or infections since.
Pseudomyxoma peritonei diagnosis and managementTariq Mohammed
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
Massive ascites as a presentation in a young womanTariq Mohammed
A 26-year-old woman presented with massive ascites and an increased CA-125 level suggestive of ovarian cancer. Laparotomy revealed 5L of hemorrhagic ascites, bilateral ovarian cysts, and areas of reddish color within the pelvis consistent with endometriosis. Histopathology of biopsy specimens confirmed endometriosis. The patient received GnRH analogue treatment for 6 months, experienced a reduction in ascites, and had full remission after 2 years. This case report highlights that endometriosis should be considered as a potential cause of ascites in reproductive-aged women, as it can mimic ovarian cancer.
Early experience with the da vinci® surgicalTariq Mohammed
This document summarizes the author's early experience using the da Vinci surgical robot for gynecological surgeries at King Abdulaziz University Hospital between 2008-2010. The author performed 35 surgeries on patients using the robot, with an average docking time of 7 minutes and hospital stay of 3 days. While there was a 6.5% conversion rate to open surgery for early cases, complications occurred in 14% of patients but were not directly related to the robotic system. The author concludes that with proper training, technical difficulties can be limited when using the robot for gynecological procedures.
This document discusses a literature review on neuroblastoma. It covers the origin of neuroblastoma from neural crest cells, common genetic alterations like MYCN amplification and losses on chromosomes 1p and 11q which are associated with poor prognosis. It also discusses other less common genetic changes involving genes like ALK, ARID1A, ARID1B and their association with disease progression. Screening for neuroblastoma using urinary catecholamines was found to increase incidence without reducing mortality and is no longer recommended. The median age of presentation is 23 months and risk stratification is important for determining prognosis and treatment.
HPV Infections, Cervical Dysplasia and the HPV Vaccine; What will the future ...Summit Health
This document discusses HPV infections, cervical dysplasia, and the HPV vaccine. It provides information on HPV epidemiology, risk factors for cervical cancer, pathogenesis and progression of HPV infection to cervical dysplasia and cancer. Screening recommendations and management of abnormal Pap smears and cervical dysplasia are summarized. The history and development of HPV vaccines including Gardasil and Cervarix are briefly outlined.
Quantum Medical Update is a CME initiative produced by the in-house clinical team of Quantum Diagnostics. This monthly newsletter is in-line with our commitment to better service our doctors.
The document provides information on developing clinical guidelines for prostate cancer screening using PSA testing. It includes requirements for effective screening programs, characteristics of the PSA test, results from two large randomized controlled trials (PLCO and ERSPC) on PSA screening, and considerations for formulating a screening guideline. A third summary discusses estimates of lead time and overdiagnosis from prostate cancer screening from three mathematical models, with lead times ranging from 5-7 years and overdiagnosis estimated at 23-42% of screen-detected cancers.
HIV prevalence and incidence remain high in peri-urban areas of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa according to a study of three districts. Cross-sectional surveys found HIV prevalence of 42% in Ladysmith, 46% in Edendale, and 41% in Pinetown. Follow-up cohort studies in these areas measured HIV incidence rates of 14.8, 6.3, and 7.2 per 100 person-years respectively. Pregnancy incidence was also high at 5.7, 3.1, and 6.3 per 100 person-years despite high reported contraceptive use. These findings suggest ongoing high risk of HIV transmission in these communities.
HPV primary Screening is an tempting option for health providers and patients because the results are not subject to inter-observer variation. HPV screening might become cheaper than cytology in the future. Costs of Human resources HPV primary screening is an attractive option to health service managers because the results are not subject to inter-observer variation. Future HPV screening might be cheaper than cytology. Human resources and quality controling means might become even lower.
Nevertheless, HPV testing also requires equipment, reagents, training, quality control and accreditation - and sensitivity and specificity of different HPV tests is known to vary costs quality control may be lower.
Nevertheless, HPV testing also requires equipment, reagents, training, quality control and accreditation - and sensitivity and specificity of different HPV tests is known to vary
QUẢN LÝ KẾT QUẢ BẤT THƯỜNG TEST TẦM SOÁT UNG THƯ CỔ TỬ CUNGSoM
1) Infection with high-risk HPV is necessary but not sufficient for cervical cancer development. Persistent HPV infection is the strongest risk factor, with HPV 16 and 18 causing the majority of cases.
2) Guidelines for managing abnormal cervical cancer screening tests and precursors were revised in 2012 to incorporate new evidence and extended screening intervals.
3) The revised guidelines stratify management approaches based on disease risk, aim to distinguish transient from significant abnormalities, and seek to minimize overtreatment while maintaining cancer prevention.
Role of Diagnostic Laparoscopy in Chronic Abdominal Conditions with Uncertain...Dr. Ashvind Bawa
A Study by Department of Surgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab and Department of Neurosurgery, Govind Ballabh Pant Hospital, New Delhi, India
Test Offering, not Additional Information, May Increase HIV Testing Uptake in...Humphrey Misiri
Abstract
Objectives:To evaluate patient HIV knowledge and testing experience and assess the effect of an HIV
informational handout on HIV testing propensity.
Design:Cross sectional, descriptive techniques were employed to assess demographics, HIV knowledge and
HIV testing experience. A randomized controlled trial was performed to determine if an HIV/AIDS
information sheet influenced testing propensity.
Setting:Blantyre Adventist Hospital Outpatient Clinic.
Subjects:Non-emergency patients over 18 years old attending during consulting hours.
Interventions:All subjects answered a questionnaire. For the randomized controlled trial component, half
received an HIV information handout.
Main Outcome Measures:Proportions were calculated to evaluate testing experience. Logistic regression
was used to assess impact of written information and demographics on HIV testing propensity.
Results:490 participants were recruited, of whom 57% had never been tested for HIV. O f the untested, 88%
had never been offered an HIV test. O f those that had never been offered a test, 46% desired one. The sample
was highly knowledgeable about HIV. Reading an information sheet had no impact on HIV knowledge
(p=0.736 to 0.788) or desire for testing (p=0.387). However, age (OR=0.97,95% CI (0.95,0.99)) and gender
(OR=1.85, 95%CI (1.06, 3.23)) significantly correlated with testing propensity.
Conclusions:A large percentage of patients who have never been offered HIV testing desire testing. More
frequent HIV test offering by clinicians fcould improve testing rates. Clinician education programmes should
be developed to increase test offering. Furthermore, written health information in a setting of high HIV/AIDS
knowledge may not change behaviour. Alternative methods should be employed to encourage HIV testing
uptake.
Dr Ayman Ewies - Prevalence of hyperplasia and cancer in endometrial polyps i...AymanEwies
This document summarizes a study that aimed to quantify the prevalence of hyperplasia and cancer in endometrial polyps among women with postmenopausal bleeding (PMB). The study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 10 studies and found an overall prevalence of hyperplasia and cancer of 8.9%. However, there remains uncertainty around the exact prevalence due to heterogeneity in prior studies. There is also no consensus on whether polyps should be routinely removed or if expectant management could be adopted in some cases. Future research with large prospective studies is needed to help guide clinical practice.
