How to Create APA Headers and a Title Page in Microsoft Word 2010
(PC-Version)
Step-by-Step Directions
How to Create the Title Page Header
Within a Microsoft (MS) Word document:
1. Double-click the header area (the upper portion) of your first page. You did this step correctly if a
green tab titled “Header & Footer Tools” opens on the top of your MS Word Menu Bar as
illustrated below.
2. Under the Header and Footer Tools, in the “Options” section, place a checkmark next to the
“Different First Page” box.
3. Next, move over to the “Header & Footer” section, click “Header,” and then choose the second
option, which is “Blank (Three Columns).”
4. Double-click the middle “[Type text],” make sure it is highlighted blue, and delete it by clicking
the “Delete” key on your keyboard.
5. Then click the left “[Type text],” make sure it is highlighted blue, and type Running head:
(make sure it has a capital R, a lowercase h, and that you use a colon). Then type in your title.
The title should be in all CAPS. To do this function, hold down the “Shift” key on your keyboard
as you type your title. Your header title needs to be 50 characters or less. If you have a long title,
use only a shortened version for your header. Your header should look like: Running head:
SHORTENED TITLE OF YOUR PAPER.
6. Then click the right most “[Type text]” area and click the “Page Number” button in the
“Header & Footer” section, click “Current Position,” and then select “Simple Plain Number.”
7. Highlight the header and page number (to do this step, double-click until a blue highlight goes
from the title to the page number), and change the font to Times New Roman and the font size to
12.
• Note: To change the font size and style, click the “Home” tab, and in the “Font” section
change Calibri to Times New Roman. Then change the size 11 font to size 12 by
clicking on the small downward arrow next to the font name and size.
How to Create the Title Page Content
1. Double-click out of the header to the main area of your document.
2. Hit the “Enter” key on your keyboard approximately 5 times.
• Note: this number is not really set, but you do want it positioned so all of your
information is in the middle of your title page.
3. Under the “Home” tab, in the “Paragraph” section, click on the “Center” alignment button (a
shortcut to do this is by clicking Ctrl + e on your keyboard) and add:
• Your paper’s title
Note: the first letter in each major word should be capitalized
• Your first name and your last name
• Your course Name and Number and Title
For example: ENG 121: English Composition I
• Your instructor’s name
• The date you will turn in the paper.
Note: The date should read: Month Day, Year --all spelled out. For example:
January 1, 2014.
Proprietary Information of Ashford University, Created by Academics, CR 215590.
4. Once your information is typed in, you need ...
it a pdf document about APA style for microsoft 2007 just open your doc word and follow the instructions in this document and you will have the necessary setup
Formatting and Converting Theses and DissertationsThomas La Foe
This is a presentation on how to format and convert electronic theses and dissertations following the guidelines set forth by the Office of the Graduate School at Mississippi State University.
HW in teams of 3 studentsAn oil remanufacturing company uses c.docxwellesleyterresa
HW in teams of 3 students
An oil remanufacturing company uses clay in its manufacturing process. This clay comes into the plant in 80-pound bags stacked 40 per pallet and 50 pallets per boxcar. The railroad spur comes into the plant property but your plant does not have a rail car siding. Two car loads per year are used. The union and the company agreed that the part time workers would be hired for one week, twice a year at the rate of $7.5 per hour to unload these cars. You feel that this is a bad job and no one should have to work this hard. You look into this project
1
Why is this done?
We need the clay, and the railroad is by far the cheapest way to transport it
What: 80pounds bags of clay=160,000 pound boxcar load
Where: from the boxcar in our yard to the storeroom, 300ft away
Who: 2 temporary workers
When: one week, twice a year
How: Present method: manually unload the pallets off the boxcar then move these pallets into the storeroom with the fork truck we already own
2
How much could you spend improving this job?
We spend a week, twice a year with 2 temporary workers at $7.5
4 weeks* 40 hours per week*7.5per hour = $1,200
3
Questions:
Should the current method stays the same?
Are there other alternatives?
Is the current method the cheapest in the long run?
How would you justify an expenditure over $3,000
What do you think about cumulative trauma disorders and work-related injuries?
4
Write a report with the answers to your questions.
Include figures, tables, and other sources of information to help justify the project and also answer the questions. You can certainly use the textbook to help you.
Include in your report a list of references and of course cite all your sources of information.
This work MUST be done in teams of 3 people or 2. No individual assignment will be accepted.
5
Psychotherapy Interventions II
Case Conceptualization Exemplar
Case Conceptualization Exemplar (cont.)
Student Name:
Case Name/#: Case Study Exemplar: Linda
1. Problem identification and definition: [1–2 paragraphs]
[Primary and contributing concerns for the client]
· Client concerns: Cognitive abilities
· Client concerns: Feeling “anxious,” associated with being accepted by others
· Clinical concerns: Interpersonal isolation
· Clinical concerns: Self-devaluation, adequacy
· Clinical concerns: Depressive symptoms
2. Contextual considerations: [1–2 paragraphs]
[What ethical, legal, cultural, or other key considerations need to be considered with this client when creating a treatment plan?]
· Given no family, friends, or beliefs were identified as a support base, it would seem there are no resources on which Linda might rely.
· Given her sustained employment, attempts at effecting change, and self-referral, it seems as Linda may have the capacity for insight, ability to sustain, and motivation for change.
3. Diagnosis
Axis I: [Be sure to provide full title and code]
300.04
Dysthymic Disorder
Axis II:
V71.0 ...
More Related Content
Similar to How to Create APA Headers and a Title Page in Microsoft Word 2.docx
it a pdf document about APA style for microsoft 2007 just open your doc word and follow the instructions in this document and you will have the necessary setup
Formatting and Converting Theses and DissertationsThomas La Foe
This is a presentation on how to format and convert electronic theses and dissertations following the guidelines set forth by the Office of the Graduate School at Mississippi State University.
HW in teams of 3 studentsAn oil remanufacturing company uses c.docxwellesleyterresa
HW in teams of 3 students
An oil remanufacturing company uses clay in its manufacturing process. This clay comes into the plant in 80-pound bags stacked 40 per pallet and 50 pallets per boxcar. The railroad spur comes into the plant property but your plant does not have a rail car siding. Two car loads per year are used. The union and the company agreed that the part time workers would be hired for one week, twice a year at the rate of $7.5 per hour to unload these cars. You feel that this is a bad job and no one should have to work this hard. You look into this project
1
Why is this done?
We need the clay, and the railroad is by far the cheapest way to transport it
What: 80pounds bags of clay=160,000 pound boxcar load
Where: from the boxcar in our yard to the storeroom, 300ft away
Who: 2 temporary workers
When: one week, twice a year
How: Present method: manually unload the pallets off the boxcar then move these pallets into the storeroom with the fork truck we already own
2
How much could you spend improving this job?
We spend a week, twice a year with 2 temporary workers at $7.5
4 weeks* 40 hours per week*7.5per hour = $1,200
3
Questions:
Should the current method stays the same?
Are there other alternatives?
Is the current method the cheapest in the long run?
How would you justify an expenditure over $3,000
What do you think about cumulative trauma disorders and work-related injuries?
4
Write a report with the answers to your questions.
Include figures, tables, and other sources of information to help justify the project and also answer the questions. You can certainly use the textbook to help you.
Include in your report a list of references and of course cite all your sources of information.
This work MUST be done in teams of 3 people or 2. No individual assignment will be accepted.
5
Psychotherapy Interventions II
Case Conceptualization Exemplar
Case Conceptualization Exemplar (cont.)
Student Name:
Case Name/#: Case Study Exemplar: Linda
1. Problem identification and definition: [1–2 paragraphs]
[Primary and contributing concerns for the client]
· Client concerns: Cognitive abilities
· Client concerns: Feeling “anxious,” associated with being accepted by others
· Clinical concerns: Interpersonal isolation
· Clinical concerns: Self-devaluation, adequacy
· Clinical concerns: Depressive symptoms
2. Contextual considerations: [1–2 paragraphs]
[What ethical, legal, cultural, or other key considerations need to be considered with this client when creating a treatment plan?]
· Given no family, friends, or beliefs were identified as a support base, it would seem there are no resources on which Linda might rely.
· Given her sustained employment, attempts at effecting change, and self-referral, it seems as Linda may have the capacity for insight, ability to sustain, and motivation for change.
3. Diagnosis
Axis I: [Be sure to provide full title and code]
300.04
Dysthymic Disorder
Axis II:
V71.0 ...
HW 5.docxAssignment 5 – Currency riskYou may do this assig.docxwellesleyterresa
HW 5.docx
Assignment 5 – Currency risk
You may do this assignment alone or with one other person. For each of your answers, be as specific as possible about all transactions and amounts involved.
All interest rates are stated as annual rates.
Part 1 Transaction risk
1 (10 points)
a. Select a foreign currency
b. Find the spot exchange rate for that currency
c. Select an amount between 150 million and 200 million
d. Select a number of months between 3 and 9
e. Select either payable or receivable. If you select payable, for the rest of the questions in this part of the assignment, assume a US firm is required to make a payment of the number selected in part c of the foreign currency from part a at the time selected in part d. If you select receivable, assume a US firm expects to receive a payment of the number of units selected in part c of the foreign currency from part a at the time selected in part d.
e. Describe the future payment (in $) from the above assumptions if the exchange rate remains the same as it is today.
2. (10 points) Explain how the firm can use leading or lagging to reduce the exchange rate risk created by this payment.
3. (20 points) Assume the US interest rate is 2% and the foreign interest rate is 5%, how can the firm hedge the transaction risk associated with the payment using a money market hedge?
4 (20 points)
a. How can the firm hedge the transaction risk associated with the payment using a forward market hedge?
b. If the forward price is 1% lower than the spot exchange rate (from 1b) and the actual exchange rate on the date the payment is due is 1% higher than the spot exchange rate, what will the dollar value of the amount the firm pays or receives on the due date be?
c. If the forward price is 2% higher than the spot exchange rate (from 1b) and the actual exchange rate on the date the payment is due is 1% higher than the spot exchange rate, what will the dollar value of the amount the firm pays or receives on the due date be?
5 (20 points)
a. How can the firm hedge the risk associated with the payment using a foreign currency option?
b. If the option’s strike price is equal to the spot exchange rate (from 1b) and the actual exchange rate on the payment is due is 2% lower than the spot market price, will the firm exercise the options and what will the dollar amount the firm pays or receives on the due date be?
c. If the option’s strike price is equal to the spot exchange rate (from 1b) and the actual exchange rate on the payment is due is 2% higher than the spot market price, will the firm exercise the options and what will the dollar amount the firm pays or receives on the due date be?
6. (10 points) How could the firm hedge the transaction risk associated with this payment by exposure netting or funds adjustment?
Part 2 Economic risk
1. (10 points) Obtain weekly stock prices for the last five years for a US company and a foreign company of your choice.
2. (10 points) Obtain exchange rates for three dif ...
HW#3 – Spring 20181. Giulia is traveling from Italy to China. .docxwellesleyterresa
HW#3 – Spring 2018
1. Giulia is traveling from Italy to China. The plane briefly lands in Thailand to refuel and pick up new passengers. In the process of landing in Thailand, the overhead storage bin across the aisle flies open and a carry-on bag whacks Giulia in the head causing a concussion. Does the Montreal Convention govern this incident? Explain in detail why or why not. (4)
2. Following up on #1, Giulia’s husband, Kevin, is on board and is deeply disturbed by the incident to the point that he files a claim for mental anguish. What are his chances of success? Explain. (3)
3. How many U.S. dollars would someone get if they sustained 100 kilograms worth of cargo losses under the Montreal convention on February 1st, 2018? (3)
4. Lucas is flying from Houston, TX to Ixtapa, Mexico for a fishing vacation when a 3 hour delay in Houston forces him to miss his connecting flight, resulting in a loss of $500 in pre-paid expenses. If the delay was due to weather would the airline be liable under the Montreal Convention? What about a mechanical issue? Explain the likelihood of his success in recovery in each case. (4)
4. Answer #4 page 179.
(4)Fishman shipper a container of boys’ pants on a ship owner by Tropical. The container was lost at sea due to improper storage. The pants were attacked into bundles of 12 each and placed into what is known in the industry as a “big pack.” A “big pack” is similar to a 4’x4’ pallet, partially enclosed in corrugated cardboard, with a base and cover made of plastic. The bill of lading stated, “1 x 40 ft. [container] STC [said to contain] 39 Big Pack Containing 27,908 unit’s boy’s pants.” Fishman maintains that Tropical is liable for an amount up to $500 for each of the 2,325 bundles. If the carrier is liable for up to $500 per “package,” what is the limit of the carrier’s liability? Fishman & Tobin, Inc. v. Tropical Shipping & Const. Co., Ltd., 240 F.3d 956 (11th Cir. 2001).
5. I’m the process of shipping goods that are damaged while sitting on the dock in California waiting for loading. Absent contractual language about choice of law, which law will govern my claim? (2)
6. My goods are going to be shipped from Florida to South Africa. During the voyage, the ship’s captain makes a navigational error and runs aground 50 miles off course, destroying my cargo. Will the carrier be liable under COGSA? Explain why/why not? (4)
7. Watch the video and review in detail the following website: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8fGrS0kU2h0, http://worldjusticeproject.org/. What is the rule of law? Why is this concept a concern for International business? Do you think the United States lives by the Rule of Law? This has actually been a hot topic of late in our political discussions. (8 points)
8. What does it mean to have “normal trade relations” with a country and why is this a big deal? (3)
9. An Italian company believes that its products have been unfairly treated in terms of tariffs by the U.S. government. In wha ...
