I am a final year medical student at Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah. In this lecture, I discuss how to form a hypothesis and other aspects such as types of hypotheses etc.

1. Formulate a hypothesis Evaluating a hypothesis Types of hypothesis Well formed hypothesis
How to form a
hypothesis?
Harsh Srivastava, Final Year MBBS
UPUMS, Saifai
UPUMS SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY

2. Session Objectives
To be able to-
•Form your own hypothesis.
•Evaluate the quality of a hypothesis.
•Understand various types of hypothesis.
•Identify a well formed hypothesis.
Learning obectives

3. Formulate a hypothesis
The
Scientific
Method
Source: Khan Academy

4. Formulate a hypothesis
The
Scientific
Method

5. Formulate a hypothesis
What is a hypothesis?
•“Hypo”-less than; “thesis”- less certain than a thesis.
•It’s simply an educated guess about your research question.
•Tentative or working proposition suggested as a solution to a
problem or to identify the unknown, based on available evidence,
which the researcher seeks to prove through his study via empirical
methods.

6. Formulate a hypothesis
Richard Feynman- The Key to Science
“If it disagrees
with experiment,
it’s wrong. In that
simple statement is
the key to science.
It doesn’t make any
difference how

7. Ideas for
research
Personal
observation/
intuition
Medical
Literature
Scientific
discussions
Own previous
research
Formulate a hypothesis

8. Formulate a hypothesis
Find a broad
area of
interest/
topic.
Read about and
around that
topic to identify
gaps or new
ideas.
Do
thorough
literature
search/ talk
to experts.
How to think of
the right idea?
• Related to diagnosis, etiology,
technique, treatment.
• Important, interesting, new, extend
knowledge, solve a problem.

9. Formulate a hypothesis

10. Formulate a hypothesis

11. Formulate a hypothesis

12. Evaluate a hypothesis

13. Evaluate a hypothesis

14. Evaluate a hypothesis

15. Evaluate a hypothesis

16. Formulate a hypothesis
Example

17. Formulate a hypothesis
General area of interest.
•Rising rate of suicides among young people.
•Some possible research questions:
 Is this due to the pandemic?
 Is it due to the national policies?
 Is it due to the education system?
 Is it due to social media?
 Is there a role of amount of empathy in the society?
 So on and so forth….

18. Formulate a hypothesis
Identify Specific area where gap in knowledge exists.
•Is the COVID-19 pandemic leading to more suicides among the
young people?
•Possible specific research questions:
 Is social isolation leading to exacerbation of pre existing
suicidal thoughts?
 Are people who were infected by COVID-19 at greater risk of
committing suicide?
 Is the uncertainty of future due to the COVID-19 contributing
to increased suicide rate among the young people?....etc

19. Evaluate research question.
•Is social isolation leading to exacerbation of pre existing suicidal
thoughts?
•PICO:
 Population: Young people who have had suicidal thoughts
 Intervention/ exposure: Social isolation
 Control group: Young people who didn’t have pre existing
suicidal thoughts
 Outcome: Proportion of young people with increased suicidal
thoughts
Evaluate a hypothesis

20. Refining & defining the
final research question.
Is social isolation
leading to
exacerbation of pre
existing suicidal
thoughts?
Does social isolation
contribute to
exacerbation of pre
existing suicidal
thoughts in young
people?- A cross
sectional study.
 Population: Young people
who have had suicidal
thoughts
 Intervention/ exposure:
Social isolation
 Control group: Young
people who didn’t have pre
existing suicidal thoughts
 Outcome: Proportion of
young people with
increased suicidal thoughts
Evaluate a hypothesis

21. Refining & defining the
final research question.
Does recovery of
smell in COVID-19
patients have any
prognostic value?
Evaluation of time of
recovery of smell in
COVID-19 positive
patients as a prognostic
indicator for those with
mild to moderate
disease- A prospective
multicentric study.
 Population: COVID-19
positive patients with mild
to moderate disease
 Intervention/ exposure:
Recovery of Smell
 Control/ null hypothesis:
No prognostic value
 Outcome: Prognostic
Indicator
Evaluate a hypothesis

22. Types of Hypothesis

23. Descriptive Hypothesis
•Describes the distribution of a variable.
•Variable can be object, person, organization, situation, event or
disease.
•Example: High incidence of decreased self esteem among medical
students.
Types of Hypothesis

24. Relational Hypothesis
•Describes the relationship between two or more variables.
•Either non directional or directional.
•Example (non directional): Incidence of decreased self esteem
among medical students.
•Example (directional): High incidence of decreased self esteem
among medical students.
Types of Hypothesis

25. Relational Hypothesis
•Could also be correlational or explanatory.
•Example (correlational): Low self esteem is associated with being a
medical student.
•Example (explanatory): Enrolling in a medical college is a risk factor
for low self esteem.
Types of Hypothesis

26. Types of Hypothesis
Null hypothesis
•A hypothesis that proposes there is no relationship between two
variables. The difference was by chance and does not exist in reality.
•A statement that denies a working hypothesis. Denoted as H0.
•Example: If the working hypothesis is, “Enrolling in a medical
college is a risk factor for low self esteem.” The H0 would be,
“Enrolling in a medical college is not a risk factor for low self
esteem.”

27. Alternate hypothesis
•All other permissible relationship refers to alternate hypothesis.
•It is the hypothesis to be accepted when the null hypothesis is
rejected. Denoted as H1.
•Example: Enrolling in a medical college is a risk factor for low self
esteem.
Types of Hypothesis

28. Characteristics of a good hypothesis
•Adequate for the purpose.
•Should address the original problem.
•Clearly identifies the variables relevant in the study.
•Helps in knowing research design.
Well formed hypothesis

29. Characteristics of a good hypothesis.
•Testable.
•Uses available and acceptable techniques.
•Explanation can be given from theoretical framework.
•Simple, not too complex.
Well formed hypothesis

30. Thank you!