This document provides guidance on submitting tissue specimens for histopathological examination. It discusses the importance of proper tissue fixation and handling to prevent autolysis and provide an accurate diagnosis. Specimens should be placed in clearly labeled containers with 10% buffered formalin and accompanied by a fully completed submission form with clinical history. Margins should be marked and multiple sites submitted separately. Endoscopies biopsies are best submitted in cassettes. The pathologist examines only a few 5um sections of the entire specimen.
Histopathology is examination of tissues for presence or absence of changes in their structure due to disease processes. We go through various steps in the process of converting gross sample to microscopic slides.
This is a presentation covering all techniques in histopathology. Comprehensive coverage of all related aspects.. Useful for postgraduate Pathology students and practitioners.
technique of preparing imprint smear# comparision with frozen sections# application and its role in thyroid ,paathyroid,breast,skin,head and neck and mucinous tumors# advantages and limitations
Histopathology is examination of tissues for presence or absence of changes in their structure due to disease processes. We go through various steps in the process of converting gross sample to microscopic slides.
This is a presentation covering all techniques in histopathology. Comprehensive coverage of all related aspects.. Useful for postgraduate Pathology students and practitioners.
technique of preparing imprint smear# comparision with frozen sections# application and its role in thyroid ,paathyroid,breast,skin,head and neck and mucinous tumors# advantages and limitations
Dr. Ahmed M. Adawy, Professor Emeritus, Dep. Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. Former Dean, Faculty of Dental Medicine
Al-Azhar University. Oral biopsy; why, when, and how? Biopsy is the removal of the tissue from the living organism for the purpose of microscopic examination and diagnosis. Looking for a definitive diagnosis is the aim of biopsy. Types of Biopsy include incisional, excisional, drill, fine needle and frozen section biopsy.
Practical Histopathology and cytopathology
Histopathological examination is used to provide diagnostic information that is important for timely diagnosis of disease to determine treatment plan. Fresh tissue is extremely fragile & subject to autolysis.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
How to submit biopsy specimens for histopathology
1. Dr. MD. SAIDUZZAMAN SAYID
MBBS, BCS (Health)
Lecturer
Department of Pathology
Dinajpur Medical College, Bangladesh
2. Overview
Introduction
Submission Form
Tissue Fixation
Packaging
Submitting multiple
sites
Endoscopic biopsies
Denoting margins
Things to avoid
Other things to know
Contacting us
7. Introduction
Histopathological examination is
used to provide diagnostic
information that is important for
timely diagnosis of disease to
determine treatment plan.
Fresh tissue is extremely fragile &
subject to autolysis.
8. Introduction
Loss of specimen is a tragic result
both for patient & pathologist
Handle all specimens with care &
respect.
Handle quickly & correctly.
12. Submission form
One slip for one patient
Fill properly including clinical history, pre-operative,
operative, post-operative diagnosis, organ or tissue.
More than one specimen for same patient.
Label specimen name with letter A,B,C,D etc.
Label specimen container similarly.
e.g. A- tissue from right cheek
B- tissue from left cheek.
13. Submission Form
Help Us Help You
** Please provide anatomical site, lesion description,
and pertinent clinical information on the submission
form**
Anatomical location, as well as critical clinical
information may allow your pathologist to provide you
with the best possible diagnosis and/or differentials
14. Submission Form
If you have a list of differentials you’d like
to rule out, please mention such.
Again, please make every effort to provide necessary
information in the designated areas on biopsy
submission form. It will help us help you help your
patients.
15. Submission Form
First of all & most importantly surgeon should take
adequate care to avoid contamination of tissue with
tissue from other patient.
This may happen in operation room, clinic, or in
pathology lab.
Things to be taken care for during & after
biopsy surgery
16. Specimen container
Plastic or glass jar
Label matching requisition slip
Reg no.
Full name
Age, Sex
Word no, Bed no
Site & side
More specimen mark as A, B, C, D etc.
Signature of doctor with date
17. Tissue Fixation
1. Should prevent autolysis & putrefaction of the cell
2. Should penetrate evenly and rapidly
3. Should harden the tissues
4. Increase the optical density
5. Should not cause shrinkage or swelling of the cells
6. Must not react with the receptor sites & thus must
not interfere with the staining procedure
7. Must be cheap and easily available
Aims
18. Fixation
Small intestine well preserved Autolyzed Small intestine
Good fixative is most important in the production of
satisfactory results in histopathology
20. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
1. Rapid penetration
2. Easy availability & cheap
3. Does not over harden the tissue
4. Fixes lipids for frozen sections
5. Ideal for mailing
21. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
1. Irritant to the nose, eyes and mucous
membranes
2. Formation of precipitate of paraformaldehyde
which can be prevented by adding 11- 16 %
methanol
3. Formation of black formalin pigment, Acid
formaldehyde hematin
23. Formulae
10% Neutral Buffered Formalin (NBF)
40% Formaldehyde 10 ml
Tap Water 90 ml
Sodium Hydrogen phosphate 0.4gm
Disodium Hydrogen phosphate 0.65gm
pH 7.2-7.4
Buffered formalin prevents formation of pigment acid
formaldehyde hematin formed from hemoglobin at
acidic pH.
24. Tissue Fixation
Specimen submit in 10% Formalin
Formalin tissue ratio 10:1
No other fixative should be used
Specimen should be in a container that
can be sealed & will not leak
25. Tissue Fixation
Frozen section
Cultures
Renal & skin tissues for immunoflurescence
Flow cytometry
Chromosome studies
Electron microscopy
Submit fresh tissue
Not in Formalin
26. Tissue Fixation
This is an example of
an 20 cm diameter
mass lesion which
was fixed at the clinic
and subsequently sent to
the lab in a plastic,
labeled, zip lock bag
devoid of any formalin.