Primary High Risk HPV Testing with Cyctology TriagePHEScreening
1) Primary testing for high-risk HPV will replace cytology-based screening as the initial test in the NHS cervical screening program. Women who test positive for high-risk HPV will receive cytology triage, while HPV-negative women will be returned to routine recall.
2) A large trial showed primary HPV testing improved sensitivity over cytology alone. A pilot of primary HPV testing confirmed benefits and informed clinical protocols.
3) Women will receive results and follow-up management based on HPV and cytology results, with longer recall for HPV-negative women and colposcopy referral for HPV-positive women with abnormal cytology.
To evaluate the awareness about human papilloma virus (hpv) vaccine in the pr...pharmaindexing
This study evaluated awareness of the HPV vaccine for cervical cancer prevention among 500 medical students in Mumbai, India. The key findings were:
- 96% of participants were aware that HPV causes cervical cancer, but only 69.4% were aware a vaccine is available.
- Awareness of vaccine availability in India was 56.2% and only 27.6% knew the recommended target population for vaccination.
- The most common source of information was electronic media like the internet.
- Only 6% of participants had received the HPV vaccine despite its availability.
- Most (79.6%) felt inadequate information was the main barrier to vaccination programs in India.
- Overall acceptance of the HPV vaccine was 67
This document summarizes a study on the clinico-demographic characteristics of colorectal carcinoma in Bangladeshi patients. The study found that the mean age was 47 years, with most patients between 50-59 years of age. Males were slightly more affected than females. The most common presenting symptoms were per rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, and altered bowel habits. Histological examination found that 88% of cases were adenocarcinoma. The study concludes that middle-aged males in Bangladesh are most at risk for colorectal carcinoma, which commonly presents with bleeding, pain, or changes in bowel habits.
Dr. Ian McGowan, Chief Medical Officer at Orion Biotechnology, presented at the ASCO 2019 conference in Chicago. His presentation was in the Gastrointestinal (Colorectal) cancer track and focused on the surveillance and management of anal intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV and non-HIV infected patients.
This document discusses screening for ovarian cancer. It notes that ovarian cancer often presents at an advanced stage and has a poor survival rate as a result. Screening aims to detect the cancer earlier when it is more treatable. However, current screening methods like pelvic exams and the tumor marker CA-125 lack sufficient accuracy. A large clinical trial found that annual screening using transvaginal ultrasound and CA-125 did not result in earlier detection or reduced mortality compared to no screening. The high rate of false positives can lead to unnecessary surgeries, which pose risks. More accurate tests are needed for population-wide ovarian cancer screening to be effective.
Ov cancer and mayer hauser hauser syndromeTariq Mohammed
A 48-year-old woman with Mayer–Rokitansky–Kuster–Hauser (MRKH) syndrome, right kidney aplasia, and an abdominal-pelvic mass underwent surgery. Pathological examination revealed a poorly differentiated ovarian carcinoma of mixed cell types. Despite her conditions of MRKH syndrome and kidney aplasia, she was diagnosed with stage III ovarian cancer. She received chemotherapy and was asymptomatic 24 months post-operatively, demonstrating that ovarian cancer can rarely be associated with MRKH syndrome.
This case report describes a 32-year-old woman who developed multiple large urinary stones 6 years after undergoing a total pelvic exenteration and creation of a continent urostomy due to cervical cancer. She presented with recurrent urinary tract infections. Imaging revealed 10 large stones measuring 2.5-3cm each in the urostomy pouch. She underwent laparotomy and removal of the stones through an incision in the pouch. Analysis found the stones were composed of various minerals, and the patient was found to have a metabolic defect causing low citrate in her urine which contributed to stone formation. She was treated with citrate supplementation and has had no further stones or infections since.
Pseudomyxoma peritonei diagnosis and managementTariq Mohammed
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
Massive ascites as a presentation in a young womanTariq Mohammed
A 26-year-old woman presented with massive ascites and an increased CA-125 level suggestive of ovarian cancer. Laparotomy revealed 5L of hemorrhagic ascites, bilateral ovarian cysts, and areas of reddish color within the pelvis consistent with endometriosis. Histopathology of biopsy specimens confirmed endometriosis. The patient received GnRH analogue treatment for 6 months, experienced a reduction in ascites, and had full remission after 2 years. This case report highlights that endometriosis should be considered as a potential cause of ascites in reproductive-aged women, as it can mimic ovarian cancer.
Early experience with the da vinci® surgicalTariq Mohammed
This document summarizes the author's early experience using the da Vinci surgical robot for gynecological surgeries at King Abdulaziz University Hospital between 2008-2010. The author performed 35 surgeries on patients using the robot, with an average docking time of 7 minutes and hospital stay of 3 days. While there was a 6.5% conversion rate to open surgery for early cases, complications occurred in 14% of patients but were not directly related to the robotic system. The author concludes that with proper training, technical difficulties can be limited when using the robot for gynecological procedures.
This document discusses cervical cancer prevention in Saudi Arabia. It begins with background information on cervical cancer globally and in Saudi Arabia specifically. The population in Saudi Arabia is young and growing, so cervical cancer cases are expected to increase. Currently, little is known about HPV prevalence and screening in Saudi Arabia. The document then reviews the limited local data on Pap smear abnormalities and HPV genotypes. It identifies challenges to implementing screening, including understanding sexual practices and HPV epidemiology. The document recommends starting screening later (age 25-30) and using HPV testing initially. Further research is needed to inform the screening program, such as determining the age of sexual debut and HPV prevalence. The goal is to establish an effective and culturally appropriate cervical cancer prevention strategy
This document appears to be a log-in page for a manuscript submission and review system for the Saudi Medical Journal. It lists three manuscripts with their titles, current statuses, submission dates, and acceptance dates. The manuscripts are about knowledge and attitudes regarding cervical cancer screening among physicians, conservative treatment of ovarian cancer and its effects, and attitudes and knowledge of Saudi women regarding cervical cancer and screening.
Primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the ovaryTariq Mohammed
This document describes a case report of a 31-year-old woman who presented with abdominal pain and a rapidly enlarging abdomen. Imaging revealed a large ovarian cystic mass. She underwent surgery which found a right ovarian mass and omental mass. Pathology determined the tumor was a primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) originating from the right ovary. She received chemotherapy but the tumor recurred and she did not respond to further treatment, dying 15 months after diagnosis. PNET is a rare and aggressive sarcoma most common in children and young adults that can rarely originate in the ovaries.
This study analyzed 103 cases of aggressive histologic variants of endometrial carcinoma, including uterine papillary serous carcinoma, uterine clear cell carcinoma, and mixed tumors, treated at a single cancer center between 1984 and 1994. The median age was 67 years. Various treatment approaches were used including surgery alone, surgery with radiation therapy, and surgery with chemotherapy. The study found that lymphvascular space invasion and stage were independent prognostic factors. Radiation therapy significantly reduced pelvic recurrence for Stages I-III. Chemotherapy improved overall survival but not distant relapse rates. Stage Ia cases treated with surgery alone had a low risk of relapse.