HW 4 Gung Ho Commentary DUE Thursday, April 20 at 505 PM on.docxwellesleyterresa
HW 4: Gung Ho Commentary
DUE: Thursday, April 20 at 5:05 PM on Isidore (upload) and in class (hard copy)
Unlike watching a movie for entertainment, this assignment requires you to mindfully pay attention to how leadership is expressed, and how people from different cultures differ in their leadership styles. Specifically, use the guide below to (1) describe leaders, (2) analyze effective and ineffective leadership styles, and (3) provide suggestions for improving leadership in cross-cultural situations. Use the entire movie to inform your answers.
Read this viewing guide BEFORE you begin watching the movie. AFTER watching the movie, write down your observations and analysis pertaining to each of these questions.
Instructions
· Read through the questions in this worksheet
· Watch the movie “Gung Ho”
· Use this worksheet to write down your answers to each of the questions
1) Based on this movie, how would you describe the culture—values and beliefs about what is “right” and “wrong”—in Japanese companies?
2) Based on this movie, how would you describe the culture—values and beliefs about what is “right” and “wrong”—in American companies?
3) Drawing on your answers on questions 1 and 2, what would be an effective leadership style in Japanese organizations? Alternatively, what would be an effective leadership style in American organizations?
4) Gung Ho means working together in Chinese. What tactics did the leaders of this factory use to get workers from different cultures to work together?
5) How would you describe Hunt’s leadership style at the beginning of the movie? What about the end of the movie? Support your answers with specific examples from the movie.
6) How would you describe the leadership style of the executives at Assan Motors (such as Kazihiro and Saito)? Support your answers with specific examples from the movie.
HW
4:
Gung
Ho
Commentary
DUE:
Thursday,
April
20
at
5:05
PM
on
Isidore
(upload)
and
in
class
(hard
copy)
Unlike
watching
a
movie
for
entertainment,
this
assignment
requires
you
to
mindfully
pay
attention
to
how
leadership
is
expressed,
and
how
people
from
different
cultures
differ
in
their
leadership
styles.
Specifically,
use
the
guide
below
to
(1)
describe
leaders,
(2)
analyze
effective
and
ineffective
leadership
styles,
and
(3)
provide
suggestions
for
improving
leadership
in
cross-cultural
situations.
Use
the
entire
movie
to
inform
your
answers.
Read
this
viewing
guide
BEFORE
you
begin
watching
the
movie.
AFTER
watching
the
movie,
write
down
your
observations
and
analysis
pertaining
to
each
of
these
questions.
Instructions
·
Read
through
the
questions
in
this
worksheet
·
Watch
the
movie
“
Gung
Ho
”
·
Use
this
worksheet
to
write
down
your
answers
to
each
of
the
questions
...
HW 5 Math 405. Due beginning of class – Monday, 10 Oct 2016.docxwellesleyterresa
HW 5: Math 405. Due: beginning of class – Monday, 10 Oct 2016
1. Strogatz (1988). Consider lovers, Romeo and Juliet. Let:
R(t) = Romeo’s love/hate for Juliet at time t;
J(t) = Juliet’s love/hate for Romeo at time T;
where positive values of R(t), J(t), signify love, and negative values signify hate, at
a time t. Consider this model for a “fickle” lover, in which “the more Romeo loves
Juliet, the more she wants to run away and hide. But when Romeo gets discouraged
and backs off, Juliet begins to find him strangely attractive. Romeo, on the other
hand, tends to echo Juliet: he warms up when she loves him and grows cold when
she hates him.”
R′(t) = aJ,
J′(t) = −bR, (1)
where a,b > 0 .
(a) Rewrite (1) as a system.
(b) Find the fixed point(s).
(c) Find the eigenvalues.
(d) Find the eigenvectors.
(e) Write the general solution. Show that it can be written as a real-valued solution
like: [
R(t)
J(t)
]
=
{
cos(
√
ab t)
[
k1
√
a/b
k2
]
+ sin(
√
ab t)
[
k2
√
a/b
−k1
]}
(f) Show that the trajectories in phase space are ellipses, governed by the equation
R2
aC2
+
J2
bC2
= 1,
where C2 > 0 is an arbitrary constant.
(g) Classify the fixed point and its stability.
(h) In what direction do Romeo’s and Juliet’s feelings go around the ellipse?
(i) Discuss the possible outcome for different initial conditions of love/hate.
2. (Doug Wright, Drexel U.) Romeo’s best friend, Mercutio, doesn’t like Juliet’s fick-
leness and thinks that Romeo is too good for her. He has decided to try to break
them up for good. So, he has started telling Romeo how awful Juliet is. Romeo
trusts Mercutio, and so, his ardor for Juliet wanes a bit when Mercutio tells him
such things, though he still really likes Juliet. On the other hand, Juliet dislikes
1
Mercutio and the more he disapproves of her relationship with Romeo, the more
she likes Romeo. Let R and J be as before, and let M(t) be Mercutio’s disapproval
of Romeo and Juliet’s relationship at time t, with positive values of M signifying
disapproval. Then a model for this complicated saga is:
R′(t) = J − 2M,
J′(t) = −R + 4M,
M ′(t) = R + 4J (2)
(a) Rewrite (2) as a system.
(b) Find the fixed point(s).
(c) Find the eigenvalues.
(d) Without further calculation, describe what happens to Romeo and Juliet’s
relationship now. Does Mercutio’s tampering have the effect he wants? Do
Romeo and Juliet continue to oscillate between love and hate as before?
3. (Doug Wright, Drexel U.) So, now, it turns out that Mercutio has feelings for
Juliet. Let R(t) be Romeo’s love/hate for Juliet at time t, as before; JR(t) be
Juliet’s love/hate for Romeo at time t; M(t) be Mercutio’s love/hate for Juliet at
time t; and JM (t) be Juliet’s love/hate for Mercutio at time t.
The situation is that:
• Romeo still likes/dislikes Juliet more the more she likes/dislikes him;
• Romeo doesn’t know about the Mercutio/Juliet leg of the triangle, so his
feelings are unaffected by Mercutio’s feelings for Juliet and Juliet’s fe ...
HW 5-RSA/ascii2str.m
function str = ascii2str(ascii)
% Convert to string
str = char(ascii);
HW 5-RSA/bigmod.m
function remainder = bigmod (number, power, modulo)
% modulo function for large numbers, -> number^power(mod modulo)
% by bennyboss / 2005-06-24 / Matlab 7
% I used algorithm from this webpage:
% http://www.disappearing-inc.com/ciphers/rsa.html
% binary decomposition
binary(1,1) = 1;
col = 2;
while ( binary(1, col-1) <= power-binary(1, col-1) )
binary(1, col) = 2*binary(1, col-1);
col = col + 1;
end
% flip matrix
binary = fliplr(binary);
% extract binary decomposition from number
result = power;
cols = length(binary);
extracted_binary = zeros(1, cols);
index = zeros(1, cols);
for ( col=1 : cols )
if( result-binary(1, col) > 0 )
result = result - binary(1, col);
extracted_binary(1, col) = binary(1, col);
index(1, col) = col;
elseif ( result-binary(1, col) == 0 )
extracted_binary(1, col) = binary(1, col);
index(1, col) = col;
break;
end
end
% flip matrix
binary = fliplr(binary);
% doubling the powers by squaring the numbers
cols2 = length(extracted_binary);
rem_sqr = zeros(1, cols);
rem_sqr(1, 1) = mod(number^1, modulo);
if ( cols2 > 1 )
for ( col=2 : cols)
rem_sqr(1, col) = mod(rem_sqr(1, col-1)^2, modulo);
end
end
% flip matrix
rem_sqr = fliplr(rem_sqr);
% compute reminder
index = find(index);
remainder = rem_sqr(1, index(1, 1));
cols = length(index);
for (col=2 : cols)
remainder = mod(remainder*rem_sqr(1, index(1, col)), modulo);
end
HW 5-RSA/EGCP447-Lecture No 10.pdf
RSA Encryption
RSA = Rivest, Shamir, and Adelman (MIT), 1978
Underlying hard problem
– Number theory – determining prime factors of a given
(large) number
e.g., factoring of small #: 5 -) 5, 6 -) 2 *3
– Arithmetic modulo n
How secure is RSA?
– So far remains secure (after all these years...)
– Will somebody propose a quick algorithm to factor
large numbers?
– Will quantum computing break it? -) TBD
RSA Encryption
In RSA:
– P = E (D(P)) = D(E(P)) (order of D/E does not matter)
– More precisely: P = E(kE, D(kD, P)) = D(kD, E(kE, P))
Encryption: C = Pe mod n KE = e
– n is the key length
– Note, P is turned into an integer using a padding
scheme
– Given C, it is very difficult to find P without knowing
KD
Decryption: P = Cd mod n KD = d
We will look at this algorithm in detail next time
RSA Algorithm
1. Key Generation
– A key generation algorithm
2. RSA Function Evaluation
– A function F, that takes as an input a point x and a
key k and produces either an encrypted result or
plaintext, depending on the input and the key
Key Generation
The key generation algorithm is the most
complex part of RSA
The aim of the key generation algorithm is to
generate both th ...
HW 3 Project Control• Status meeting agenda – shows time, date .docxwellesleyterresa
HW 3: Project Control
• Status meeting agenda – shows time, date and location of the meeting. Each agenda item should show the item to be discussed, who is the primary facilitator for that topic, and how long the item is estimated to be discussed. A section of the form should capture action items taken from the meeting, including who is responsible and what the desired date for conclusion is.
• Issues tracking worksheet – allows all open issues on a project to be captured, along with a rating of their importance, point person responsible, notes, and desired date of resolution.
• Status report form – includes the most important elements of project status. Examples: project name, brief scope, CPI, SPI, project manager, key issues, key risks, recent accomplishments, upcoming accomplishments.
...
HW 1January 19 2017Due back Jan 26, in class.1. (T.docxwellesleyterresa
HW 1
January 19 2017
Due back Jan 26, in class.
1. (Tadelis p.12) You plan on buying a used car. You have $12,000 and you are not
eligible for any loans. the prices of available cars on the lot are given as follows:
Make, model and year Price
Toyota Corolla 2002 9350
Toyota Camry 2001 10500
Buick Lesabre 2001 8825
Honda Civic 2000 9215
Subaru Impreza 2000 9690
For any given year, you prefer a Camry to an Impreza, an Impreza to a Corolla, a
Corolla to a Civic, and a Civic to a LeSabre. For any given year, you are willing to
pay $999 to move from any given car to the next preferred one. For example, if the
price of the Corolla is z, then you are willing to buy it rather than a Civic if the Civic
costs more than z−999 but prefer the civic if it costs less than this. For any given car,
you are willing to move to a model a year older if it is cheaper by at least $500. For
example, if the price of a 2003 Civic is x, then you are willing to buy it rather than a
2002 Civic, if the 2002 Civic costs more than x−500.
(a) What is your set of possible alternatives?
(b) What are your preferences between each pair of alternatives in your set?
(c) What car would you choose?
2. Harrington, end of Chapter 2, #1
3. Harrington, end of Chapter 2, #6
4. Harrington, end of Chapter 2, #9.
1
Symmetric Information and Competitive
Equilibrium
Neil Wallace
January 3, 2017
1 Introduction
We are all familiar with the general idea of uncertainty. We are uncertain
about tomorrow’s weather, about whether we will wake up with a headache
tomorrow morning, and about whether someone’s estimate of the labor re-
quired to repair our car is correct. Considerable effort is directed toward
coping with uncertainty. Some farmers have costly irrigation systems in or-
der to make output less dependent on variations in rainfall. And many of
us buy insurance of various sorts to limit our exposure to some kinds of un-
certainty. Moreover, there are government programs like disaster aid and
unemployment insurance that are intended to offset some of the effects of
uncertainty.
Here is an example of the kind of setting we will study. There are N
people labelled 1, 2, ...,N. Rainfall is uncertain and it can either be high or
low, just two possibilities. We denote the level of rainfall by s ∈ {H,L},
where we use the letter s as a shorthand for state or state-of-the-world and
where H stands for high and L for low. We suppose that each person has
some land that will without effort bear a crop of some amount of rice. The
size of the crop will depend on whether rainfall is high or low. For person n,
we denote the size of the rice crop by (wnH,wnL), where wns is the crop on
n’s land if the state is s. We assume that wns > 0, but, otherwise, make no
other special assumptions about it. In particular, we want to assume that
some land does better with high rainfall and other land does better with low
rainfall. If s = H, the total crop is
∑N
n=1 wnH, denoted WH; if s = L, t ...
hw1.docxCS 211 Homework #1Please complete the homework problem.docxwellesleyterresa
hw1.docxCS 211 Homework #1
Please complete the homework problems on the following page using a separate piece of paper. Note that this is an individual assignment and all work must be your own. Be sure to show your work when appropriate. This assignment is due in lab on Monday, October 10, 2016.
1. [3] Given the following pre-order and in-order traversals, reconstruct the appropriate binary tree. NOTE: You must draw a single tree that works for both traversals.
