How to Do Literature Review in Mass Media Research.pptx
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Choose a topic. Define your research question. Your literature review should be guided by a central research question. Remember, it is not a collection of loosely related studies in a field but instead represents background and research developments related to a specific research question, interpreted and analyzed by you in a synthesized way. Decide on the scope of your review. How many studies do you need to look at? How comprehensive should it be? How many years should it cover?
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This document provides guidance on conducting a literature review. It defines a literature review as surveying scholarly sources relevant to a research topic and providing descriptions and evaluations of these sources. The document outlines steps for developing a literature review such as narrowing the topic, searching literature databases, organizing sources, and developing research questions. It also discusses summarizing and synthesizing sources as part of the literature review and provides tips for critically analyzing sources. Finally, the document lists parts of a literature review and potential sources to search like journal articles, conferences, and databases.
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As mentioned, one component of becoming an independent scholar is learning how to provide an evaluative critique of the work of other scholars. A critique of scholarly work requires your ability to use high level critical thinking skills. In addition, you must be able to write constructively and communicate your ideas well with clear and focused writing.
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Please REMOVE the instructions and questions listed below for your paper and submit an annotated bibliography for each article.
Link to peer reviewed article one:
http://intqhc.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/6/341
1) APA reference for article #1
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Selecting a type of scale is largely a matter of personal preference, but there are a few things to consider:
Quantitative vs Qualitative - Mass Media Research.pptx
Qualitative research is a process of naturalistic inquiry that seeks in-depth understanding of social phenomena within their natural setting. It focuses on the "why" rather than the "what" of social phenomena and relies on the direct experiences of human beings as meaning-making agents in their every day lives.
Reliability and Validity and How to Achieve Them - Mass Media Research.pptx
At least one pilot study should be conducted for any newly developed scale to ensure its reliability and validity. To be useful, a measurement must possess these two related qualities.
A measure is reliable if it consistently gives the same answer. Reliability in measurement is the same as reliability in any other context.
For example, a reliable person is one who is dependable, stable, and consistent over time. An unreliable person is unstable and unpredictable and may act one way today and another way tomorrow.
Similarly, if measurements are consistent from one session to another, they are reliable and can be believed to some degree.
Simple Random Sampling Technique - Probabiltiy Sampling - Mass Media Research...
The document discusses simple random sampling methods. It describes how simple random sampling involves giving each unit in the population an equal chance of being selected, either with or without replacement. Researchers often use random number tables to generate simple random samples by numbering units and selecting numbers from the table. For example, a researcher could sample 10 television programs out of 100 total by numbering programs 00-99 and choosing 10 random numbers. Simple random samples for surveys can also be obtained through random digit dialing or address-based dialing. The key aspects of random sampling are that each unit has an equal chance of selection and the process is free from subjective intervention.
Reliability in Content Analysis and How to Measure It - Mass Media Research.pptx
Reliability refers to levels of agreement among independent coders who code the same content using the same coding instrument. If the results fail to achieve reliability, something is amiss with the coders, the coding instructions, the category definitions, the unit of analysis, or some combination of these. To achieve acceptable levels of reliability, the following steps are recommended:
Qualitative Research Methods - How to Reliability in Qualitative Research - M...
Quantitative research uses standardized questions and instruments, while qualitative research uses flexible questioning. The key differences between quantitative and qualitative research are in the role of the researcher, research design, setting, measurement instruments, and theory building. Qualitative research ensures reliability through multiple data collection methods, an audit trail, member checks, and a research team.
Limitations of Content Analysis in Mass Media Research.pptx
Content analysis alone cannot serve as the basis for making statements about the effects of content on an audience. A study of Saturday morning cartoon programs on television might reveal that 80% of these programs contain commercials for sugared cereal, but this finding alone does not allow researchers to claim that children who watch these programs will want to purchase sugared cereals.
An additional study of the viewers is necessary
Research Error in Mass Media Research.pptx
There are two broad types of error present in all research: sampling error and non-sampling error. Sampling error occurs when the sample selected is not representative of the entire population and the results differ from what would be found in the full population. This error can be reduced by increasing the sample size. Non-sampling error includes measurement errors, data analysis mistakes, and other unpredictable influences that cannot be identified or controlled.