Hysterectomy for benign conditions in a university hospital in2Tariq Mohammed
This study examined 251 women who underwent hysterectomies for benign conditions at a university hospital in Saudi Arabia between 1990 and 2002. The most common indications for hysterectomy were uterine fibroids (41.6%) and dysfunctional uterine bleeding (27.1%). Most abdominal hysterectomies (79%) were performed for fibroids and bleeding, while most vaginal hysterectomies (21%) were for uterine prolapse. Overall complication rates were 33.5% for abdominal hysterectomy and 30.4% for both procedures combined, with the most common complication being postoperative infection (18.7%).
- The study evaluated 39 patients in Saudi Arabia who underwent conservative surgery for ovarian cancer between 2000-2010 to preserve ovarian function and fertility.
- Most patients (80%) had stage I cancer, with germ cell tumors being the most common (52% of cases).
- After treatment, 98% of patients returned to regular menstruation, and 20% went on to have a normal pregnancy and delivery.
- The study found conservative surgery for ovarian cancer to be safe and allow for ovarian preservation and fertility in most selected cases.
Hpv prevelance and distribution amoung saudi Basalama Ali
This document summarizes a study on human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence and type distribution among women in Saudi Arabia. The study enrolled 420 women aged 15 years and older from 3 hospitals between 2010-2011. Cervical samples were tested for 57 HPV genotypes. Overall HPV prevalence was 9.8%. The most common high-risk HPV types were HPV-68/73, HPV-18, and HPV-16. HPV prevalence was higher in non-Saudi nationals (16.7%) compared to Saudi nationals (7.8%). The study provides baseline data on HPV epidemiology in Saudi Arabia.
Molecular tests to detect human papillomavirusTariq Mohammed
This document discusses a study that tested cervical biopsy samples from 45 Saudi women for human papillomavirus (HPV) using the Hybrid Capture 2 technique. The samples came from women with cervical dysplasia or invasive cervical cancer. The study found HPV was present in 47.4% of samples overall, with higher rates in invasive cancer samples (61.9%) than cervical dysplasia samples (29.4%). HPV detection can help confirm that HPV contributes to cervical cancer in Saudi Arabia, though rates appear to be lower than other parts of the world. The study aims to better understand the HPV subtypes present in cervical abnormalities in the Saudi population.
Dr. Nisrin Anfinan discusses challenges related to cervical cancer in Saudi Arabia. The incidence of cervical cancer in Saudi Arabia is very low at 1.9 cases per 100,000 women, accounting for only 2.6% of cancers in women. However, challenges exist in understanding the prevalence of HPV infections and abnormal pap smears in the population. Implementing an effective screening program will also be difficult without understanding sexual practices and managing sexually transmitted infections. Determining the most appropriate screening method and triaging patients will also be challenges.
Dr. Nisrin discusses the challenges of addressing cervical cancer in Saudi Arabia. Key challenges include understanding the prevalence of HPV infections and abnormal pap smears in the population. It will also be important to understand sexual practices across different regions and groups. Implementing screening programs will be difficult without addressing sexually transmitted infections. Additionally, the cost-effectiveness of vaccination programs requires consideration given the low cervical cancer rates in Saudi Arabia. Quality assurance for screening and colposcopy procedures also needs to be introduced.
Dr. Nisrin discusses the challenges of addressing cervical cancer in Saudi Arabia. Key challenges include understanding the prevalence of HPV infections and abnormal pap smears in the population. It will also be important to understand sexual practices across different regions and groups. Implementing screening programs will be difficult without addressing sexually transmitted infections. Additionally, the cost-effectiveness of vaccination programs requires consideration given the low cervical cancer rates in Saudi Arabia. Quality assurance for screening and colposcopy procedures also needs to be introduced.
Dr. nisreen cervical cancer screening in park hayatTariq Mohammed
The document discusses cervical cancer prevalence, incidence, and mortality worldwide and in Saudi Arabia. It notes that cervical cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women globally, with over 500,000 new cases and 288,000 deaths annually. In Saudi Arabia specifically, the incidence is very low at 1.9 cases per 100,000 women, accounting for 152 new cases and 55 deaths annually. However, little is known about HPV prevalence and transmission patterns in the country. The challenges in addressing cervical cancer in Saudi Arabia include understanding HPV and abnormal cytology prevalence, sexual practices, implementing screening programs, determining vaccine cost-effectiveness, and ensuring quality screening and colposcopy.
The utility-visual-inspection-with-acetic-acid-cervical-cancer-screening-ecoa...Amarlasreeja
Cervical cancer is potentially preventable but still remains a leading cause of cancer mortality in in developing countries like Nigeria. Cytology-based screening programmers are difficult to maintain in these countries.
Khalid sait saudi belgium seminal march 18 2014Tariq Mohammed
This document summarizes information from a presentation on cervical cancer prevention in Saudi Arabia. It notes that cervical cancer incidence is low in Saudi Arabia but increasing cases are expected as seen elsewhere. The presentation discusses HPV as the primary cause, the availability of HPV vaccines, and the need for a national screening program in Saudi Arabia using HPV testing to help prevent additional cervical cancer cases and deaths. It provides details on an existing cervical cancer screening program in Jeddah as an example for a potential future national program.
Khalid sait saudi belgium seminal march 18 2014Tariq Mohammed
This document summarizes information from a presentation on cervical cancer prevention in Saudi Arabia. It notes that cervical cancer incidence is low in Saudi Arabia but increasing cases are expected as seen elsewhere. The presentation discusses HPV as the primary cause, the availability of HPV vaccines, and the need for a national screening program in Saudi Arabia using HPV testing to help further reduce cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates. It provides details on an existing cervical cancer screening program in Jeddah as an example for a potential future national screening program.
HPV infection, cervical abnormalities, and cancer in HIV-infected women in Mu...Dr.Samsuddin Khan
Background: HIV-infected women are at a higher risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cancer than women in the general population, partly due to a high prevalence of persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The aim of the study was to assess the burden of HPV infection, cervical abnormalities, and cervical cancer among a cohort of HIV-infected women as part of a routine screening in an urban overpopulated slum setting in Mumbai, India.
Methods: From May 2010 to October 2010, Médecins Sans Frontières and Tata Memorial Hospital Mumbai offered routine annual Pap smears and HPV DNA testing of women attending an antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinic and a 12-month follow-up. Women with abnormal test results were offered cervical biopsy and treatment, including treatment for sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
Results: Ninety-five women were screened. Median age was 38 years (IQR: 33–41); median nadir CD4-count 143 cells/µL (IQR: 79–270); and median time on ART 23 months (IQR:10–41). HPV DNA was detected in 30/94 women (32%), and 18/94 (19%) showed either low-grade or high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL/HSIL) on Pap smear. Overall, >50% had cervical inflammatory reactions including STIs. Of the 43 women with a cervical biopsy, eight (8.4%) had CIN-1, five (5.3%) CIN-2, and two (2.1%) carcinoma in situ. All but one had HPV DNA detected (risk ratio: 11, 95% confidence interval: 3.3–34). By October 2011, 56 women had completed the 12-month follow-up and had been rescreened. No new cases of HPV infection/LSIL/HSIL were detected.