Pre-order: A, E, D, G, B, F, I, C
In-order: D, E, B, G, A, F, I, C
2. [3] Starting with an empty BST, draw each step in the following operation sequence. Assume that all removals come from the left subtree when the node to remove is full.
Insert(5), Insert(10), Insert(2), Insert(9), Insert(1), Insert(3), Remove(5).
3. [3] Starting with an empty BST, draw each step in the following operation sequence. Assume that all removals come from the right subtree when the node to remove is full.
Insert(10), Insert(5), Insert(23), Insert(4), Insert(19), Insert(7), Insert(9), Insert(6), Remove(5).
4. Given the following binary tree:
A. [1] What is the height of the tree?
B. [1] What is the depth of node 90?
C. [1] What is the height of node 90?
D. [3] Give the pre-order, in-order, and post-order traversal of this tree.
5. Given the following two functions:
int f(int n)
{
if(n <= 0)
{
Return 0;
}
return 1 + f(n - 1);
}
int g(int n)
{
int sum = 0;
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
sum += 1;
}
Return sum;
}
A. [2] State the runtime complexity of both f() and g()
B. [2] State the memory complexity for both f() and g()
C. [4] Write another function called "int h(int n)" that does the same thing but has a more efficient runtime complexity.
Requirements:
This abstract and outline is for your individual paper that you will be handing in on finals week. Same topic as with your team, but you will write a one paragraph abstract describing your topic, and how you plan to treat it. While you will be walking through all the steps of the Systems Process (which I understand we havent covered in full yet) you may in your abstract and outline want to mention parts that will have more emphasis based on your knowledge of the background of your problem. The outline should obviously include all the steps of the systems process with extra elements based your what you think will have heavier emphasis.
Idea:
So as you know, Elon Musk has just announced SpaceX plan to colonize Mars in the upcoming decades and we thought this would be an interesting topic to research through the 13 steps of the systems engineering process.
Links:
Full Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IAZ-Xbn5hr0
Short Abbreviated: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yzw6_V7LGeY
Our group idea: after people went to Mars, they will build a system
these ideas supposed to be I think or depends on you:
Buildings, spaces to live, water, and other elements required for life, write in an engineering ...
HUS 335: Interpersonal Helping Skills
Case Assessment Format
The case assessment takes place after the intake and assessment interviews have been conducted. The helping professional must evaluate the application for services to determine eligibility for services. This is just one process for conducting a case assessment.
Step 1. Provide me with your agency’s profile with your eligibility guidelines (on a separate page)
Step 2. Review the case assessment process (things to think about as you complete the assessment)
Step 3. Complete the Case Assessment (p. 2)
I. Examine your agency’s guidelines for eligibility as well as federal or state guidelines, if applicable. What are your agency’s guidelines for eligibility?
II. Review all the information you have gather on your client during the initial contact, intake, and assessment phases.
a. Applicant’s reason for applying for services
b. His/her background
c. Strengths
d. Weaknesses
e. The problem that is causing difficulty
f. What the applicants want to have happen as a result of service delivery
III. Determine if the client is eligible for services at your agency.
A. Is the client eligible for services? Why or why not?
B. What problems are identified (i.e., presenting problem)?
C. Are services or resources available that relate to the problems identified?
D. Will the agency’s involvement help the client reach the objectives goals that have been established.
E. Is more information needed (e.g., referral source, client’s family, chool officials, employer, medical doctor, mental health professional, previous social service agencies, etc.)
IV. Impressions
V. Assessment
VI. Service Identification/Recommendations for Services
VII. Case Assignment
Your Agency’s Name
Case Assessment
Pseudo Client Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _________________
Human Services Professional: ______________________________________ Title: _________________
Intake Date: ______________________ Assessment Interview Date: _________________________
I. Demographic description of client
Age, gender, cultural background, race, socioeconomic status, religion, occupation, marital/family status, education
II. Presenting Problem
Indicate referral source (e.g., self-referred or agency referral). If an agency referred the client, state why they referred the client to your agency.
State what brought the client to your agency from the client’s perspective. (This only needs to be a few sentences and not the history of the client.)
III. Impression/Interview affect, behavior, and mental status
How does the client appear to you (grooming, dress, voice, tone, mood, timeliness for the interview, cooperativeness, etc.)? Has this been consistent or changed throughout sessions (intake and assessment interview sessions)?
IV. History
Present the history as objectively as possible and only key information. Facts that were collected from the client, significant records, and referral source. Let the facts s ...
HW #1Tech Alert on IT & Strategy (Ch 3-5Ch 3 -5 IT Strategy opt.docxwellesleyterresa
HW #1:Tech Alert on IT & Strategy (Ch 3-5
Ch 3 -5 IT Strategy option: Find one article that relatesto the content covered in Chapters 3-5in our text. For this option, choose one of the following approaches:
· Summarize a recent ‘real-world’ example that illustrate atopic presented in one of these chapters or find a related article that extend the book’s discussion on IT and strategy, and /or;
· Discuss or provide an example of a key term shown in the book margins from Chapters 3 -5.
· Look at the discussion questions at the end of the chapter sections and find an article that helps you answer a question that is posed, or;
· Follow up on a specific case study presented in the text or find comparable examples. If you choose this option, you must focus on new information about the organization that is not included in the text.
3.1 Introduction
Learning Objective
Understand how Zara’s parent company Inditex leveraged a technology-enabled strategy to become the world’s largest fashion retailer.
Operating in the northern coastal city of La Coruña (or A Coruña in the local Galician language), Spanish entrepreneur Amancio Ortega was brainstorming names for his new shop and settled on “Zorba” after the classic movie Zorba the Greek. He simply thought it was “a nice name.” Unfortunately, there was a bar with the same name a few blocks away and the bar’s owner was worried patrons would be confused. The molds for the letters for Ortega’s shop had already been cast, so they played around with what they had and came up with “Zara.”[] As it turns out, for Zara it’s technology, not the name, that has made all the difference in its rise to dominate the decidedly ungeeky fashion industry.
Today, Zara is the game-changing crown jewel in the multibrand empire of Inditex Corporation (Industrias de Diseño Textil), the world’s largest pure-play fashion retailer and a firm that’s bigger than Gap, H&M, Topshop, and anyone else in the space. The firm’s supremacy is plotted and executed from “The Cube,” the gleaming, futuristic headquarters located in La Coruña’s Arteixo industrial area. The blend of technology-enabled strategy that Zara has unleashed seems to break all of the rules in the fashion industry. The firm shuns advertising and rarely runs sales. Also, in an industry where nearly every major player outsources manufacturing to low-cost countries, Zara is highly vertically integrated, keeping huge swaths of its production process in-house. These counterintuitive moves are part of a recipe for success that’s beating the pants off the competition and has catapulted Ortega to become the world’s third richest man, ahead of Warren Buffet.
Figure 3.1
Zara’s operations are concentrated in Spain, but they have stores around the world like these in Manhattan and Shanghai.
Source: Used with permission from Inditex.
The firm tripled in size between 1996 and 2000, and then its revenue skyrocketed from $2.43 billion in 2001 to more than $20 billion in 2012. ...
HW 2 (1) Visit Monsanto (httpwww.monsanto.com) again and Goog.docxwellesleyterresa
HW 2
(1) Visit Monsanto (http://www.monsanto.com) again and Google to find various information about internal factors of Monsanto.
(2) Based on the information, perform your own internal audit for Monsanto. You do not need to perform financial analysis for this assignment. If you perform the internal audit, you will find strengths and weaknesses of Monsanto.
(3) List the strengths and weaknesses of Mondanto. Then, explain why you think so.
Note: Strengths and Weakness are SW of SWOT analysis. We will use strengths and weaknesses in the last module later.
1
Class Today
• Print notes and examples
• Trusses
– Definition
– Working with Trusses
– Truss Analysis
• Example Problems
• Group Work Time
http://www.mst.edu/~ide50-3/printable_notes/13_Trusses.pdf
http://www.mst.edu/~ide50-3/printable_notes/13_Trusses_examples.pdf
…these are cool trusses
Norman Foster
Sainsbury Centre
Santiago Calatrava
Turning Torso
Shigeru Ban
Japanese Pavilion
KMR
… be inspired!
3
Renzo Piano
Kansai International Airport
Rem Koolhaas
The Shenzhen Stock Exchange
KMR
So what are trusses?
http://bridgehunter.com/story/1109/
http://www.americanpoleandtimber.com/img/wood-timber-trusses-park-BIG.jpg
http://www.hndszj.com/eng/uploads/201008101822313.jpg
Trusses are …
• Structures designed to support loads:
− Will transmit loads through the joints of the structure
− Will ultimately transmit loads to the foundation
• Cost effective in design because:
− Weight is minimized (weight of members is typically
light compared to loads carried, so it is often
neglected)
− Strength to weight ratio is maximized
Image copyright 2013, Pearson Education, publishing as Prentice Hall
Working with Trusses:
Assumptions
• All loads are applied / transmitted at joints
• All members are joined by pin connections
• Consist entirely of two-force members
(review section 5.4)
• Can contain zero-force members
Image copyright 2013, Pearson Education, publishing as Prentice Hall
Zero-force Members
What are zero-force members?
• Structural members that carry no force
Why do we use them?
• Used to provide stability
– During construction
– If (intermittent) loading of the truss changes
• Shortens chord length and increases
buckling capacity of compression members
7
Zero-force Members: Case 1
Zero-force Members: Case 2
10
http://www.tatasteelconstruction.com/static_files/Images/Construction/Reference/
architectural%20studio/elements/Structural%20steel%20trusses/j2.jpg
http://www.tboake.com/SSEF1/rose2.shtml
http://sluggyjunx.com/rr/georgetown_branch/gallery/04_16_0
3_gb_canal_bridges/04_16_03-gb_canal_br-34.jpg
Gusset plate
pin
Joint Connections
Welded
connection http://www.tatasteelconstruction.com/en/reference/teaching-
resources/architectural-teaching-resource/elements/connections/connections-
in-trusses
11
http://civildigital.com/wp-con ...
Hunters Son Dialogue Activity1. Please write 1-2 sentences for e.docxwellesleyterresa
Hunters Son Dialogue Activity
1. Please write 1-2 sentences for each of the characters below, explaining the broader point of view that they represent:
HUNTER:
HUNTER’S SON:
THE BOY:
2. Based on your answers above, please explain in 2-3 sentences what you think the author is trying to achieve by bringing these perspectives together and having them speak with one another.
3. In a sentence or two, please explain what you think the play is telling us (the reader) about how indigenous writers and people relate to animals?
...
HW 2 - SQL The database you will use for this assignme.docxwellesleyterresa
HW 2 - SQL
The database you will use for this assignment contains information related to Major League
Baseball (MLB) about players, teams, and games. The relations are:
Players(playerID, playerName, team, position, birthYear)
● playerID is a player identifier used in MLB, and all players throughout the history of
baseball have a unique ID
● playerName is player’s name
● team is the name of the MLB team the player is currently playing on (or the last team the
player played for if they are not currently playing)
● position is the position of the player
● birthYear is the year that player was born
Teams(teamID, teamName, home, leagueName)
● teamID is a unique ID internal to MLB.
● teamName is the name of the team
● home is the home city of the team
● leagueName is the league the team is in, i.e. either “National” or “American”, which
stands for “National League” and “American League”, respectively
Games(gameID, homeTeamID, guestTeamID, date)
● gameID is a unique ID used internally in MLB
● homeTeamID is the ID of the hometeam
● guestTeamID is the ID of the visiting team
● date is the date of the game.
A sample instance of this database is given at the end of this homework handout. Since it is just
one instance of the database designed to give you some intuition, you should not “customize”
your answer to work only with this instance.
1. (10 points each) Write the following queries in SQL, using the schema provided
above. (Note: Your queries must not be “state-dependent", that is, they should work without
modification even if another instance of the database is given.)
(a) Print the names of all players who were born in 1970 and played for the Braves.
(b) Print the names of teams that do not have a pitcher.
(c) Print names of all players who have played in the National League.
(d) Print all gameIDs with Phillies as the home team.
2. (15 points each) Write the following queries in SQL, using the schema provided
above.
(a) Print all teamIDs where the team played against the Phillies but not against the Braves.
(b) Print all tuples (playerID1, playerID2, team) where playerID1 and playerID2 are (or have
been) on the same team. Avoid listing self-references or duplicates, e.g. do not allow
(1,1,”Braves”) or both (2,5,”Phillies”) and (5,2,”Phillies”).
(c) Print all tuples (teamID1, league1, teamID2, league2, date) where teamID1 and teamID2
played against each other in a World Series game. Although there is no direct information
about the World Series games in the relations, we can infer that when two teams from different
leagues play each other, it is a World Series game. So, in this relation, league1 and league2
should be different leagues.
(d) List all cities that have a team in all leagues. For example, there are currently two leagues
(National and American). Although not shown in this instance, New York is home to the Mets in
the National ...
Humanities Commons Learning Goals1. Write about primary and seco.docxwellesleyterresa
Humanities Commons Learning Goals
1. Write about primary and secondary texts on the topic of literacy from the perspective of English Studies and at least one additional discipline in the Humanities Commons in a manner that reflects their ability to read critically;
2. Engage in a process approach to writing college-level prose;
3. Produce rhetorically effective college-level expository prose;
4. Demonstrate effective use of scholarly sources in their writing;
5. Recount in college-level prose their personal literacy histories and current literacy practices;
6. Examine in writing the discourse of a community different from themselves with respect to factors such as race, class, gender, sexuality, and so forth.
