This document discusses describing learning and teaching. It outlines several key elements: the purposes of learning and teaching which include understanding the process and students' characteristics; the target of mastering skills and describing the process; necessary timeframes; and elements for successful language learning in the classroom. These elements include Engage, Study, and Activate (ESA). The document also discusses teaching models that have influenced current practices, such as grammar translation, audio-lingualism, PPP, task-based learning, and communicative language teaching. It emphasizes the importance of varying teaching sequences and combining the ESA elements in different ways to avoid boredom.