Conclusion: The high prevalence of HPV infection, STIs, and cervical lesions among women attending an ART clinic demonstrates a need for routine screening. Simple, one-stop screening strategies are needed. The optimal screening interval, especially when resources are limited, needs to be determined.
Factors Associated with Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine Uptake amongst Girls Ag...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a sexually transmitted infection. HPV vaccine since its first licensure in 2006 has proven to be safe, highly immunogenic, and induces strong direct and indirect protection against HPV and its sequelae. The study was designed to determine the socio-demographic, health care, and parental factors associated with human papillomavirus vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. The study was a cross-sectional study employing a simple random sampling method and a total of 364 girls were interviewed following the set criteria using questionnaire data. Data were cleaned, coded, and analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Findings were presented as frequencies, percentages, odd ratios, and p-values using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. From the study, statistically significant sociodemographic factors such as age (p=0.0000), schooling status (p=0.0000), level of education (p=0.007442), attitudes towards the HPV vaccine (p=0.005175), Receiving vaccine doses from different vaccination sites (p=0.0000), and Ethnicity (p=0.0000), healthcare factors such as outreaches in communities (p=0.0000), information received (p=0.0000), encouragement from health workers (p=0.0000), availability of vaccines (p=0.0000) and parental factors such as knowledge about HPV vaccine(p=0.001), parental hesitancy (p<0.001), level of education (p=0.0000), social economic status (p=0.001), attitudes towards HPV vaccine, (p=0.0000) and HPV vaccine awareness (p=0.0000) were found statistically associated with HPV vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. From the study findings, the study variables such as sociodemographic, and health-related factors were found to be statistically associated with HPV vaccine uptake amongst girls aged 9-14 years. Therefore, effort should be brought to all levels of intervention so that HPV uptake is taken into consideration if the need for good health among girls needs to be achieved.
Keywords: Human papillomavirus virus, sexually transmitted infection, Health care, HPV vaccine, Cancer.
This study assessed knowledge, awareness and attitudes towards cervical cancer and screening among women in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. The authors conducted a questionnaire-based study of 210 women across 3 hospitals. They found that only 12.9% of women had good knowledge of cervical cancer, and awareness of screening was very low at 13.8%. While the majority of women had positive attitudes towards screening and vaccination, actual screening rates were low, with just 21.4% having undergone Pap smear testing and only 1.9% receiving the HPV vaccine. The authors recommend implementing widespread public awareness programs utilizing various media to improve knowledge on cervical cancer and screening.
Cervical screening , present past crown plaza final copyBasalama Ali
This document discusses cervical cancer screening and prevention. It provides the following key points:
1. Cervical cancer is the 2nd most common cancer in women worldwide, with an estimated 530,000 new cases and 274,000 deaths annually, most occurring in developing countries.
2. Incidence of cervical cancer is low in Saudi Arabia but it remains the 8th most common cancer in women, with 241 new cases and 84 deaths estimated annually.
3. Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most significant risk factor for cervical cancer. Worldwide nearly 100% of cervical cancer cases are HPV-positive.
4. Screening is important for secondary cervical cancer prevention.
Cervical Cancer is common worldwide , ranking 3rd among all malignancies for women.
Second leading cause of cancer death.
Most of these cancers stem from infection with the Human Pappiloma Virus (HPV).
Dr nisreen anfnan cervical cancer in saudi arabia last versionTariq Mohammed
The document discusses cervical cancer in Saudi Arabia. It finds that incidence of cervical cancer is low in Saudi Arabia, ranking 11th among cancers in females, with 152 new cases and 55 deaths per year. HPV is detected in 31.6-5.6% of women in Saudi Arabia. Nearly all cervical cancer cases (92.9-100%) are associated with HPV infection, most commonly HPV 16 and 18. The document calls for a nationwide cervical cancer screening program in Saudi Arabia, as the actual reasons for low incidence are unknown without screening. It proposes a screening program using HPV testing to screen women ages 30-65 every 5 years until age 65.
The survey of 371 female university students found significant gaps in their knowledge about HPV infection, cervical dysplasia, and prevention methods. While most were aware of the HPV vaccine, only 6% understood how HPV spreads and is prevented. The main barriers to vaccination identified were cost (62%), concerns over adverse effects (43%), and lack of knowledge (36%). Many students wanted more information on HPV infection, vaccine safety, and other questions. Providing free vaccination may increase uptake, but educational programs are still needed to address knowledge deficits.
CERVICAL CARCINOMA The Role of the Human Papilloma Virus and Prospects for Pr...Alberto Cuadrado
This document discusses cervical carcinoma and prospects for primary prevention. It summarizes that cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide, caused over 99% of the time by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Screening methods like Pap smears have been effective in developed countries but are too expensive for low-resource areas. The document explores more affordable options like visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and prospects for an HPV vaccination to help developing countries prevent cervical cancer.
RESEARCH ARTICLE Open AccessDeterminants of breast cancer .docxrgladys1
RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access
Determinants of breast cancer in Saudi
women from Makkah region: a case-control
study (breast cancer risk factors among
Saudi women)
Fatmah J. Alsolami1, Firas S. Azzeh2*, Khloud J. Ghafouri2, Mazen M. Ghaith3, Riyad A. Almaimani4,
Hussain A. Almasmoum3, Rwaa H. Abdulal5, Wesam H. Abdulaal6, Abdelelah S. Jazar2 and Sufyan H. Tashtoush7
Abstract
Background: There are various factors that play a major role in influencing the overall health conditions of women
diagnosed with breast cancer. The population of women in Makkah region are diverse, therefore it is significant to
highlight the possible determinants of breast cancer in this population. This is a case-control study that assessed
determinants of breast cancer including socioeconomic factors, health-related characteristics, menstrual histories
and breastfeeding among postmenopausal women in Makkah region in Saudi Arabia.
Methods: A total of 432 female participants (214 cases and 218 controls) were recruited for this study. A validated
questionnaire was completed by trained dietitians at King Abdullah Medical City Hospital in the Makkah region of
Saudi Arabia.
Results: Results displayed that determinants of breast cancer were associated significantly (P < 0.05) with
unemployment, large family size, lack of knowledge and awareness about breast cancer, obesity, sedentary lifestyle,
smoking, starting menarche at an early age, as well as hormonal and non-hormonal contraceptive use. There was
no effect of diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and duration of breastfeeding on the incidence of breast
cancer.
Conclusion: In summary, the results of this study accentuate the possible effect of socioeconomic factors, health-
related characteristics and menstrual history on the incidence of breast cancer in postmenopausal women in the
Makkah region. Education programs should be applied to increase breast cancer awareness and possibly decrease
its incidence.
Keywords: Breast cancer, Breastfeeding practices, Economic status, Lifestyle pattern, Menstruation
Background
There has been an increasing prevalence of breast cancer
among females around the world [1]. In Saudi Arabia, the
recent statistics regarding women diagnosed with breast
cancer are shocking. Even with the current advancements
in the healthcare system and the breast cancer awareness
campaign, the latest prevalence published by the Saudi
Health Council in 2014 showed that breast cancer
accounted for 29% of all the cancer types diagnosed in
women. Unfortunately, few women present with early
stages of the disease, compared to a substantial proportion
of women who present in the late stages of breast cancer,
when the tumour has become metastatic [2].