7. Explore the relevance of Catholic intellectual tradition for the study of reading, writing, and/or rhetoric as human endeavors.
you are to put together your Final Exam Portfolio. In this, you should have your Diagnostic Essay, drafts and revisions of your Literacy Narrative/Metawriting Assignment, Catholic Intellectual Tradition Response, Discourse Community Ethnography, and Argumentative Proposal Synthesis. You also need a final reflective essay discussing how you have grown as a writer over the term. This should be around one to three pages, but may go longer.
As a review, here is an overview of the material we covered:
Humanities Commons Learning Goals
Write about primary and secondary texts on the topic of literacy from the perspective of English Studies and at least one additional discipline in the Humanities Commons in a manner that reflects their ability to read critically;
Engage in a process approach to writing college-level prose;
Produce rhetorically effective college-level expository prose;
Demonstrate effective use of scholarly sources in their writing;
Recount in college-level prose their personal literacy histories and current literacy practices;
Examine in writing the discourse of a community different from themselves with respect to factors such as race, class, gender, sexuality, and so forth.
Explore the relevance of Catholic intellectual tradition for the study of reading, writing, and/or rhetoric as human endeavors.
Metawriting
“Sponsors of Literacy” - Brandt
Portrait of the Artists as
A Young Person – Literacy Narrative
A Young Adult – Autoethnography
MLA Conventions
Library Research
Grammar
Write in Active Voice
Seven Comma Rules
Affect/Effect; it’s its; etc.
Introduce Quotations
Quote, Summary, Paraphrase
Hamburger Metaphor for integrating quotes
Classical Aristotelian Essay Form
Rebuttal
Compare Contrast Essay: Block vs. Alternating
Works Cited List
Top Twenty Errors
Discourse Community Ethnography
“The Concept of a Discourse Community” – Swales
C.A.R.S. – Creating a Research Space – Swales
“Learning to Serve: The Language and Literacy of Food Service Workers” – Mirabelli
“Rethinking Subcultural Resistance: Core Values of the Straight Edge Movement” –
Haenfl ...
HURRICANE KATRINA A NATION STILL UNPREPARED .docxwellesleyterresa
HURRICANE KATRINA:
A NATION STILL UNPREPARED
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
REPORT OF THE SENATE COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND
SECURITY AND GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS
MAY 2006
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Hurricane Katrina was an extraordinary act of nature that spawned a human
tragedy. It was the most destructive natural disaster in American history, laying waste to
90,000 square miles of land, an area the size of the United Kingdom. In Mississippi, the
storm surge obliterated coastal communities and left thousands destitute. New Orleans
was overwhelmed by flooding. All told, more than 1500 people died. Along the Gulf
Coast, tens of thousands suffered without basic essentials for almost a week.
But the suffering that continued in the days and weeks after the storm passed did
not happen in a vacuum; instead, it continued longer than it should have because of – and
was in some cases exacerbated by – the failure of government at all levels to plan,
prepare for and respond aggressively to the storm. These failures were not just
conspicuous; they were pervasive. Among the many factors that contributed to these
failures, the Committee found that there were four overarching ones: 1) long-term
warnings went unheeded and government officials neglected their duties to prepare for a
forewarned catastrophe; 2) government officials took insufficient actions or made poor
decisions in the days immediately before and after landfall; 3) systems on which officials
relied on to support their response efforts failed, and 4) government officials at all levels
failed to provide effective leadership. These individual failures, moreover, occurred
against a backdrop of failure, over time, to develop the capacity for a coordinated,
national response to a truly catastrophic event, whether caused by nature or man-made.
The results were tragic loss of life and human suffering on a massive scale, and an
undermining of confidence in our governments’ ability to plan, prepare for, and respond
to national catastrophes.
Effective response to mass emergencies is a critical role of every level of
government. It is a role that requires an unusual level of planning, coordination and
dispatch among governments’ diverse units. Following the terrorist attacks of 9/11, this
country went through one of the most sweeping reorganizations of federal government in
history. While driven primarily by concerns of terrorism, the reorganization was designed
to strengthen our nation’s ability to address the consequences of both natural and man-
made disasters. In its first major test, this reorganized system failed. Katrina revealed
that much remains to be done.
The Committee began this investigation of the preparations for and response to
Hurricane Katrina within two weeks of the hurricane’s landfall on the Gulf Coast. The
tragic loss of life and human suffering in Katrina’s wake would have been sufficient in
themselves to compel the Commit ...
Humanities 115
Short Essay Grading Criteria
Excellent
Passing
Unacceptable
Analysis
25, 18, 10
Details of individual myths are discussed thoughtfully, articulately, and accurately. Critical approaches and terminology are applied accurately and insightfully. Discussion of myths reflects rich, genuine intellectual engagement.
Applications of critical approaches and terms to myths occur, and demonstrate intellectual engagement with course materials, but maybe relatively superficial or contain some inaccuracy. Discussion may at times be vague, ideas may be somewhat underdeveloped.
Important elements missing or very underdeveloped. Substantial inaccuracies may occur.
Scholarly Rigor
13, 9, 5
Assertions are consistently backed with textual evidence. Sources are precisely cited with in-text parenthetical citations as well as a works cited page, if applicable.
Text-based support is sometimes used, citation is imprecise or incomplete.
Text-based support is generally absent, and/or citations are absent.
Coherence
5, 3, 1
Ideas are organized into coherent paragraphs. Transitions are used effectively within paragraphs. Transitions also fluently connect paragraphs.
Ideas are organized into paragraphs. Transitions are usually present and effective.
Essay lacks coherent paragraphs and transitions are absent or ineffective.
Grammar
& Mechanics
5, 3, 1
Standard Academic English is deployed in a controlled manner. Punctuation is precise. Small, occasional errors might occur, but never impede meaning.
Controlled deployment of Academic English is emerging. When errors occur, they only occasionally impede meaning.
Errors are numerous and consistently impede meaning.
Formatting
2, 1, 0
The following conventions of Modern Language Association format are used precisely: essay is consistently double-spaced throughout; a heading with your name, instructor’s name, course name, and date appears at the top left corner of the first page; title is centered just below the heading; text of the journal begins one double spaced line below the title; last name and page number appear at the top right of each page.
Most conventions are followed.
Most conventions are not followed.
Student Sample Essay #2
Genesis Myth
“And God created man in His own image, in the image of God he created male and female. He created them. And God blessed them.” (Leonard, Mcclure, 87) Unfortunately, the sentiment that men and women are equals is contradicted several times in the Genesis myth. The Genesis myth has had a negative influence on women’s roles in society that continually have impacts in today’s modern world. The myth describes women’s purpose as being subservient to men, women are easily swayed and manipulated, and that for seeking knowledge, women deserve the painful shame of childbirth. This patriarchal creation myth has played a role in justifying the suppression of equal rights throughout history and is still debated today.
To begin, the sole reason for the creation of woman ...
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
How to Create APA Headers and a Title Page in Microsoft Word 2.docx
1. How to Create APA Headers and a Title Page in Microsoft Word
2010
(PC-Version)
Step-by-Step Directions
How to Create the Title Page Header
Within a Microsoft (MS) Word document:
1. Double-click the header area (the upper portion) of your first
page. You did this step correctly if a
green tab titled “Header & Footer Tools” opens on the top of
your MS Word Menu Bar as
illustrated below.
2. Under the Header and Footer Tools, in the “Options” section,
place a checkmark next to the
“Different First Page” box.
3. Next, move over to the “Header & Footer” section, click
“Header,” and then choose the second
option, which is “Blank (Three Columns).”
4. Double-click the middle “[Type text],” make sure it is
highlighted blue, and delete it by clicking
2. the “Delete” key on your keyboard.
5. Then click the left “[Type text],” make sure it is highlighted
blue, and type Running head:
(make sure it has a capital R, a lowercase h, and that you use a
colon). Then type in your title.
The title should be in all CAPS. To do this function, hold down
the “Shift” key on your keyboard
as you type your title. Your header title needs to be 50
characters or less. If you have a long title,
use only a shortened version for your header. Your header
should look like: Running head:
SHORTENED TITLE OF YOUR PAPER.
6. Then click the right most “[Type text]” area and click the
“Page Number” button in the
“Header & Footer” section, click “Current Position,” and then
select “Simple Plain Number.”
7. Highlight the header and page number (to do this step,
double-click until a blue highlight goes
from the title to the page number), and change the font to Times
New Roman and the font size to
12.
• Note: To change the font size and style, click the “Home” tab,
and in the “Font” section
change Calibri to Times New Roman. Then change the size 11
font to size 12 by
3. clicking on the small downward arrow next to the font name and
size.
How to Create the Title Page Content
1. Double-click out of the header to the main area of your
document.
2. Hit the “Enter” key on your keyboard approximately 5 times.
• Note: this number is not really set, but you do want it
positioned so all of your
information is in the middle of your title page.
3. Under the “Home” tab, in the “Paragraph” section, click on
the “Center” alignment button (a
shortcut to do this is by clicking Ctrl + e on your keyboard) and
add:
• Your paper’s title
• Your first name and your last name
• Your course Name and Number and Title
• Your instructor’s name
• The date you will turn in the paper.
--all spelled
4. out. For example:
January 1, 2014.
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4. Once your information is typed in, you need to double-space
your text. To do this step, highlight
your title, name, course information, instructor information, and
the date, and right-click on your
mouse.
5. Click the “Paragraph” button, go to the “Spacing” section,
and change the Line Spacing: from
“multiple” to “Double” and change the “Before” and “After”
spacing to 0 pt. Click “OK” when
you are done.
When you have completed these steps, your page should look
something like this:
How to Create the Header on Your Other Pages
1. Scroll to the second page of your document, and double-click
in the header area of the page.
2. Then click on “Header” button in the “Header & Footer”
5. section, and choose “Blank (Three
Columns).”
3. Double-click the middle “[Type text]” and delete it by
pressing the “Delete” key on your
keyboard.
4. Click on the left “[Type text],” and type in your shortened
Title in all CAPS.
a. Note: On your second page, you DO NOT want the words
“Running head:”—that is only
for the title page.
5. Then double-click the right “[Type text]” area, making sure it
is highlighted blue, and in the
“Header & Footer” section, click on the “Page Number” button,
click on “Current Position,”
and then select “Simple Plain Number.”
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6. Double-click your whole header, making sure there is a blue
highlight over your title and page
number, and change the font style and size to Times New
Roman, 12 point.
6. How to Adjust Your Margins
1. To set your margins of your paper, double-click the “Ruler”
on the top of your document. If you
don’t have a ruler, go to the “View” tab at the top of your
paper, and in the “Show” section, put a
checkmark next to the “Ruler” box.
2. Once you have a Ruler, double-click the gray section of it. A
“Page Setup” box should pop open.
3. In the “Margins” tab, make sure that your Top, Bottom, Left,
and Right margins all read “1.” If
they don’t, click on the small arrows until it reads “1” and click
“OK.”
How to Change Your Font Style and Size
1. At Ashford University, the acceptable font size and style is
12 point, Times New Roman. So,
you must make sure that the font on the page is Times New
Roman.
2. To ensure this font, click the “Select” button in the top right
in the “Editing” section.
3. Click “Select All.”
7. 4. Click the “Home” tab, and then change your font to Times
New Roman, size 12 if necessary.
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How to Double Space Your Font
1. For college papers, double spacing is a requirement. To do
this step, click the “Select” button in
the top right of the “Editing” section.
2. Click “Select All.”
3. Right-click your mouse.
4. Click the “Paragraph” button.
5. Under the Spacing section, change the Line Spacing to
“Double,” and change the “Before” and
“After” spacing to 0 pt.
6. Click “OK” when you are done.
8. This step-by-step guide demonstrates how to set up your title
page and headers under correct APA
guidelines. If you need more help setting up your paper, please
email us at [email protected]
Thank you!
Ashford Writing Center
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mailto:[email protected]
1
ESSAY TITLE
Magazine, online edition
Online journal article, with DOI
Entry from edited anthology, print
YouTube video
Photograph, no date, no photographer
Photograph, with photographer
References
Apsolon, M. [markapsolon]. (2011, September 9). Real ghost
9. girl caught on Video Tape 14
[Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nyGCbxD848
Batchelder, A. (2010, July 6). Students brains are being
digitally rewired [Web
log post]. Retrieved from
http://literacyispriceless.wordpress.com/
Cayman Islands. (2008). The world factbook. Retrieved from
http://www.bartleby.com/br/151.html
Cendrowicz, L. (2010, July). Will Europe's bank stress tests
bring calm or spread more fear?
Time. Retrieved from
http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,2005557,00.h
tml
Diaz-Rico, L. T. (2008). A course for teaching English learners.
Boston, MA: Pearson.
Florian, R. V. (2010). Challenges for interactivist-constructivist
robotics. New Ideas in
Psychology, 28(3), 350–353.
doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2009.09.009
Guthrie, W. (2007). This land is your land. In R. DiYanni (Ed.),
Literature: Reading fiction,
poetry, and drama (6th ed.) (pp. 897–898). New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill.