Likert Scale and Types of Questions - Mass Media Research.pptx
Perhaps the most commonly used scale in mass media research is the Likert scale, also called the summated rating approach.
A number of statements are developed with respect to a topic, and respondents can strongly agree, agree, be neutral, disagree, or strongly disagree with the statements.
Each response option is weighted, and each subject’s responses are added to produce a single score on the topic.
Thurstone Scales - Mass Media Research.pptx
Thurstone scales are used to measure attitudes toward concepts or constructs. They are called equal-appearing interval scales. To develop a Thurstone scale, a researcher first collects 100 or more statements related to the concept and has judges rate them on an 11-point scale of favorability. The statements are then ranked and 20-30 are chosen evenly across the ratings to construct a questionnaire. Respondents agree or disagree with the statements and their scores are the mean or median of agreed items, with disagreeing with all items scoring zero. One advantage is they provide an interval measurement scale, but developing them is time-consuming.
Difference Between EFA and CFA in Mass Media Research.pptx
Exploratory factor analysis is a statistical technique that is used to reduce data to a smaller set of summary variables and to explore the underlying theoretical structure of the phenomena. It is used to identify the structure of the relationship between the variable and the respondent.
Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is a multivariate statistical procedure that is used to test how well the measured variables represent the number of constructs.
Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) are similar techniques, but in exploratory factor analysis (EFA), data is simply explored and provides information about the numbers of factors required to represent the data. In exploratory factor analysis, all measured variables are related to every latent variable. But in confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), researchers can specify the number of factors required in the data and which measured variable is related to which latent variable. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is a tool that is used to confirm or reject the measurement theory.
Multistage Sampling Technique - Probability Sampling - Mass Media Research.pptx
Multistage sampling is the taking of samples in stages using smaller and smaller sampling units at each stage. Multistage sampling can be a complex form of cluster sampling because it is a type of sampling which involves dividing the population into groups (or clusters).
Determining Sample Size, Sampling Error and Sample Weightage - Mass Media Res...
Determining an adequate sample size is one of the most controversial aspects of sampling. How large must a sample be to provide the desired level of confidence in the results? Unfortunately, there is no simple answer.
The size of the sample required for a study depends on at least one or more of the following seven factors: (1) project type, (2) project purpose, (3) project complexity, (4) amount of error tolerated, (5) time constraints, (6) financial constraints, and (7) previous research in the area.
However, projects intended to answer significant questions (those designed to provide information for decisions involving large sums of money or decisions that may affect people’s lives) require high levels of precision and, therefore, large samples.
Systematic Random Sampling Technique - Probability Sampling - Mass Media Rese...
Systematic sampling is a simple random sampling with a shortcut selection procedure. Everything is the same except that instead of using a list of random numbers, we first calculate a sampling interval to create a quasi-random selection method.
The sampling interval (i.e., 1 in k, where k is some number) tells us how to select elements from a sampling frame by skipping elements in the frame before selecting one for the sample.
Population vs Sample - Mass Media Research.pptx
One goal of scientific research is to describe the nature of a population—a group or class of subjects, variables, concepts, or phenomena. In some cases, an entire class or group is investigated, as in a study of prime-time television programs during the week of September 10–16. The process of examining every member in a population is called a census.
In many situations, however, an entire population cannot be examined due to time and resource constraints. Studying every member of a population is also generally cost-prohibitive and may, in fact, confound the research because measurements of large numbers of people often affect measurement quality
The usual procedure in these instances is to take a sample from the population.
Types of Non Probability Sampling - Mass Media Research.pptx
The document discusses four types of non-probability sampling: convenience sampling, purposive sampling, quota sampling, and snowball sampling. Convenience sampling involves readily available subjects but lacks representation of the overall population. Purposive sampling selects subjects with specific characteristics. Quota sampling aims for a predetermined percentage of certain groups. Snowball sampling starts with a few subjects who then refer additional subjects.
Semantic Differential Scales - Mass Media Research.pptx
The semantic differential technique measures the meaning and attitude toward concepts or items using evaluative scales. Researchers found three main factors measured - activity, potency, and evaluation. Communication researchers adopted the evaluation dimension to measure attitudes by placing a concept at the top of 7-point bipolar adjective scales, such as pleasant/unpleasant. However, the document recommends developing unique adjective scales for each specific measurement situation rather than using standard scales.
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