Previous studies have reported that there are several
common factors present in women diagnosed with
breast cancer, such as their ages, ages at menarche and
menopause, family histories, lifestyles and oral contra-
ceptive usage [3, 4]. However, the presentatio.
RESEARCH ARTICLE Open AccessDeterminants of breast cancer .docxaudeleypearl
RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access
Determinants of breast cancer in Saudi
women from Makkah region: a case-control
study (breast cancer risk factors among
Saudi women)
Fatmah J. Alsolami1, Firas S. Azzeh2*, Khloud J. Ghafouri2, Mazen M. Ghaith3, Riyad A. Almaimani4,
Hussain A. Almasmoum3, Rwaa H. Abdulal5, Wesam H. Abdulaal6, Abdelelah S. Jazar2 and Sufyan H. Tashtoush7
Abstract
Background: There are various factors that play a major role in influencing the overall health conditions of women
diagnosed with breast cancer. The population of women in Makkah region are diverse, therefore it is significant to
highlight the possible determinants of breast cancer in this population. This is a case-control study that assessed
determinants of breast cancer including socioeconomic factors, health-related characteristics, menstrual histories
and breastfeeding among postmenopausal women in Makkah region in Saudi Arabia.
Methods: A total of 432 female participants (214 cases and 218 controls) were recruited for this study. A validated
questionnaire was completed by trained dietitians at King Abdullah Medical City Hospital in the Makkah region of
Saudi Arabia.
Results: Results displayed that determinants of breast cancer were associated significantly (P < 0.05) with
unemployment, large family size, lack of knowledge and awareness about breast cancer, obesity, sedentary lifestyle,
smoking, starting menarche at an early age, as well as hormonal and non-hormonal contraceptive use. There was
no effect of diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and duration of breastfeeding on the incidence of breast
cancer.
Conclusion: In summary, the results of this study accentuate the possible effect of socioeconomic factors, health-
related characteristics and menstrual history on the incidence of breast cancer in postmenopausal women in the
Makkah region. Education programs should be applied to increase breast cancer awareness and possibly decrease
its incidence.
Keywords: Breast cancer, Breastfeeding practices, Economic status, Lifestyle pattern, Menstruation
Background
There has been an increasing prevalence of breast cancer
among females around the world [1]. In Saudi Arabia, the
recent statistics regarding women diagnosed with breast
cancer are shocking. Even with the current advancements
in the healthcare system and the breast cancer awareness
campaign, the latest prevalence published by the Saudi
Health Council in 2014 showed that breast cancer
accounted for 29% of all the cancer types diagnosed in
women. Unfortunately, few women present with early
stages of the disease, compared to a substantial proportion
of women who present in the late stages of breast cancer,
when the tumour has become metastatic [2].
Previous studies have reported that there are several
common factors present in women diagnosed with
breast cancer, such as their ages, ages at menarche and
menopause, family histories, lifestyles and oral contra-
ceptive usage [3, 4]. However, the presentatio ...
This document summarizes stem cell research projects conducted by Dr. Mohammad Abbas at King Abdulaziz University. It outlines 5 research groups: 1) Isolation and characterization of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from osteoarthritis patients, 2) Effect of heat shock on bone marrow MSCs from OA patients, 3) Evaluation of ex-vivo cartilage regeneration using MSCs from OA patients, 4) Impact of MSCs impregnated with cartilage paste on repairing cartilage defects in rabbits, and 5) Impact of a hyaluronic acid scaffold impregnated with MSCs and cartilage paste on surgically induced arthritis in rabbits. Additional research includes studies on the effects of catecholamines and NSAIDs
This document outlines the establishment of a stem cell research chair at King Abdulaziz University from 2009-2015. It begins with the author attending a knee surgery course in 2009 where he learned about cartilage regeneration techniques. He then proposed creating a research chair to RACI in 2010, which involved a lengthy approval process. He built up a research team of professors and clinicians from various specialties. Research projects focused on isolating and characterizing mesenchymal stem cells, cartilage regeneration, and animal studies on rabbits. The chair fulfilled regulatory requirements like submitting annual reports and had an organizational structure to oversee the research groups.
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and cartilage fragments were evaluated for their ability to enhance cartilage formation in an ex-vivo osteochondral defect model. BM-MSCs alone, cartilage fragments alone, or a combination of BM-MSCs and cartilage fragments were seeded into osteochondral defects. The combination of BM-MSCs and cartilage fragments showed improved cartilage formation and defect filling compared to BM-MSCs or cartilage fragments alone, as seen on histological and biochemical analysis. The results suggest that a combination of BM-MSCs and cartilage fragments may provide a more effective approach for cartilage repair.
The document describes a study that used whole-exome sequencing to identify novel genetic variations associated with osteoarthritis (OA) patients. Several variations were found in genes involved in cartilage development, extracellular matrix organization, and inflammatory/immune responses. Two novel mutations were validated by Sanger sequencing, including a mutation in the SELP gene and another in the COL6A6 gene. The approach identified variations in genes impacting pathways relevant to OA pathogenesis.
This study investigated the effects of heat from an arthroscope on human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMMSCs). hBMMSCs were isolated from osteoarthritis patients and exposed to heat from an illuminated arthroscope for various time periods as single cell suspensions or cell pellets. Cell suspensions exposed to heat showed decreased viability over time, while cell pellets maintained or increased viability. Gene expression analysis found increased expression of heat shock and inflammatory genes in cell suspensions compared to pellets after heat exposure. The results suggest that transplanting hBMMSCs as cell pellets may better protect them from heat effects during arthroscopic procedures and thus support cartilage regeneration.
The international federation for cervical pathology and colposcopy courseTariq Mohammed
This document provides an agenda and speaker information for a 3-day international colposcopy workshop taking place in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia from January 12-14, 2014. The workshop will focus on cervical cancer prevention, advances in understanding HPV, and management of lower genital tract diseases. It will include lectures, hands-on training, and case reviews led by experts from Europe, Canada, and Saudi Arabia. The goal is to train participants and raise awareness of cervical cancer screening and prevention methods.
The international federation for cervical pathology and colposcopy courseTariq Mohammed
This document summarizes the stages of human development from dust, to sperm and egg, to embryo, to fetus, and finally to a child that reaches maturity. It notes that some people die early while others live to a very old age, having gone through the full cycle of knowledge and then forgetting. It also describes how the earth appears barren but grows diverse plants when watered, relating this to human development from simple beginnings. The summary conveys the key points about human origins and development and the cycle of life in a concise three sentences.
The international federation for cervical pathology and colposcopy courseTariq Mohammed
The document discusses how God created humans from dust, then a sperm-drop, then a clinging clot, and then a lump of flesh to show how He develops humans. It notes that God determines the term people will stay in the womb, then brings them out as children to reach maturity. It also mentions that some people die early while others live to a very old age. The document ends by describing how the earth appears barren but grows beautiful plants when watered.