10. Kulbis, M. (Photographer). (2006). Men pray [Photograph].
Retrieved April 12, 2006, from:
http://accuweather.ap.org/cgi-bin/aplaunch.pl
Lessard v. Schmidt, 349 F. Supp. 1078 (E.D. Wis. 1972).
Mawson, C. O. S. (Ed.). (n.d.). Roget's international thesaurus
of English words and phrases.
Retrieved from http://www.bartleby.com/br/110.html
McLaren, M., Thomas, J. (Producers), & Linklater, R.
(Director). (2006). Fast food nation
[Motion picture]. United States: Fox Searchlight.
Nelson Mandela [Photograph]. (n.d.). Retrieved January 10,
2014, from:
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1993/m
andela-bio.html
Web log / Blog
Online encyclopedia
Book, print
Online dictionary
Film
Court decision
11. 2
ESSAY TITLE
Online journal article, without DOI
Magazine, print
Newspaper, online edition
Website entry, corporate/government author
Santovec, M. (2008). Easing the transition improves grad
retention at Trinity U. Women in
Higher Education, 17(10), 32. Retrieved from
http://www.wihe.com/
Sloan, C., Booth, S., & Tate, A. (2010, July). Why I became an
American. Real Simple, 186–
192.
Tobin Ramos, R. (2010, July 22). UPS profit nearly doubles in
second quarter. The Atlanta
Journal-Constitution. Retrieved from http://www.ajc.com
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2008).
Police and detectives. Retrieved
from http://www.bls.gov/oco/pdf/ocos160.pdf
Witt, G. A., & Mossler, R. A. (2010). Adult development.
12. Retrieved from
https://content.ashford.edu/books/4
Ashford textbook, online
1
Created in 2015
IN-TEXT CITATION GUIDE
What are in-text citations?
An in-text citation is a citation within your writing to show
where you found your information, facts, quotes,
and research. APA in-text citation style uses the author's last
name and the year of publication, for
example: (Field, 2005). For direct quotations, include the page
number as well, for example: (Field, 2005,
p. 14). For sources such as websites and e-books that have no
page numbers, use a paragraph number
instead, for example: (Fields, 2015, para.3).
In-text citations follow any sentence in your writing that
contains a direct quote, or paraphrased or
13. summarized information from an outside source.
Each in-text citation in your writing must also have a
corresponding entry in your References list. There
are two exceptions to this rule: personal communications, like
interviews, emails, or classroom discussion
posts, and classic religious texts, like the Bible or the Koran.
These types of sources should be cited by
in-text citations only.
Always include in-text citations for:
All in-text citations require the same basic information:
ate of publication (or “n.d.” if there is “no date”)
Basic Examples of In-Text Citations
For a quote: “The systematic development of literacy and
schooling meant a new division in
society, between the educated and the uneducated” (Cook-
14. Gumperz, 1986, p. 27).
For paraphrased material: Some educational theorists suggest
that schooling and a focus on
teaching literacy divided society into educated and uneducated
classes (Cook-Gumperz, 1986).
For summarized material: Schooling and literacy contributed to
educational divisions in society
(Cook-Gumperz, 1986).
NOTE: If you mention the author and the year in your writing to
introduce the quote or paraphrased
material, then you need only include the page or paragraph
number in the in-text citation.
2
Created in 2015
For example:
According to Jenny Cook-Gumperz (1986), “The systematic
development of literacy and
schooling meant a new division in society, between the educated
and the uneducated” (p. 27).
15. Additional In-Text Citation Models
For online sources:
For a web page: The USDA is “taking steps to help farmers,
ranchers, and small businesses
wrestling with persistent drought” (United States Department of
Agriculture, 2015, “USDA Drought
Programs and Assistance,” para. 1).
Format: (Website Author, Year, “Web Page Title,” paragraph
number).
For an online article: The F.B.I. “warned the families not to talk
publicly” about the hostages
(Wright, 2015, para. 2).
Format: (Author’s Last Name, Year, paragraph number).
For an email communication: According to Dr. Edwards, “The
coming El Niño won’t do much to
alleviate California’s current drought” (personal
communication, April 26, 2015).
NOTE: Because most online sources do not contain page
numbers, use the paragraph number. While
many online sources may include numbers beside the
paragraphs, others may not, and you might have to
count them yourself. In the case of an extremely long article or
16. an online book, you may include the
section/chapter number and title and then the paragraph number,
like this:
(Smith, 2012, Chapter #, “Section Title,” para. 12).
Citing from a Secondary Source
Sometimes the quote you want to use is quoted by someone else
in another source, like your textbook.
You can still use that quote inside the textbook – this is called
citing from a secondary source. In this
case, the secondary source is your textbook and its author; the
primary source is the quote and its author.
So, in your writing, introduce the original author and the year
of publication, and then in the in-text citation
you’ll include the secondary source information. For instance,
you might want to include a quote by Sarah
Vowell that is cited in your textbook by Ryan Smith. You would
write this:
According to Sarah Vowell (2008), “The only thing more
dangerous than an idea is a belief” (as quoted in
Smith, 2012, Section #, “Section Title,” para. #).
NOTE: When citing from a secondary source, only the
secondary source information appears in the
17. references list. The primary source author and original date of
publication only appears in your writing.
3
Created in 2015
Moving the Citation Information Around
In-text citations contain three pieces of information: author,
publication date, and page/paragraph
location. However, if in your writing you place this information
elsewhere, like in the introductory phrase
before the quote, you do not need to repeat it in the citation.
Use the citation to “catch” anything you
haven’t already included.
Here are three examples where the citation information is
placed in different locations around the quote:
“The systematic development of literacy and schooling meant a
new division in society, between
the educated and the uneducated” (Cook-Gumperz, 1986, p. 27).
According to Jenny Cook-Gumperz (1986), “The systematic
18. development of literacy and
schooling meant a new division in society, between the educated
and the uneducated” (p. 27).
According to Cook-Gumperz, “The systematic development of
literacy and schooling meant a
new division in society, between the educated and the
uneducated” (1986, p. 27).
NOTE: Parentheses that contain citation information come after
the closing quote mark but before the
punctuation ending the entire sentence. Block quotes are the
exception, where the parenthetical citation
comes after the period at the end of the quote.
For a comprehensive overview of crediting sources, consult
Chapter 6 of the Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association.
http://www.apastyle.org/
Running head: SHORTENED TITLE 1
19. Week 1 Assignment
Importance of Developing Global Citizenship
Student’s Name
GEN499 General Education Capstone
Professor’s Name
Date
SHORTENED TITLE
2
Note: This assignment should be written in the correct format.
Please click on the Writing Center
tab at the left-hand toolbar of the course. You will then click on
the Writing Resources tab, which
goes over the basics of writing an essay. For information on
how to write in-text citations in APA
format, click on “In-Text Citation Guide” under Integrating
Sources within the Writing
Resources tab. This paper needs to consist of 750 – 1,000 words
(excluding the title and
reference page).
20. Start your paper with the title of this assignment:
Importance of Developing Global Citizenship
The introduction paragraph of this paper should inform the
reader of the topic you are
writing about while providing background information and the
purpose or importance of
addressing this topic of global citizenship. You should prepare
the reader by stating the concepts
you are about to address further in your paper. Typically a good
introduction paragraph is made
up of 5 – 7 sentences.
Short Title of First Prompt (i.e. Benefits of Being a Global
Citizen)
After viewing the required video Globalization: What Is
Happening to Us? (2010), you
need write a paragraph of 5 – 7 sentences addressing how being
a global citizen in the world of
advanced technology can be beneficial to your success in
meeting your personal, academic, and
professional goals. For instance, in thinking about how you
interact with others in your courses,
you could provide an example of how online courses contribute
to your development as a global
21. citizen. It’s important to cite the video per APA guidelines
within this paragraph.
Short Title of Second Prompt
https://fod.infobase.com/OnDemandEmbed.aspx?Token=50420
&aid=18596&Plt=FOD&loid=0&w=640&h=480&ref
SHORTENED TITLE
3
After reading the article by Reysen and Katzarska-Miller, you
need to write a paragraph
of 5 – 7 sentences explaining why there has been a disagreement
between theorists about the
definition of global citizenship. Within the article, the authors
address how specific schools of
thought define global citizenship. It would be a good idea to
paraphrase this information in your
own words and cite the article per APA guidelines. Also, within
this paragraph, you should
provide your own definition of global citizenship after reading
what other ideas are from the
article.
Short Title of Third Prompt
22. Note: Based on the article, you need to write two paragraphs: a
paragraph on each of the two
outcomes of global citizenship you chose (intergroup empathy,
valuing diversity, social justice,
environmental sustainability, intergroup helping, and the level
of responsibility to act for the
betterment of this world).
Name of First Outcome Addressed (i.e. Valuing Diversity)
Within this paragraph you need to explain why this outcome is
important in becoming a global
citizen. It’s a good idea to first define the outcome in your own
words and then provide a
thorough explanation on why it’s important for your own
development as a global citizen.
Name of Second Outcome Addressed (i.e. Social Justice)
Same instructions as the first paragraph above.
Short Title for Fourth Prompt
First Personal Example on (Name First Outcome)
SHORTENED TITLE
4
23. You need to write a 5 – 7 sentence paragraph describing a
personal experience that has
corresponds to the first outcome you addressed in the third
prompt and has assisted or resulted in
your development as a global citizen.
Second Personal Example on (Name of Second Outcome)
You need to write a 5 – 7 sentence paragraph describing a
personal experience that has
corresponds to the second outcome you addressed in the third
prompt and has assisted or resulted
in your development as a global citizen.
Short Title of Fifth Prompt
You need to write a 5 – 7 sentence paragraph that identifies two
specific education
courses and explains how each of those courses assisted or
influenced your development in
becoming a global citizen.
Conclusion
In this paragraph, you need to summarize the main points of this
assignment and include
a description of why this topic is important to address when it
comes to the development of
24. global citizenship. Typically a good conclusion paragraph
consists of 5 – 7 sentences. Keep in
mind that you should not share new information in the
conclusion paragraph. This means that
there should not be any in-text citations. You are basically
summarizing what you have written.
SHORTENED TITLE
5
References
Note: References are written below in the correct format per
APA guidelines. In addition to these
two required resources, you must locate another scholarly
source from the Ashford University
Library that applies to this topic and can be used to support
25. your perspective.
Reysen, S., & Katzarska-Miller, I. (2013). A model of global
citizenship: Antecedents and
outcomes. International Journal of Psychology, 48(5), 858-870.
doi:10.1080/00207594.2012.701749
Jakobs, W. (Director), & Monfils, M. (Producer). (2010).
Globalization: What is happening to
us?- LUX great thinkers series [Video file]. Retrieved
https://fod.infobase.com/OnDemandEmbed.aspx?Token=50420
&aid=18596&Plt=FOD&
loid=0&w=640&h=480&ref
https://fod.infobase.com/OnDemandEmbed.aspx?Token=50420
&aid=18596&Plt=FOD&loid=0&w=640&h=480&ref
https://fod.infobase.com/OnDemandEmbed.aspx?Token=50420
&aid=18596&Plt=FOD&loid=0&w=640&h=480&ref
A model of global citizenship: Antecedents
and outcomes
Stephen Reysen1 and Iva Katzarska-Miller2
1
Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University–Commerce,
Commerce, TX, USA
26. 2
Department of Psychology, Transylvania University, Lexington,
KY, USA
A s the world becomes increasingly interconnected, exposure to
global cultures affords individualsopportunities to develop
global identities. In two studies, we examine the antecedents
and outcomes of
identifying with a superordinate identity—global citizen. Global
citizenship is defined as awareness, caring, and
embracing cultural diversity while promoting social justice and
sustainability, coupled with a sense of
responsibility to act. Prior theory and research suggest that
being aware of one’s connection with others in the
world (global awareness) and embedded in settings that value
global citizenship (normative environment) lead to
greater identification with global citizens. Furthermore, theory
and research suggest that when global citizen
identity is salient, greater identification is related to adherence
to the group’s content (i.e., prosocial values and
behaviors). Results of the present set of studies showed that
global awareness (knowledge and interconnectedness
with others) and one’s normative environment (friends and
family support global citizenship) predicted
identification with global citizens, and global citizenship
predicted prosocial values of intergroup empathy,
valuing diversity, social justice, environmental sustainability,
intergroup helping, and a felt responsibility to act
for the betterment of the world. The relationship between
antecedents (normative environment and global
awareness) and outcomes (prosocial values) was mediated by
identification with global citizens. We discuss the
relationship between the present results and other research
27. findings in psychology, the implications of global
citizenship for other academic domains, and future avenues of
research. Global citizenship highlights the unique
effect of taking a global perspective on a multitude of topics
relevant to the psychology of everyday actions,
environments, and identity.
Keywords: Global citizenship; Social identity; Normative
environment; Global awareness; Prosocial values.
