The document critiques the Big Bang theory, asserting that while it is the leading cosmological model, its foundational assumptions lack independent support and have not been sufficiently challenged by alternative explanations. It questions the plausibility of core concepts such as the origin of dense matter, energy density, and the formation of the universe, claiming that many of these elements remain inadequately explained. The author, Dr. Mahesh C. Jain, suggests that the theory fails to satisfy the plausibility principle and proposes that the universe's expansion could be interpreted without extraordinary conditions.

1. Why Big Bang is Implausible
Summary: Big Bang theory is the most widely accepted cosmological model. It has
been widely claimed that it is well supported by evidence. However it is found that
it is only a convenient explanation for several observations but the assumptions
underlying Big Bang theory are neither supported by independent evidence nor
meet the test of plausibility. Big Bang theory and observations explained by it are
the only evidence in support of assumptions underlying Big Bang theory. Moreover
alternative explanations to the same observations do exist but they have not been
duly considered so far.
The big theory in brief is as under (Ref: Wikipedia):-
The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model that describes the early
development of the Universe. According to the theory, the Big Bang occurred
approximately 13.77 billion years ago, which is thus considered the age of the
universe. After this time, the Universe was in an extremely hot and dense state
and began expanding rapidly. After the initial expansion, the Universe cooled
sufficiently to allow energy to be converted into various subatomic particles,
including protons, neutrons, and electrons. Though simple atomic nuclei could
have formed quickly, 3, 79,000 years were needed before the appearance of the
first electrically neutral atoms. The first element produced was hydrogen, along
with traces of helium and lithium. Giant clouds of these primordial elements later
coalesced through gravity to form stars and galaxies, and the heavier
elements were supposed to have been synthesized either within stars or during
supernovae.
The Big Bang is the most widely accepted theory within the scientific community.
Evidence in its support include the abundance of light elements, the cosmic
microwave background, large scale structure, and the Hubble diagram for Type Ia
supernovae. The core ideas of the Big Bang—the expansion, the early hot state,
the formation of helium, and the formation of galaxies—are derived from these
and other observations that are independent of any cosmological model. As the
distance between galaxy clusters is increasing today, it is inferred that everything
was closer together in the past.

2. Quite often straight line logical interpretation of available evidence gives rise to
theories which are nothing more than a convenient summary of observations.
However the only reasonable approach would be examining consistency of such
theories with large number of well established facts and natural laws embracing
the theory. Karl R. Popper has rightly said that theories can’t be proved on the
basis of evidence alone. A single observation contradicting the theory is sufficient
to disprove the theory. A theory has also to be tested on the basis of Plausibility
Principle which means that for a theory to be true and correct, it has to be
plausible with all laws and things embracing it. Hertz observed that Maxwell’s
Equations have been accepted on the basis of Plausibility Principle, since the
underlying logic was difficult to understand.
Further same set of facts can give rise to multiple theories and then all the
competing theories have to be differentiated against each other on all possible
parameters to arrive at the most acceptable theory.
Big Bang theory is implausible on the following among other grounds:-
1. No explanation is provided about source of dense matter.
2. There is no answer to the question “What exactly is/was dense matter?”
3. What is the independent evidence supporting existence of dense
matter?
4. What precipitated Big Bang in the so called dense matter?
5. How was the pre Big Bang Universe filled with an incredibly high
energy density,homogeneously and isotropically with huge temperatures
and pressures?
6. What is the source of this energy?
7. What exactly is high energy density and what independent evidence
supports its existence?
8. In the pre Big Bang universe laws of physics did not apply. So was it a
total chaos or some other set of laws applied. If later was the case than
what were the laws applicable to pre Big Bang universe?

3. 9. How can subatomic particles keep their independent existence for
3, 79,000 years when this is not normally known to happen?
10. How Big Bang led to a universe organized on the basis of laws of
physics?
11. What is the source of laws of Physics in the absence of external
interference?
12. Can’t the evidence in support of Big Bang theory be explained on the
basis of the assumption that universe keeps getting created all the time
and hence keeps expanding under the conditions even now prevalent. So
no extraordinary conditions are required for creation and expansion of
universe. The natural laws that operated in the beginning are operative
even now and shall remain operative in future as well?
13. How could giant clouds of primordial elements coalesce through gravity
to form stars and galaxies?
14. How is observed diversity in elemental composition of planets and stars
consistent with Big Bang Theory?
In brief Big Bang Theory as an explanation of origin of universe is quite
implausible when examined on the basis of Plausibility Principle.
Author: Dr Mahesh C. Jain is a practicing medical doctor has written the book
“Encounter of Science with Philosophy – A synthetic view”. The book begins with
first chapter devoted to scientifically valid concept of God and then explains
cosmic phenomena right from origin of nature and universe up to origin of life
and evolution of man. The book includes several chapters devoted to auxiliary
concepts and social sciences as corollaries to the concept of God. Consciousness
is one of the aspects of and had to precede origin of universe. This is the only
book which deals with origin of nature and universe from null or Zero or nothing.
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