This document discusses treatment approaches for early stage cervical cancer. It notes that for invasive cervical cancers measuring less than 2 cm, removal of the parametrium may be omitted. For some very small tumors, pelvic lymphadenectomy can also be omitted as the risk of lymph node metastasis is limited. It also discusses outcomes from vaginal trachelectomy and laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy for early stage cancers. The document considers conservative treatment approaches for stage IA2-IB1 cancers less than 3 cm in size, including a proposed study design stratifying patients based on tumor diameter.
Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) is the only known precursor to cervical adenocarcinoma. Appropriate management of AIS can prevent invasive adenocarcinoma in many cases. Cytology has lower sensitivity for detecting AIS compared to HPV testing. The usual interval between detectable AIS and invasive adenocarcinoma is at least 5 years, allowing time for screening and intervention. Glandular neoplasms account for about 25% of annual cervical cancer diagnoses. Management of AIS typically involves conization, though hysterectomy is the standard treatment due to the high risk of residual disease with conization alone. HPV testing can help monitor women with AIS who wish to preserve fertility after
This document discusses vulvar and vaginal diseases. It begins with anatomical considerations of the vulva and describes various benign and infectious vulvar lesions. It then discusses non-neoplastic epithelial disorders of the vulva and classifications of vulvar dermatological disorders. The document provides details on various vulvar diseases including lichen sclerosus and pigmented lesions. It concludes with a brief section on vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia.
This document summarizes key findings about HPV natural history and HPV testing for cervical cancer screening. It was found that HPV infection is very common but rarely leads to cancer. While persistent HPV infection can cause cervical cancer after 10-15 years, many cofactors are also involved in cancer development. Studies showed that HPV becomes undetectable within 2 years for most women. HPV testing was found to detect more pre-cancer than pap smears but also detected more lesions that may regress. HPV testing allows longer screening intervals for HPV-negative women and better protection against cancer compared to pap smears alone. While HPV testing is more effective, implementing new screening strategies poses challenges where pap smear systems are already in place.
1) The document discusses the HPV vaccine and summarizes data from clinical trials of the Cervarix and Gardasil vaccines. It finds that Cervarix demonstrated 93.2% efficacy against CIN3+ lesions irrespective of HPV type, while Gardasil demonstrated 43.0% efficacy against the same endpoint.
2) Long-term follow up data of the Cervarix vaccine showed sustained high antibody levels and protection against CIN3+ lesions up to 9 years post-vaccination. Challenge studies found Cervarix elicited an anamnestic response.
3) Both vaccines were well tolerated and showed cross-protection against non-vaccine HPV types. However, Cervarix demonstrated higher long
4 prof james bently management guidelines 2014Tariq Mohammed
This document provides guidelines for colposcopy management from the IFCCP Jeddah Jan 2014 conference and the ASCCP Management Guidelines 2012 and SOGC SCC Colposcopy Guidelines 2012. It discusses recommendations and algorithms for evaluating and managing various abnormal cytology results and histological findings identified during colposcopy, including ASCUS, LSIL, ASC-H, HSIL, AGC, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grades, and other conditions. Management may involve repeat testing, colposcopy, biopsy, excisional procedures, or return to routine screening depending on the abnormality, risk level, and other factors.
Genital HPV is very common, with a lifetime risk of 70% for HPV infection and 10% for genital warts. Spontaneously, genital warts resolve in 20-30% of cases within 3 months. Biopsy is usually not required for healthy women under 35 years old with typical genital warts. Treatment choices depend on factors like patient preference, provider experience, and pregnancy status. Combination therapies may be used. Even after treatment, the latent virus remains, with a 30% recurrence rate of warts and potential for transmission to partners.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
One health condition that is becoming more common day by day is diabetes.
According to research conducted by the National Family Health Survey of India, diabetic cases show a projection which might increase to 10.4% by 2030.
Our backs are like superheroes, holding us up and helping us move around. But sometimes, even superheroes can get hurt. That’s where slip discs come in.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
Hpv annals s m 1
1. original
article
Ann Saudi Med 2013 January-February www.annsaudimed.net 13
C
ervical cancer is the third most common cancer
affecting females and the fourth leading cause
of cancer death in females worldwide, account-
ing for 9% (529800) of the total newly diagnosed can-
cer cases and 8% (275100) of the total cancer deaths
among females in the year 2008. More than 85% of
these cases and deaths occur in developing countries.1
The incidence of cervical cancer is low in Saudi
women. According to the 2007 Saudi cancer registry
report, cervical cancer is the thirteenth most frequent
cancer in Saudi women. The incidence rate in Saudi
Arabia is one of the lowest in the world at 1.9 cases per
100 000 women, accounting for 2.2% of diagnosed cas-
es of cancer in Saudi women.2
Although cervical cancer
is both preventable and curable, most women in Saudi
Arabia present at advanced stages that require extensive
Prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus
infections in healthy Saudi women attending
gynecologic clinics in the western region of
Saudi Arabia
Nabeel Salem Bondagji,a
Faten Salah Gazzaz,b
Khalid Sait,a
Layla Abdullahc
From
the
a
Faculty
of
Medicine
King
Abdulaziz
University,
Obstetrics
and
Gynecology,
Jeddah,
Saudi
Arabia,
b
King
Abdulaziz
University,
Laboratory
Medicine,
Jeddah,
Saudi
Arabia,
c
King
Abdulaziz
University,
Pathology,
Jeddah,
Saudi
Arabia
Correspondence:
Dr.
Nabeel
Salem
Bondagji
·
Faculty
of
Medicine
King
Abdulaziz
University,
Obstetrics
and
Gynecology,
P.O.
Box
80215
Jeddah
21589
Saudi
Arabia
·
T:+966(2)6408310,
F:+966(2)6408316
·
bondagji_nabeel@hotmail.com
Ann
Saudi
Med
2013;
33(1):
13-17
DOI:
10.5144/0256-4947.2013.13
BACKGROUND
AND
OBJECTIVES:
Infection
with
human
papillomavirus
(HPV)
is
the
major
cause
of
cervical
cancer.
There
is
little
published
data
on
the
prevalence
of
HPV
infection
among
Saudi
women.
The
aim
of
this
study
was
to
determine
the
prevalence
of
HPV
in
a
group
of
women
in
the
western
region
of
Saudi
Arabia.
DESIGN
AND
SETTING:
A
prospective
study
of
Saudi
women
seeking
gynecologic
care
at
King
Abdulaziz
University
Hospital
from
March
2010
to
January
2011.
PATIENTS
AND
METHODS:
Four
hundred
eighty-five
Saudi
women
of
different
age
groups
attending
gynecol-
ogy
clinic
were
tested
for
high-risk
HPV
DNA.
HPV
DNA
was
detected
in
cervical
scrapes
using
Hybrid
Capture
2
(HC2)
high-risk
HPV
DNA
test.
The
prevalence
of
HPV
DNA
positivity
in
different
age
groups
was
calculated.
RESULTS:
Out
of
the
485
specimens,
27
(5.6%)
were
positive
for
the
high-risk
HPV.
The
highest
percentage
was
among
women
aged
60
years
and
older.