A lors que le monde devient de plus en plus interconnecté,
l’exposition à des cultures globales offre auxindividus
l’opportunité de développer des identités globales. Dans deux
études, nous avons examiné les
antécédents et les conséquences de s’identifier à une identité
dominante – le citoyen global. La citoyenneté globale
est définie comme la conscience, la bienveillance et l’adhérence
à la diversité culturelle, tout en promouvant la
justice sociale et la durabilité, joint à un sens des
responsabilités à agir. La théorie et la recherche antérieures
suggèrent que le fait d’être conscient d’être connecté aux autres
personnes dans le monde (conscience globale) et
d’être enchâssé dans des milieux qui valorisent la citoyenneté
globale (environnement normatif) amène une plus
grande identification aux citoyens globaux. De plus, la théorie
et la recherche suggèrent que lorsque l’identité de
citoyen global est saillante, une plus grande identification est
reliée à une adhérence au contenu du groupe (c.-à-d.
les valeurs et les comportements prosociaux). Les résultats des
présentes études ont montré que la conscience
globale (connaissance et interconnexion avec les autres) et
l’environnement normatif d’une personne (les amis et
29. A medida que el mundo se vuelve cada vez más interconectado,
la exposición a las culturas globales les ofrecea los individuos
oportunidades para desarrollar identidades globales. En dos
estudios examinamos los
antecedentes y consecuencias de la identificación con una
identidad supraordinal —el ciudadano global. La
ciudadanı́a global se define como la conciencia, el cuidado y la
aceptación de la diversidad cultural a la vez que se
promueve la justicia social y la sustentabilidad, emparejada con
un sentido de responsabilidad de acción. La
teorı́a e investigaciones previas sugieren que el ser consciente
de la conexión que uno tiene con otras personas del
mundo (conciencia global) y estar inserto en entornos en que se
valora la ciudadanı́a global (entorno normativo)
conduce a una mayor identificación con los ciudadanos
globales. Además, la teorı́a e investigación sugieren que
cuando la identidad del ciudadano global es destacada, la mayor
identificación se relaciona con la adhesión al
contenido del grupo (por ej., los valores y comportamientos
prosociales). Los resultados de la presente serie de
estudios mostraron que la conciencia global (el conocimiento y
la interconexión con los demás) y el propio
entorno normativo (los amigos y familia que apoyan la
ciudadanı́a global) predijeron la identificación con los
ciudadanos globales, y la ciudadanı́a global predijo los valores
prosociales de empatı́a intergrupal, valoración de
la diversidad, justicia social, sustentabilidad ambiental, ayuda
intergrupal y una sentida responsabilidad de
actuar para la mejora del mundo. La relación entre los
antecedentes (entorno normativo y conciencia global) y
los resultados (valores prosociales) estuvo mediada por la
identificación con los ciudadanos globales. Se discuten
30. la relación entre estos resultados y otros resultados de
investigaciones psicológicas, las implicaciones de la
ciudadanı́a global para otros ámbitos académicos y los futuros
lineamientos de investigación. La ciudadanı́a
global destaca el efecto único de adoptar una perspectiva global
frente a una multitud de temas pertinentes a la
psicologı́a de las acciones cotidianas, los entornos y la
identidad.
Spurred by globalization, the concept of global
citizenship identity has become a focus of theoriz-
ing across various disciplines (Davies, 2006;
Dower, 2002a). In psychology, with a few excep-
tions (e.g., immigration, self-construal), little
research has empirically explored the vast effects
of globalization on identity and psychological
functioning. Calls for greater attention to the
effects of cultural (Adams & Markus, 2004) and
global (Arnett, 2002) influences on everyday life
have been relatively ignored. In the present paper
we cross disciplinary boundaries to draw on
theoretical discussions of global citizenship, and
utilize a social identity perspective (Tajfel &
Turner, 1979; Turner, Hogg, Oakes, Reicher, &
Wetherell, 1987) to add conceptual and structural
clarity to the antecedents and outcomes of taking a
globalized perspective of the world.
Clarifying the concept of global citizenship is
difficult due to the use of seemingly synonymous
terms to describe a superordinate global identity,
and the influence of theorists’ disciplinary per-
spectives in defining the construct. A multitude of
labels are used to describe inclusive forms of
citizenship, such as universal, world, postnational,
31. and transnational citizenship. While some theorists
use the terms interchangeably, others make clear
distinctions. For example, Golmohamad (2008)
equates global citizenship with international and
world citizenship, while Haugestad (2004) suggests
that a global citizen is concerned about social
justice, a ‘‘world citizen’’ is concerned about trade
and mobility, and an ‘‘earth citizen’’ is concerned
about the environment.
The confusion regarding global citizenship is
exacerbated as theorists draw from diverse dis-
ciplines and perspectives (e.g., political, theologi-
cal, developmental, educational) to define the
construct. For example, theorists in philosophy
may highlight morality and ethics, education
theorists may highlight global awareness, while
others may eschew the concept altogether as
idealist and untenable because there is no concrete
legal recognition of global group membership (for
a review of competing conceptions of global
identity see Delanty, 2000; Dower, 2002a). In an
effort to integrate the various disciplinary framings
and highlight the commonalities in prior discus-
sions of global citizenship, Reysen, Pierce,
Spencer, and Katzarska-Miller (2012b) reviewed
global education literature and interviews with
self-described global citizens, and indeed found
consistent themes regarding the antecedents
(global awareness, normative environment) and
values posited to be outcomes of global citizenship
(intergroup empathy, valuing diversity, social
justice, environmental sustainability, intergroup
helping, and a felt responsibility to act for the
betterment of the world).
32. For the purpose of the present research, we
define global citizenship, as well as the related
constructs identified by Reysen and colleagues
(2012b), by drawing from prior interdisciplinary
theoretical discussions. Global awareness is defined
MODEL OF GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP 859
as knowledge of the world and one’s interconnect-
edness with others (Dower, 2002a; Oxfam, 1997).
Normative environment is defined as people and
settings (e.g., friends, family, school) that are
infused with global citizen related cultural patterns
and values (Pike, 2008). Intergroup empathy is
defined as a felt connection and concern for people
outside one’s ingroup (Golmohamad, 2008;
Oxfam, 1997). Valuing diversity is defined as an
interest in and appreciation for the diverse cultures
of the world (Dower 2002b; Golmohamad, 2008).
Social justice is defined as attitudes concerning
human rights and equitable and fair treatment of
all humans (Dower, 2002a, 2002b; Heater, 2000).
Environmental sustainability is defined as the belief
that humans and nature are connected, combined
with a felt obligation to protect of the natural
environment (Heater, 2000). Intergroup helping is
defined as aid to others outside one’s group, and is
enacted through behaviors such as donating to
charity, volunteering locally, and working with
transnational organizations to help others globally
(Dower, 2002a). Responsibility to act is defined as
an acceptance of a moral duty or obligation to act
for the betterment of the world (Dower, 2002a,
33. 2002b). In line with themes found in prior
theorizing, we adopt the definition of global
citizenship as awareness, caring, and embracing
cultural diversity while promoting social justice
and sustainability, coupled with a sense of
responsibility to act (Snider, Reysen, &
Katzarska-Miller, in press).
SOCIAL IDENTITY PERSPECTIVE
To empirically examine the antecedents and out-
comes of global citizenship, we utilize a social
identity perspective (Hogg & Smith, 2007; Tajfel &
Turner, 1979; Turner et al., 1987). Individuals feel
different levels of identification (i.e., felt connec-
tion) with social groups (Tajfel & Turner, 1979).
Each group has a prototype or set of interrelated
attributes (i.e., group content), that are specific to
that group (Hogg & Smith, 2007). When a
particular group membership is salient, the more
strongly one identifies with the group the more
depersonalization and self-stereotyping occur in
line with the group’s content such as norms,
beliefs, values, attitudes, behaviors (Turner et al.,
1987), and personality (Jenkins, Reysen, &
Katzarska-Miller, 2012). In effect, when an iden-
tity is salient, one’s degree of identification with
the group predicts adherence to the group’s
normative content (Hogg & Smith, 2007; Turner
et al., 1987).
EVIDENCE OF GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
CONTENT
Following a social identity perspective, we argue
that membership in the group ‘‘global citizen’’ is
34. psychological in nature. As suggested by
Golmohamad (2008), global citizenship is a mind-
set or attitude one takes. In effect, individuals
perceive themselves to be global citizens and can
feel a psychological connection with global citizens
as a group. Consequently, greater identification
with global citizens should predict endorsement of
the group content (i.e., norms, values, behaviors)
that differs from the content of other groups (e.g.,
American). To test this notion, Reysen and
colleagues (2012b) asked participants to rate
endorsement of prosocial values (e.g., intergroup
helping), and identification with global citizens,
cosmopolitans, world citizens, international citi-
zens, and humans. Global citizenship identifica-
tion predicted endorsement of intergroup
empathy, valuing diversity, environmental sustain-
ability, intergroup helping, and felt responsibility
to act, beyond identification with the other super-
ordinate categories.
Additional studies showed that global citizen-
ship identification predicted participants’ degree of
endorsement of prosocial values and related
behaviors (e.g., community service, recycling,
attending cultural events) beyond identification
with subgroup identities (e.g., nation, state,
occupation). Across the studies, global citizenship
content (i.e., prosocial values) was shown to differ
from the content of other social identities. In
effect, there is converging evidence that the content
of global citizenship is related to the prosocial
values (e.g., social justice, environmentalism)
posited in the literature, and global citizenship
identification predicts these prosocial values
beyond identification with other superordinate
35. and subgroup identities.
EVIDENCE OF ANTECEDENTS TO
GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
As the world has become increasingly connected,
exposure to global cultures affords individuals
opportunities to develop global identities (Norris,
2000). To examine the influence of cultural context
on global citizenship identity, Katzarska-Miller,
Reysen, Kamble, and Vithoji (in press) assessed
participants’ perception of their normative envir-
onment (i.e., friends and family express an
injunctive norm that one ought to be a global
citizen), global citizenship identification, and
860 REYSEN AND KATZARSKA-MILLER
endorsement of prosocial values in samples from
Bulgaria, India, and the United States.
Participants sampled in the US rated their
normative environment and global citizenship
identification lower than participants sampled in
the other two countries. Mediation analyses
showed that the relationship between cultural
comparisons (US vs. Bulgaria, US vs. India) and
global citizenship identification was mediated by
participants’ perception that others in their nor-
mative environment valued global citizenship (i.e.,
participants’ environment contained an injunctive
norm that prescribes being a global citizen).
Further analyses showed that global citizenship
identification mediated the relationship between
cultural comparison and social justice, intergroup
36. empathy and helping, and concern for the envir-
onment. In other words, one’s normative environ-
ment is a strong predictor of global citizenship
identification, and global citizenship identification
mediates the relationship between cultural setting
and prosocial values.
Global awareness represents knowledge of
global issues and one’s interconnectedness with
others. Gibson, Reysen, and Katzarska-Miller
(2011) randomly assigned participants to write
about meaningful relationships (interdependent
self-construal prime) or not (control) prior to
rating their degree of global citizenship identifica-
tion and prosocial values. Participants primed with
interdependence to others showed greater global
citizenship identification and prosocial values
compared to participants in the control condition.
The relationship between priming interdependence
(vs. no prime) and global citizenship identification
was mediated by students’ perception of their
normative environment. Furthermore, global citi-
zenship identification mediated the relationship
between the interdependence prime (vs. no prime)
and endorsement of prosocial values. In effect,
raising participants’ awareness of interconnected-
ness with others led to greater endorsement of
prosocial values through a greater connection with
global citizens.
Conversely, raising the saliency of global com-
petition (related to an independent self-construal)
can reduce identification with global citizens.
Snider and colleagues (in press) randomly assigned
college students to read and respond about
globalization leading to the job market becoming
37. more culturally diverse, more competitive, or did
not read a vignette. Participants in the competition
condition rated global citizenship identification,
academic motivation, valuing diversity, intergroup
helping, and willingness to protest unethical
corporations lower than participants in the
culturally diverse framing condition.
Furthermore, participants exposed to the competi-
tion vignette were more willing to reject outgroups
than those in the diversity framed condition.
Students’ degree of global citizenship identification
mediated the relationship between globalization
message framing and academic motivation, valu-
ing diversity, intergroup helping, and willingness
to protest unethical corporations.
To summarize, past research has shown that
one’s normative environment (friends, family) and
global awareness (knowledge and interconnected-
ness with others) predict global citizenship identi-
fication. Global citizenship identification is
consistently found to mediate the relationship
between normative environment and global aware-
ness, and degree of endorsement of the group’s
content (i.e., prosocial values). Therefore, there is
considerable evidence to suggest a model of global
citizenship in which normative environment and
global awareness predict global citizenship, and
global citizenship predicts endorsement of proso-
cial values.
OVERVIEW OF CURRENT RESEARCH
In the present paper we test a model of the
antecedents and outcomes of global citizenship
38. identity. Following past theorizing (Davies, 2006;
Dower, 2002a, 2002b; Oxfam, 1997; Pike, 2008;
Schattle, 2008) and research (Gibson et al., 2011;
Katzarska-Miller et al., in press; Reysen et al.,
2012b; Snider et al., in press) we hypothesize a
structural model of global citizenship with one’s
normative environment (i.e., close others endorse
being a global citizen) and global awareness
(knowledge and interconnectedness with others)
predicting identification with global citizens, and
global citizenship identification predicting endor-
sement of prosocial values that represent the
group’s content (i.e., intergroup empathy, valuing
diversity, social justice, environmental sustainabil-
ity, intergroup helping, and felt responsibility to
act). In Study 1 we test the proposed structural
model, and in Study 2 we replicate the model with
a second sample of participants.