27. Tissue Fixation
Incomplete parallel cuts
minimum of 2 cm apart
(bread loafing) can be
utilized to assist with
appropriate tissue fixation
for solid organ.
Be sure to avoid complete transection or too many cuts which
can both result in loss of tissue orientation!
Large solid specimens
28. Tissue Fixation
Hollow specimen like cystic cavities:
Hollow specimen cavity either opened or filled
with formalin by syringe or catheter or packed
with gauge or cotton soaked in formalin.
Cystic lesions are injected with formalin after
removal of original fluid.
29. Tissue Fixation
When tissue float
Large specimen that
floats on fixative
should be covered by a
thick layer of gauze.
30. Tissue Fixation
Large flat tissue
Large, flat, heavy specimen
that rest on bottom of the
containers, the gauze should
be placed between the
container bottom and
specimen.
31. Tissue Fixation
Large samples can be held to
fix (at least 24 hrs) at your
clinic prior to submitting to
the lab to help avoid
shipping large volumes of
formalin which may be
costly and hazardous
32. Submitting specimens
The container should be large enough to
accommodate the specimen and filled with
enough formalin to completely cover & surround
the specimen.
The specimen should be float freely in the
container for adequate fixation.
33. Submitting specimens
Submit whole specimen in a single laboratory
Don’t divide specimen to submit in different laboratories
Material on which diagnosis
is made (slides, blocks) can
be stored for long time &
can be evaluated by
different observers or by the
same observer at different
time. Lobular carcinoma in fibroadenoma
34. Submitting specimens
Don’t discard any tissue removed from the body
Submit for histopathology
Apparently innocent looking tissue
may contain ugly behavior
(malignancy)
35. Packaging
• Container should have large enough
opening
• Fresh tissue is malleable and can
manipulate to fit into container
• Upon fixation tissue becomes rigid
and can not remove easily without
cutting or breaking the container.
No
36. Packaging
Formalin filled jars containing specimens should be placed
in a plastic bag, box, or other container with absorbent
material to absorb any leakage
YES
The container should be
couriered or brought to the
laboratory in a biohazard bag
with a completed requisition
37. Packaging
Paperwork should be placed in a separate plastic bag to
avoid contact with formalin if leaking does occur. Such
contact can result in altered and illegible paperwork.
NO
38. Submitting Multiple Sites
Submit multiple specimen of same patient in
multiple separate appropriately labeled jar.
YES
39. Submitting Multiple Sites
If multiple specimens are submitted in a single
container (which is less ideal) there needs to be some
method of tissue identification (i.e. suture) to denote
respective anatomical sites.
YES
41. Endoscopic Biopsies
screen cassette
The optimal method to submit endoscopic biopsy is
to place it in a screen cassette after which the cassette
should be placed in an appropriately labeled formalin
filled jar. If individual cassettes are labeled properly
(sharpie or no. 2 pencil), multiple cassettes can be place
in one jar.
YES
42. Endoscopic Biopsies
Do not submit endoscopic biopsies wrapped in
gauze. Specimens may become lost or may be
crushed during the attempted retrieval process.
NO
43. Denoting Margins
- Ink the area of interest
- Ink prior to bread loafing (if needed)
- Allow ink to begin drying before placing
the specimen in formalin
Surgical Ink
44. Denoting Margins
- Used to indicate margins or for orientation
- Use variable numbers and/or colors of suture
- Provide a clear description on the submission
form denoting what the sutures indicate (i.e. one
suture = cranial margin)
Tagging
45. Denoting Margins
* Submission of samples from the post-surgical bed
* Any tumor / neoplastic cells in these specimens is
evidence of remaining microscopic disease
* Similar to “submitting multiple sites” clearly label
and submit each region individually
Tumor Bed Samples
46. Mapping on a larger scale
Cystoprostatectomy Prostate Posterior
bladder
Anterior
bladder
Ureter
Red = Right
Green = Left
47. Things to Avoid
Please help keep our technician’s fingers
safe and DO NOT submit specimens with
needles for any reason!
NO
48. Things to Avoid
Please do no staple or suture tissue to
cardboard. It can damage tissue and prevent
appropriate margin assessment
NO
49. Other Things to Know
It is important for you to realize that after all is
said and done the pathologist typically evaluates 1
to 4, 5µm thick sections from the entire specimen
which is submitted.
Images depicting a mass from
which a section is taken,
embedded in paraffin, and
subsequently sectioned to a
thickness of 5µm for
microscopic evaluation.
50. Specimen identification and labeling
Tissue specimen received in the laboratory have a request form that
lists the patient information, history & description of the site of origin.
The specimen are labeled by giving
ID number in the laboratory.
51. Specimen identification and labeling
Any discrepancies of specimen identification
noted by pathology assistant should contact
with pathologists and/or clinician if there are
any questions.
52. Causes of rejection of specimen
Specimen not in formalin
Unlabeled or improperly labeled
container
Without requisition slip or incomplete
requisition slip.
53. Other Things to Know
Our Staffs is here
working hard for
you!
Our staffs and pathologists are here to assist you
54. Contacting Us
If you have any questions about how to best
submit your sample or have questions
regarding any other issues, please contact
the laboratory
Mobile No - 0171-3337793
0171-1361198