Patients
in
the
age
group
40-49
years
were
more
likely
to
accept
HPV
testing
with
a
total
of
188
patients.
CONCLUSION:
The
prevalence
of
HPV
in
this
group
of
Saudi
women
is
similar
to
what
was
reported
in
some
Arab
countries
and
lower
than
that
reported
in
developed
countries.
This
information
could
be
used
to
help
in
establishing
a
primary
screening
program
using
HPV
DNA
testing
in
Saudi
Arabia.
chemoradiation therapy.3,4
This is due to the lack of a
proper screening program.5
Cervical cancer is caused by
sexual exposure to an oncogenic type of the human pap-
illomavirus (HPV), usually types 16 and 18.6-9
The FDA has approved the Digene Hybrid Capture
2 High-Risk HPV DNA Test as a cervical screening
test for HPV infection.10
There are clear benefits for
the use of HPV DNA testing in the triage of equivocal
smears, low-grade smears in older women and in the
post-treatment surveillance of women after treatment
for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. However, there are
still issues regarding how best to test in primary screen-
ing.11
The most resourceful and cost-effective screening
techniques include visual inspection of the cervix after
applying acetic acid or Lugol iodine and DNA testing
for human HPV DNA in cervical cell samples.12
A
2. original
article PAPILLOMAVIRUSINSAUDIWOMEN
Ann Saudi Med 2013 January-February www.annsaudimed.net14
recent clinical trial from India in a low-resource area
concluded that a single set of HPV DNA testing was
associated with a 50% reduction in the risk of devel-
oping advanced cervical cancer and associated deaths.13
Currently, little is known about the prevalence and type
of distribution of HPV in Saudi Arabia. Introduction
of appropriate screening for cervical cancer in Saudi
Arabia requires extensive work to find whether HPV
infection is a significant healthcare problem.In addition,
baseline information on HPV prevalence and genotype
distribution is highly desirable to evaluate the impact
of prophylactic HPV vaccines in the near future. This
study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of using HPV
testing as a primary screening for cervical cancer by de-
termining the prevalence in a group of Saudi women
and assessing the prevalence among different age groups
to evaluate the feasibility of using HPV DNA testing
as a primary screening test for cervical cancer.
PATIENTS
AND
METHODS
This was a prospective cohort hospital-based study of
all Saudi women attending gynecology clinics at King
Abdulaziz University Hospital from March 2010 to
January 2011 who fulfilled the inclusion criteria of be-
ing sexually active and of childbearing or postmeno-
pausal age. Exclusion criteria included virginity, preg-
nancy, known cases of HPV, cervical precancerous le-
sions or cervical cancer, positive cytology on Pap smear,
patient refusal to participate in the study and nonSaudi
nationality. Women who were eligible for the study
consented to participation after being counseled by one
of the gynecologist in the clinics and given the liberty
to participate or decline; only women who signed the
consent form were included in the study. The women
then had the traditional Pap smear using the wet mount
technique and the Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) reagents
and materials for HPV detection (Digene Corporation,
USA). Pap smear results were reported according to
the Bethesda system for reporting of cervical cytol-
ogy.14
Smears with no abnormalities or one with reac-
tive changes were considered normal while all smears
of atypical squamous cell of undetermined significance
(ASC-US) or higher were considered as abnormal.
The specimen collection was done via cells taken
from the cervix with the Digene cervical sampler kit,
then placed into the Digene liquid collection medium.
The specimen collection was performed by a gynecolo-
gist after taking a detailed history and performing a
physical examination including pelvic examination. The
Digene HPV HC2 test used in the study detects the
high/intermediate risk HPV types (16, 18, 31, 33, 35,
39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, and 68). The target DNA
hybridizes with a specific high-risk HPV RNA probe-
forming RNA/DNA hybrids which are captured onto
the surface of a microplate well coated with antibod-
ies specific for RNA/DNA hybrids. Fixed hybrids
are then reacted with alkaline phosphatase conjugated
antibodies specific for the RNA/DNA hybrids, which
are then identified with a chemiluminescent substrate,
where several alkaline phosphatase molecules unite to
each antibody. Multiple united antibodies bind to each
captured hybrid give considerable signal amplification.
Light is released when the substrate is broken by the
bound alkaline phosphatase, then measured as relative
light units (RLUs) on a luminometer and its strength
indicates the presence or absence of target DNA in the
specimen. The interpretations of the test results were
carried out according to the manufacturer’s instruc-
tion. The women were classified into groups based on
their age (19-29 years), (30-39), (40-49), (50-59) and
(60 years and older). Data were collected and analyzed
using SPSS statistical package version 16. The insti-
tutional human ethics committee for King AbdulAziz
University Hospital approved the study protocol
based on the international recommendations on hu-
man subject research and according to principles of the
Helsinki declaration.
RESULTS
During the study period, 6585 women were seen in the
gynecology clinics for different clinical complaints. The
majority of cases had menstrual cycle abnormalities fol-
lowed by pelvic pain, vaginal discharge, urinary inconti-
nence and dyspareunia in order of frequency. Applying
the inclusion criteria, 1649 patients were eligible. Out
of 1649 eligible women, 1164 were excluded from the
study for the following reasons: 704 refused to partici-
pate in the study after counseling, 429 were pregnant
or seen for pregnancy complications, and 16 had tech-
nical difficulties in collecting or processing the sample
according to the study protocol, 15 for previous posi-
tive HPV, cervical carcinoma or cervical precancerous
lesions. The commonest cause for refusal to participate
was the psychological fear of the impact of positive test
on the patient’s physical and social life.
Four hundred and eighty-five women participated
in the study. The age range was 19 to 91 years with a
mean age of 44.7 years. The majority of women were
multiparous, 403 (83%). The parity ranged from 1 to
9 with a mean of 3.5. Four hundred and seventeen
women (86%) were married, 44 (9%) divorced and 24
(5%) were widows.The Pap smear was abnormal in 118
(24.3%) women and normal in 367 (75.7%).
Of 485 patients, 458 (94.4%) were negative for
3. original
articlePAPILLOMAVIRUSINSAUDIWOMEN
Ann Saudi Med 2013 January-February www.annsaudimed.net 15
HPV infection while 27 (5.6%) were positive (Table
1). The detection rate of HPV, DNA varied according
to age showing the highest rate among women age 60
years and older. Furthermore the study showed that 16
women of 334 patients in the reproductive age group
(19-49 years) tested positive for HPV DNA with a de-
tection rate of 4.8% compared to 11 of 151 postmeno-
pausal women (50 years and older) with a detection
rate of 7.3%. The highest number of tested patient was
reported in the group 40-49 years old with 188 women
(32% of the collected samples).