STUDY 1
The purpose of Study 1 is to test the predicted
model of global citizenship. Past theory and
research suggest that one’s normative environment
and global awareness predict greater global
citizenship identification, and identification with
global citizens predicts prosocial value outcomes.
MODEL OF GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP 861
In effect, global citizenship is expected to mediate
the relationship between antecedents (normative
environment and global awareness) and outcomes
(prosocial values).
39. Method
Participants and procedure
Undergraduate college participants (N ¼ 726,
57.6% women) completed the survey for either
course credit toward a psychology class or extra
credit in a nonpsychology class. Their mean age
was 28.90 years (SD ¼ 9.98). Participants rated
items assessing normative environment, global
awareness, global citizenship identification, inter-
group empathy, valuing diversity, social justice,
environmental sustainability, intergroup helping,
felt responsibility to act, and demographic infor-
mation. All items used a seven-point Likert-type
scale, from 1 ¼ strongly disagree to 7 ¼ strongly
agree.
Materials
Normative environment. Two items (‘‘Most
people who are important to me think that being
a global citizen is desirable,’’ ‘‘If I called myself a
global citizen most people who are important to
me would approve’’) were combined to assess the
perception that others in one’s environment believe
that people ought to identify as global citizens
(injunctive norm) (a ¼ .82).
Global awareness. Four items (‘‘I understand
how the various cultures of this world interact
socially,’’ ‘‘I am aware that my actions in my local
environment may affect people in other countries,’’
‘‘I try to stay informed of current issues that
impact international relations,’’ ‘‘I believe that I
40. am connected to people in other countries, and my
actions can affect them’’) were combined to form a
global awareness index (a ¼ .80).
Global citizenship identification. Two items
(‘‘I would describe myself as a global citizen,’’
‘‘I strongly identify with global citizens’’) were
adapted from prior research (see Reysen, Pierce,
Katzarska-Miller, & Nesbit, 2012a) to assess
global citizenship identification (a ¼ .89).
Intergroup empathy. Two items (‘‘I am able to
empathize with people from other countries,’’ ‘‘It
is easy for me to put myself in someone else’s shoes
regardless of what country they are from’’) were
used to assess intergroup empathy (a ¼ .76).
Valuing diversity. Two items (‘‘I would like to
join groups that emphasize getting to know people
from different countries,’’ ‘‘I am interested in
learning about the many cultures that have existed
in this world’’) were combined to assess valuing
diversity (a ¼ .91).
Social justice. Two items (‘‘Those countries that
are well off should help people in countries who
are less fortunate,’’ ‘‘Basic services such as health
care, clean water, food, and legal assistance should
be available to everyone, regardless of what
country they live in’’) were combined to assess
belief in social justice (a ¼ .74).
Environmental sustainability. Two items
(‘‘People have a responsibility to conserve natural
resources to foster a sustainable environment,’’
‘‘Natural resources should be used primarily to
41. provide for basic needs rather than material
wealth’’) were combined to assess belief in
environmental sustainability (a ¼ .76).
Intergroup helping. Two items (‘‘If I had the
opportunity, I would help others who are in need
regardless of their nationality,’’ ‘‘If I could, I
would dedicate my life to helping others no matter
what country they are from’’) were adapted from
past research (Katzarska-Miller et al., in press) to
assess intergroup helping (a ¼ .76).
Responsibility to act. Two items (‘‘Being
actively involved in global issues is my responsi-
bility,’’ ‘‘It is my responsibility to understand and
respect cultural differences across the globe to the
best of my abilities’’) were combined to assess felt
responsibility to act (a ¼ .78).
Results
All of the assessed variables were moderately to
strongly positively correlated with one another (see
Table 1 for means, standard deviations, and zero-
order correlations between the assessed variables).
We conducted a series of structural equation
models using AMOS 19 to examine the predicted
model’s fit, subsequent modification, and the
mediating role of global citizenship identification.
Due to the related nature of the prosocial values,
we allowed the disturbance terms for the variables
to covary. We evaluated model fit using the
normed fit index (NFI) and the comparative fit
index (CFI), for which values greater than .90 are
acceptable. Following Browne and Cudeck (1993),
42. 862 REYSEN AND KATZARSKA-MILLER
we set the root mean square error of approxima-
tion (RMSEA) value of .08 as an acceptable level.
Items loaded well on each of the factors,
including normative environment (.83, .84), global
awareness (.49 to .91), global citizen identification
(.86, .91), intergroup empathy (.85, .74), valuing
diversity (.96, .86), social justice (.78, .76), environ-
mental sustainability (.80, .76), intergroup helping
(.78, .80), and responsibility to act (.78, .82). The
predicted model adequately fit the data, w2(146) ¼
820.24, p 5 .001; RMSEA ¼ .080, CI(075; .085),
NFI ¼ .907, CFI ¼ .922. However, examination of
the modification indices suggested allowing two
of the global awareness item errors to covary.
Following this allowance, the model difference was
significant (Dw2(1) ¼ 211.70, p 5 .001), and the fit
indices showed the model appropriately fit the data,
w2(145) ¼ 608.54, p 5 .001; RMSEA ¼ .066,
CI(.061; .072), NFI ¼ .931, CFI ¼ .946.1
As shown in Figure 1, normative environment
and global awareness were positively related (r ¼ .51,
p 5 .001). Normative environment (b ¼ .78,
p 5 .001, CI¼ .701 to .858) and global awareness
(b ¼ .20, p 5 .001, CI ¼ .104 to .287) predicted
global citizenship identification (significance
computed with bias-corrected bootstrapping with
5000 iterations, 95% confidence intervals). Global
citizenship identification predicted intergroup
empathy (b ¼ .53, p 5 .001, CI ¼ .445 to .606),
43. valuing diversity (b ¼ .61, p 5 .001, CI ¼ .542 to
.667), social justice (b ¼ .53, p ¼ .001, CI ¼ .439 to
.608), environmental sustainability (b ¼ .50,
p 5 .001, CI ¼ .418 to .581), intergroup helping
(b ¼ .51, p 5 .001, CI ¼ .419 to .594), and felt
responsibility to act (b ¼ .70, p 5 .001, CI ¼ .633
to 769). Using bias-corrected bootstrapping (5000
iterations), the indirect effect of normative environ-
ment and global awareness on the prosocial values
(e.g., social justice) was reliably carried by global
citizenship identification (see Table 2 for standar-
dized betas of indirect effects and 95% bias-
corrected confidence intervals; all indirect effects
were significant at p 5 .001, two-tailed).
Discussion
The purpose of Study 1 was to examine our
predicted model of global citizenship identifica-
tion. Following a small modification, the model
TABLE 1
Study 1: Correlations and means (standard deviations)
Variable 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mean (SD)
1. Normative environment 1.0 4.58
(1.44)
2. Global awareness .44 1.0 4.76
(1.24)
3. Global citizenship
45. 1
Contact the first author for detailed model information,
including item loadings and disturbance term intercorrelations.
In
Studies 1 and 2 we also examined the reversed causal model,
with the outcomes (prosocial values) predicting antecedents
(global awareness, normative environment) through global
citizenship identification. The reversed model showed relatively
appropriate fit to the data in Study 1, w2(147) ¼ 821.16, p 5
.001; RMSEA ¼ .080, CI(.074; .085), NFI ¼ .907, CFI ¼ .922,
and
Study 2, w2(147) ¼ 1299.96, p 5 .001; RMSEA ¼ .081, CI(.077;
.085), NFI ¼ .903, CFI ¼ .913. However, in Study 1, the final
predicted model showed lower AIC (738.54) and ECVI (1.02, CI
¼ .919; 1.13) values than the reversed model (AIC ¼ 947.16,
ECVI ¼ 1.31, CI ¼ 1.19; 1.44). In Study 2, the predicted model
showed lower AIC (1252.35) and ECVI (1.04, CI ¼ .958; 1.14)
values than the reversed model (AIC ¼ 1425.96, ECVI ¼ 1.19,
CI ¼ 1.10; 1.29). Thus, in both studies the predicted model
showed a better fit than the reversed causality model.
MODEL OF GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP 863
showed appropriate fit to the data. As hypothe-
sized, normative environment and global aware-
ness predicted global citizenship identification,
which then predicted greater endorsement of
prosocial values (e.g., environmental sustainabil-
ity). We designed Study 2 to replicate the
final adjusted model with a second sample of
participants.
46. STUDY 2
The purpose of Study 2 is to replicate the final
adjusted model from Study 1 in a separate sample
of participants. We predict the model will show an
appropriate fit to the data similar to Study 1.
Method
Participants and procedure
Undergraduate college participants (N ¼ 1201,
62.8% women) completed the survey for either
course credit toward a psychology class or extra
credit in a nonpsychology class. Their mean age
was 25.86 years (SD ¼ 9.24). The procedure and
materials were identical to Study 1. The scales of
normative environment (a ¼ .81), global awareness
(a ¼ .80), global citizenship identification (a ¼ .89),
intergroup empathy (a ¼ .80), valuing diversity
(a ¼ .82), social justice (a ¼ .73), environmental
sustainability (a ¼ .78), intergroup helping
(a ¼ .77), and responsibility to act (a ¼ .79)
showed appropriate reliability.
TABLE 2
Study 1: Indirect effects through global citizenship
identification
Normative environment Global awareness
Variable Indirect CILower CIUpper Indirect CILower CIUpper
Empathy .41 .348 .486 .10 .053 .163
47. Diversity .48 .418 .537 .12 .061 .183
Social justice .41 .340 .492 .10 .054 .160
Sustainability .39 .323 .467 .10 .052 .153
Helping .40 .328 .476 .10 .051 .159
Responsibility .55 .484 .622 .14 .072 .211
Standardized betas and 95% confidence intervals; bias-corrected
bootstrapping with 5000 iterations; all indirect effects
are significant at p 5 .001.
.51*
Responsible
To Act
Intergroup
Helping
Sustain
Environment
Intergroup
Empathy
Value
Diversity
Social Justice
Normative
Environment
48. Global
Awareness
Global
Citizenship
.78*
.20*
.53*
.61*
.53*
.50*
.51*
.70*
Figure 1. Study 1 final model standardized betas, *p 5 .001.
864 REYSEN AND KATZARSKA-MILLER
Results
All of the assessed variables were moderately to
strongly positively correlated with one another (see
Table 3 for means, standard deviations, and zero-
order correlations between the assessed variables).
49. Items loaded well on each of the factors, including:
normative environment (.79, .86), global awareness
(.50 to .89), global citizen identification (.89, .89),
intergroup empathy (.88, .77), valuing diversity
(.83, .85), social justice (.73, .79), environmental
sustainability (.83, .77), intergroup helping
(.82, .78), and responsibility to act (.79, .83). The
model fit the data, w2(145) ¼ 1122.35, p 5 .001;
RMSEA ¼ .075, CI(.071; .079), NFI ¼ .916,
CFI ¼ .926. Similarly to Study 1, normative envir-
onment and global awareness were positively
related (r ¼ .47, p 5 .001). Normative environment
(b ¼ .74, p 5 .001, CI ¼ .670 to .801) and global
awareness (b ¼ .21, p 5 .001, CI ¼ .126 to .280)
predicted global citizenship identification (signifi-
cance computed with bias-corrected bootstrapping
with 5000 iterations, 95% confidence intervals).
Global citizenship identification predicted inter-
group empathy (b ¼ .49, p 5 .001, CI ¼ .425 to
.553), valuing diversity (b ¼ .49, p ¼ .001, CI ¼ .424
to .556), social justice (b ¼ .40, p 5 .001, CI ¼ .322
to .474), environmental sustainability (b ¼ .42,
p 5 .001, CI ¼ .340 to .486), intergroup helping
(b ¼ .41, p 5 .001, CI ¼ .339 to .483), and felt
responsibility to act (b ¼ .59, p ¼ .001, CI ¼ .517
to .652). Using bias-corrected bootstrapping (5000
iterations), the indirect effect of normative envir-
onment and global awareness on the prosocial
values (e.g., intergroup helping) was again reliably
50. carried by global citizenship identification (see
Table 4 for standardized betas of indirect effects
and 95% bias-corrected confidence intervals; all
TABLE 3
Study 2: Correlations and means (standard deviations)
Variable 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mean (SD)
1. Normative environment 1.0 4.37
(1.33)
2. Global awareness .43 1.0 4.75
(1.18)
3. Global citizenship
identification
.70 .49 1.0 4.26
(1.44)
4. Intergroup empathy .33 .51 .39 1.0 4.85
(1.42)
5. Valuing diversity .35 .56 .39 .46 1.0 4.96
(1.41)
6. Social justice .28 .34 .30 .36 .40 1.0 5.57
(1.29)
52. Standardized betas and 95% confidence intervals; bias-corrected
bootstrapping with 5000 iterations; all indirect effects
are significant at p 5 .001.
MODEL OF GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP 865
indirect effects were significant at p 5 .001, two-
tailed).
GENERAL DISCUSSION
The purpose of the present studies was to test a
model of the antecedents and outcomes of global
citizenship identity. As hypothesized, one’s nor-
mative environment and global awareness pre-
dicted global citizenship identification, and one’s
connection to global citizens predicted endorse-
ment of prosocial values that represent the content
of the group: intergroup empathy, valuing diver-
sity, social justice, environmental sustainability,
intergroup helping, and a felt responsibility to act.
Global citizenship identification mediated the
relationship between normative environment and
global awareness and prosocial values. Overall, the
proposed structural model of the antecedents and
outcomes of global citizenship was supported.
Clarifying global citizenship
Arguments about the meaning of global citizen-
ship across various disciplines have resulted in a
state of confusion and a lack of definition.
Converging on a definition is difficult given the
53. variety of synonymous category labels (e.g.,
cosmopolitan, planetary citizen), and theorists’
tendency to highlight certain components (e.g.,
social justice) over others (e.g., environmental
sustainability). We adopt the definition of global
citizenship as awareness, caring, and embracing
cultural diversity, while promoting social justice
and sustainability, coupled with a sense of
responsibility to act (Snider et al., in press). The
model of global citizenship tested in the present
paper supports each aspect of this definition.
Individuals who are highly identified global
citizens are globally aware, express caring and
empathy for others, embrace cultural diversity,
promote social justice and environmentally sus-
tainable living, and feel a responsibility to act to
help others.
The model of global citizenship also supports a
wealth of theorizing (Davies, 2006; Dower, 2002a,
2002b; Oxfam, 1997; Pike, 2008; Schattle, 2008)
and research examining global citizenship (Gibson
et al., 2011; Katzarska-Miller et al., in press;
Reysen et al., 2012b; Snider et al., in press). The
consistent pattern across the literature and
research shows global awareness and normative
environment as antecedents to global citizenship,
and the prosocial values as components of the
content of global citizen identity. Utilizing a social
identity perspective, the present research is the first
to show that the antecedents to global citizenship
predict one’s degree of identification with the
category, and global citizenship identification
predicts endorsement of prosocial values hypothe-
sized to represent the content of the group identity.
54. Thus, while past theorizing has highlighted com-
ponents of the model, the present results show the
pathways to identification with global citizens, and
the prosocial outcomes to feeling connected to the
superordinate global category.
Global awareness and superordinate
identities
The present model shows global awareness as an
antecedent to identification with global citizens.
As noted by Dower (2002a), all humans are global
citizens; however, some individuals lack the
awareness to recognize their connection with
humanity as a whole. Thus, global citizenship
represents an inclusive group membership with all
humans. A wealth of social psychological research
supports the notion that categorizing with an
inclusive superordinate category results in proso-
cial values and behaviors (for a review see Crisp &
Hewstone, 2007). For example, salience of one’s
human identity leads to greater forgiveness to an
outgroup for past harm. However, human identity
salience can also reduce the motivation of victim
groups to act collectively, and salience of bene-
volent (vs. hostile) human group content can lead
perpetrators to legitimize harmful actions against
outgroups and retain negative attitudes (see
Greenway, Quinn, & Louis, 2011).
We suggest that inherent in the content of global
citizen identity is the notion of valuing diversity
and multiculturalism (i.e., recognition of multiple
identities) that is absent in human identity content.
Indeed, Reysen et al. (2012b) found global citizen-
ship identification to uniquely predict prosocial
55. values beyond identification with the category
label human, as well as other superordinate groups
(e.g., international citizen). In other words, global
citizen content differs from other superordinate
group labels, and raising the saliency of global
citizen will affect participants differently than
saliency of human due to the differing group
content. The present results support past research
by showing that the extent to which individuals are
aware of the larger world and their place in that
world predict prosocial values (including valuing
diversity and intergroup helping) through greater
identification with the superordinate category
‘‘global citizen.’’
866 REYSEN AND KATZARSKA-MILLER
Normative environment
A second antecedent to global citizenship identi-
fication is the extent that one’s normative environ-
ment supports aspects of global citizenship.
Results from the present set of studies show that
perceiving valued others embedded in one’s every-
day settings (e.g., friends, family) as endorsing
global citizenship (injunctive norm) predicts iden-
tifying with the group. The results support past
research (Katzarska-Miller et al., in press) that
shows the relationship between cultural context
and identification with global citizens is mediated
by the degree others in one’s normative environ-
ment prescribe the identity. Global citizen theor-
ists, rightly, argue for greater integration and
support for global citizenship education between
56. school and community (Dower, 2002a, 2002b).
Embedding injunctive norms in the everyday lives
of students may lead to greater identification with
others around the world and subsequent endorse-
ment of prosocial values and behaviors.
The strong influence of social norms on
attitudes and behavior has a long history in
psychology. Individuals shape and are shaped by
the cultural patterns that are produced, repro-
duced, and modified by individuals in settings in
which they are embedded. In other words, every-
day environments (e.g., home, school, work, cities)
are intentionally constructed places that hold the
cultural patterns from prior generations, and
engaging in the settings can influence individuals
through implicit conditioning and priming of
everyday actions (Adams & Markus, 2004).
Cultural patterns and norms afford various
identities to individuals, and to the extent that
these identities are valued, can influence one’s
degree of identification (Reysen & Levine, 2012).
Thus, to the extent that patterns related to global
citizenship are embedded in one’s environment
(Adams & Markus, 2004), and others within that
environment endorse those beliefs, greater identi-
fication with global citizens can be expected.
Global citizenship and prosocial identity
content
Global citizenship identity content contains values
and behaviors (i.e., intergroup empathy, valuing
diversity, social justice, environmental sustainabil-
ity, intergroup helping, and felt responsibility to
act) that are typically examined in isolation with
57. one another in psychology. The present model
highlights the interconnected nature of these
prosocial values and their relation to social
identity processes. For example, work on inter-
group empathy finds that empathetic feelings for a
person in need are reserved for ingroup members
(Stürmer, Snyder, Kropp, & Siem, 2006). Global
citizen identity relates to empathetic concern for
ingroup and outgroup members. Priming shared
human experiences reduces prejudice toward out-
groups and increases support for peace (Motyl
et al., 2011). Similarly, global citizenship relates to
valuing diversity, reduced prejudice toward out-
groups, and greater endorsement of world peace
(Katzarska-Miller, Barnsley, & Reysen, 2012;
Reysen et al., 2012b).
Groups, and social and moral norms, influence
one’s personal values and subsequent intention to
engage in environmental behaviors (Bamberg &
Möser, 2007). Global citizenship identity content
includes a desire to act for environmentally
sustainable societies (Reysen et al., 2012b). The
relationship between salience of relationships and
helping others is mediated by one’s felt intercon-
nectedness with others (Pavey, Greitemeyer, &
Sparks, 2011). Similarly, global citizenship is
related to a variety (i.e., charity, volunteering) of
helping behaviors (Reysen et al., 2012b), and the
relationship between global awareness (knowledge
and interconnectedness with others) and inter-
group helping is mediated by global citizenship
identification (Gibson et al., 2011). Research
shows the importance of social identities in
predicting collective action (van Zomeren,
58. Postmes, & Spears, 2008). As shown in the present
model, and in past research (Gibson et al., 2011;
Reysen et al., 2012b), global citizens report a
responsibility to act for the betterment of human-
ity. Overall, the research described above exam-
ined prosocial values separately, while the present
research integrates these disparate areas of
research as outcomes of a psychological connec-
tion with others in the world.
Implications and future directions of
global citizenship
Beyond the prosocial values that represent the
content of global citizen identity, the present
research has implications for a variety of areas
within psychology and other disciplines (e.g.,
education, political science, business). For exam-
ple, psychological concepts of moral identity and
critical moral consciousness are related to empa-
thy, social justice, and a moral responsibility to act
(Mustakova-Possardt, 2004). The motivation
behind a moral identity is posited to be a spiritual
search for truth, similar to the concept of a
MODEL OF GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP 867
religious quest motivation. In a recent series of
studies, Katzarska-Miller et al. (2012) found that
global citizenship identification is closely related to
a religious quest motivation. Global citizenship is
59. also similar to past findings examining ‘‘world-
mindedness,’’ which is positively related to endor-
sement for collective action and suggested to lead
to greater felt connection with the global commu-
nity (Der-Karabetian, 1992). Within education,
cooperative learning highlights students’ intercon-
nectedness with others and results in greater
empathy and perspective taking, justice beliefs,
and wellbeing (Johnson & Johnson, 2010). The
underlying mechanism behind cooperative learn-
ing may reside in the salience of interconnected-
ness with others, similar to the interconnectedness
component predicting global citizenship.
Based on social identity perspective, global
citizenship has implications for intergroup rela-
tions. As previously noted, superordinate group
salience can have beneficial but also negative
effects on intergroup bias (see Crisp & Hewstone,
2007). The present model shows global citizenship
60. identification predicting greater intergroup empa-
thy, helping, and valuing diversity. In a recent
study, Jenkins and Reysen (2011) presented
participants with either morally positive or nega-
tive information about an outgroup prior to rating
the perception of the outgroup and endorsed
actions. Participants’ prior rating of global citizen-
ship identification moderated the relationship of
valence of information on outgroup attitudes such
that when the outgroup was portrayed negatively
(vs. positively), highly identified global citizens
were less likely to view the outgroup as an enemy,
which resulted in a lower desire to avoid the
outgroup.
Global citizenship has implications for research
examining immigrants and global travelers. For
example, Berry’s model of acculturation strategies
(e.g., Berry, 2001) has recently been adapted to
account for a larger global identity (Banerjee &
61. German, 2007). Work on bicultural identities (e.g.,
Chen, Benet-Martı́nez, & Bond, 2008) shows that
bicultural individuals who integrate disparate
cultural identities show better psychological
adjustment in their new environments. Perhaps
an umbrella identity can aid immigrants by
providing an inclusive identity that allows for
identification with both new and prior subgroup
identities. In effect, global citizenship may provide
global sojourners with a way to reduce the
perceived distance between cultures by simulta-
neously identifying with the larger superordinate
global citizen category.
Unethical companies can elicit moral outrage
and protest behaviors on the part of consumers
(Cronin, Reysen, & Branscombe, in press). In
response, corporations endorse and advertise
corporate social responsibility, regardless of
whether they actually perform responsible business
practices, which affects how consumers view those
corporations. Consumer reactions to corporate
practices may depend on consumers’ global
citizenship identification and interact with whether
the corporations’ actions reflect global citizen
62. values. Corporations are also pushing to hire
employees with a greater global focus and open-
ness to new ideas and experiences. Global citizen-
ship identity is related to greater intellectualism
and openness (Jenkins et al., 2012) beyond
identification with other identities (e.g., nation,
human). Perhaps the characteristics companies
desire in new employees are those associated with
global citizen identity. The present model of global
citizenship holds implications for how companies
present their public image, how consumers react,
and employee hiring and training.
Limitations
Although the present set of studies is novel in
showing antecedents and outcomes of identifying
with global citizens, there are limitations that
should be considered when interpreting the results.
First, participants in the present study consisted of
American undergraduate college students attend-
ing a university in northeastern Texas. As shown
by Pippa Norris’ (2000) examination of World
Values Survey results, younger individuals are
more likely than older adults to feel an attachment
with the world as a whole. While similar patterns
of association between global citizenship identifi-
cation and endorsement of prosocial values have
been found in a community sample including older
adults (Reysen et al., 2010) and participants
sampled in other countries (Katzarska-Miller
et al., in press), caution should be taken in
generalizing the results. Future research can
examine the model tested in the present paper in
other cultural contexts and demographically vari-
able populations. Second, the measures used in the
63. present studies are subjective self-reports rather
than objective behavioral measures. Future
research should examine whether global citizen-
ship identification is related to prosocial behaviors
when the identity is salient.
Third, the present studies are correlational. The
purpose of modeling the antecedents and out-
comes of global citizenship is to direct future
868 REYSEN AND KATZARSKA-MILLER
research endeavors that can experimentally manip-
ulate aspects of the model. Fourth, we implied a
causal direction of antecedents leading to global
citizenship, and global citizenship leading to out-
comes. However, practicing global citizen oriented
activities (e.g., community service) may also lead
to greater global citizenship (e.g., Schattle, 2008).
While we examined, and found, the reverse
causality model to show poorer fit to the data
than the predicted model, future research examin-
ing aspects of the model (e.g., manipulating
responsibility and examining the effect on global
citizenship identification) is needed.
CONCLUSION
Globalization has encouraged many disciplines to
examine the nature of citizenship, identity, and
more generally, the effects of increasing intercon-
nectedness with others. One outcome is the
affordance of identifying the self with a global,
rather than national, identity—global citizen. In
64. two studies, we tested a model of the antecedents
and outcomes of identification with global citizens.
Global awareness and one’s normative environ-
ment predict identification with global citizens,
and global citizenship predicts prosocial values of
intergroup empathy, valuing diversity, social
justice, environmental sustainability, intergroup
helping, and a felt responsibility to act for the
betterment of the world. The relationship between
normative environment and global awareness and
prosocial values is mediated by global citizenship
identification. Global citizenship highlights the
unique effect of taking a global perspective on a
multitude of topics relevant to the psychology of
everyday actions and environments (e.g., helping
behaviors). The field of psychology has relatively
ignored the exponential cultural and social change
and impact of globalization. Global citizenship
exemplifies the recognition of the impact of
globalization on identity and subsequent prosocial
effects on attitudes and behaviors.
Manuscript received March 2012
Revised manuscript accepted May 2012
First published online July 2012
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