DISCUSSION
The unduly high burden of cervical cancer in develop-
ing countries is mostly due to a lack of screening pro-
grams that allows detection of precancerous and early
stage cervical cancer.15,16
Out of the 30 to 40 known
HPV genotypes that infect the mucosa of the female
genital tract, eight types (16, 18, 45, 31, 33, 52, 58, and
35) are accountable for 95% of cervical cancers and two
genotypes (16 and 18) are responsible for 70 percent
of the cervical cancer cases.17
The HPV vaccine pro-
tects against the most common strains of HPV infec-
tions (HPV types 16 and 18). Effective utilization of
the available vaccine depends on the prevalence and
the genotype of HPV in the targeted population. The
estimated global HPV prevalence was 11.7%. It was
estimated to be 24.0% in Sub-Saharan Africa, 21.4%
in Eastern Europe, and 16.1% in Latin America. The
age-specific HPV prevalence distribution showed a first
peak at younger ages (<25 years) in Latin America and
older ages (≥45 years) in North America and Africa.18
In two recent studies from Saudi Arabia on the
HPV genotype associated with cervical cancer,Alsbeih
et al19
showed that 81% of cervical cancers specimens
tested in their institution in the central part Saudi
Arabia were associated with HPV infection, the ma-
jority 78.7% (70/89) of HPV-positive tumors were
infected with HPV-16/18. Al-Badawi et al20
reported
similar finding with 95.5% detection of HPV in cervi-
cal cancer specimens, the most common HPV geno-
type detected being HPV-16 (63.4%), followed by
HPV-18. These two studies clearly show that the most
prevalent HPV genotype in Saudi women with cervi-
cal cancer were 16 and 18 which is no different than
was reported globally.17
The role of high-risk HPV DNA testing is grow-
ing and HPV DNA testing, either alone or in combi-
nation with cervical cytology, has been shown in many
studies to be more sensitive than cervical cytology alone
in detecting low- or high-grade cervical lesions.21-23
In
addition, HPV DNA testing has been proposed both
as a primary screening method (either as an adjunct or
instead of Pap smear) and as a method to triage Pap
smear results that are equivocal.24-26
Many studies have documented the use of HPV
DNA testing as a primary screening tool. In a
Canadian randomized control trial on 10154 women,
Mayrand et al27
compared HPV DNA testing with
conventional Pap smear and concluded that HPV
testing has greater sensitivity for the detection of cer-
vical intraepithelial neoplasia than the conventional
Pap smear. Ronco et al,28
in a large randomized con-
trolled Italian trial that included two groups of wom-
en, 47,001 were assigned to the cytology group and
47,369 to the HPV testing group. They concluded
that HPV-based screening is more effective than cy-
tology in preventing invasive cervical cancer, by detect-
ing persistent high-grade lesions earlier.
In a low-resource setting, a single round of HPV
DNA testing was associated with a significant reduc-
tion in the numbers of advanced cervical cancers and
deaths from cervical cancer. This was clearly demon-
strated in a randomized trial of 131746 women aged 30
to 59 years in rural India that compared a single lifetime
screening with one of three screening modalities with
standard care; the screening modalities were HPV test-
ing using the Hybrid Capture HC2, cervical cytology,
or visual inspection of the cervix with acetic acid.29
The current study reported a prevalence of 5.6% of
the high/intermediate-risk HPV types (16, 18, 31, 33,
35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, and 68) in Saudi women
attending gynecology clinics for different complains.
The only other reports from Saudi Arabia identified
through a PubMed search were by Al-Muammar et al30
and Gazzaz.31
In a small number of patients attend-
ing family medicine clinics in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,
Muammar et al30
reported a high prevalence of HPV
infection, reaching 31.6% with the majority of cases be-
Table
1.
Result of negative and positive HPV DNA in cervical
specimens by Hybrid Capture 2.
Age
group
(years)
n
Number
of
negative
patients
(%)
Number
of
positive
patients
(%)
19-29 54 53 (98.1) 1 (1.9)
30-39 92 87 (94.6) 5 (5.4)
40-49 188 178 (94.7) 10 (5.3)
50-59 108 101 (93.5) 7 (6.5)
≥60 43 39 (90.7) 4 (9.3)
19-91 485 458 (94.4) 27 (5.6)
4. original
article PAPILLOMAVIRUSINSAUDIWOMEN
Ann Saudi Med 2013 January-February www.annsaudimed.net16
ing HPV-16 followed by 18. The age distribution was
not mentioned in that study.
The prevalence in the current study (5.6%) is similar
to that reported by Gazzaz31
(5%) and much lower than
the one reported by Al-Muammar et al30
(31.6%). The
current study showed a prevalence peak on relatively
older women (>60 years), which might be explained
by the lack of screening program and earlier testing in
those women. A report from Egypt on 5453 women32
showed a prevalence of 4.0% for HPV among Egyptian
women included in the study. These figures are in ac-
cordance with our figure, but the age distribution for
HPV positivity was younger in the Egyptian women
compared to our results. The prevalence of HPV IN
1026 Lebanese women aged 18-76 years33
was 4.9%
with 3% for high risk HPV type 16 DNA with peak
at 60-69 years of age, which was similar to our results.
Comparing our positive results (5.6%) with those
from other countries such as the United States34
(26.8%) and China21,35
(13.5%-17.6%) show that the
prevalence of cervical HPV infection among females in
Saudi Arabia is relatively low. In addition, the age dis-
tribution shows a marked difference. The current study
shows a prevalence peak in women in the age group 60
years and older compared to a prevalence peak in the
age group of 20 to 24 years in the United States.34
The current study shows a low detection rate (1
case, 1.9%) of HPV DNA positivity in women un-
der the age of 30 years. Our findings concurs with the
findings of Kjaer et al36
in their study to determine
the absolute risk of cervical abnormalities in women
with normal cytology and a positive high-risk Hybrid
Capture 2 (HC2) test, which showed that the rate of
development of a cervical lesion to be 17.7% in younger
women compared to 24.5% in older women. In another
study by Khan et al37
from the United States to explore
the risk of cervical precancerous lesions in women with
normal cytology and positive testing for HPV DNA
type 16 and 18 showed that women 30 years of age and
older had a higher risk of developing cervical lesions
than younger women.
Datta et al38
measured the Pap test results and high-
risk HPV prevalence by Hybrid Capture 2 assay in
9657 women age 14 to 65 years receiving routine cervi-
cal screening and concluded that high-risk HPV was
widespread among women receiving cervical screening
in the United States. They suggested that many women
30 years of age or older with normal Pap tests would
need follow-up if Hybrid Capture 2 testing is added to
cytology screening.
In the present study HPV infection among females
in a Saudi community was done on a larger number
than that was done by Gazzaz31
and Muammar et al.30
The current study provides a unique opportunity to
gather an idea about baseline data on cervical HPV
prevalence among females in the western region of
Saudi Arabia. The protocol and methodology applied
in the current study was successful and could be used in
a larger nationwide research.
The prevalence of HPV in this group of Saudi
women in the western region of Saudi Arabia is similar
to what is reported in some other Arab countries and
lower than what is reported in developed countries and
some parts of Asia. This information can be used in es-
tablishing a proposal for using HPV testing by hybrid
capture as a primary screening for cervical cancer in
Saudi Arabia. Multicenter population prevalence data
for HPV on a larger scale in women in Saudi Arabia
is required before the implementation of routine HPV
vaccination in this country.
5. original
articlePAPILLOMAVIRUSINSAUDIWOMEN
Ann Saudi Med 2013 January-February www.annsaudimed.net 17
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