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![・The grammatical ability to connect more than two
ideas, which called Recursion, is an innate ability in
all human.
・Recursion shows up in all languages.
For Example;
Alex has a red car.
⇒Alex, [whom you know very well], has a red car.
⇒Alex, [whom you know very well], has a red car
[which is parked there.]
(Chomsky, 1957)
13](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/finalpresentationpptx-161013121528/85/How-Language-Affects-Future-Behaviour-13-320.jpg)
![1. What is the definition of future discourse
2. Conventional factors
Future tenses
Alternative
Ways
Language
Other Factors
[Cultural,
Situational factors]
(Bittner, 2005)
17
?
VS](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/finalpresentationpptx-161013121528/85/How-Language-Affects-Future-Behaviour-17-320.jpg)
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- 1. Prepared by HarunoShimazaki University of Toronto School of Continuing Studies English Language Program Advanced Academic Skills Prepared for Bill Mboutsiadis 22 June 2016 1
- 2. • Rikkyo University(St. Paul University) in Tokyo Undergraduate student (2nd year) • College of Arts, Department of Letters, Course in English and American Literature • Historical Linguistics / Phonology・Phonetics 2
- 3. - Can LanguageAffect How You Spend Your Money? - The Effect of Language on Economic Behavior (Chen,2013) 3
- 4. How Do LanguagesAffect Future Behaviours and thoughts? ・5 peer edited articles from Roberts Library ・Video lectures (Chen, 2013) 4
- 5. Four theories • KeithChen • Daniel Everett • Sapir Whorf • Noam Chomsky Theory Relationships • Chen &Everett • Chen & Chomsky • Everett & Chomsky Discussion • Future discourse • Conventional factors Conclusion 5
- 6. Keith Chen (2013) DanielEverett (2005) Sapir Whorf (1922) Noam Chomsky (1957) (Chen,2013 &Everett,2005 &Sapir-Whorf, 1922 & Chomsky, 1957) 6
- 7. ・Distance How people feeldistances between 2 mechanisms present and future ・Distinguish Ability Cognitive linguistics “The Effect of Language on Economic Behavior; Evidence from Saving Rates, Health Behaviors, and Retirement Assets” (Chen, 2013) Future Tense FTR (Future Time References) Strong-FTR Weak-FTR 7
- 8. Future Present Present Future Strong-FTR Weak-FTR Futureless 1stmechanism “Distance” (Chen, 2013) (Chen, 2013) 8
- 9. Right Left Cardinal Directions 2nd mechanism “Distinguish ability” (Chen,2013) (Chen, 2013) Present Future 9
- 10. Weak-FTR/ Futureless • Future &Present is equal • Less distinguish Future oriented behavior Save more 10
- 11. Piraha Language No Numberwords ⇒ Effects on Economic Behavior No Future Tense Live now (Everett, 2005) 11
- 12. Strong version Language Determines thought Weak version Onlyinfluence thoughts and decisions (Sapir-Whorf, 1922) 12
- 13. ・The grammatical abilityto connect more than two ideas, which called Recursion, is an innate ability in all human. ・Recursion shows up in all languages. For Example; Alex has a red car. ⇒Alex, [whom you know very well], has a red car. ⇒Alex, [whom you know very well], has a red car [which is parked there.] (Chomsky, 1957) 13
- 14. (Chen,2013 &Everett,2005 &Sapir-Whorf,1922 & Chomsky, 1957) 14
- 15. Chen (2013) Weak-FTR ⇒donot separate present and future Weak-FTR tend to cause future oriented behabiour Everett (2005) Weak-FTR / Futureless language ⇒ do not conceptualize Future Weak-FTR tend not to lead future oriented behavior (Chen,2013. & Everett, 2005) 15
- 16. Chomsky Chen Everett Everett versusChomsky ・Recursion might exist in all people’s mind, but not necessary in the languages. Chen versus Chomsky ・Chen did not find any reflection of innate cognitive nor early cultural differences, which argued by Chomsky Challenge (Chen, 2013. & Everett, 2005. & Chomsky, 1922) 16
- 17. 1. What isthe definition of future discourse 2. Conventional factors Future tenses Alternative Ways Language Other Factors [Cultural, Situational factors] (Bittner, 2005) 17 ? VS
- 18. Business/ Economic fields etc Language • Translation •International communication Consumer Behaviour 18
- 19. Chen, M. K.(2013). The Effect of Language on Economic Behavior: Evidence from Savings Rates, Health Behaviors, and Retirement Assets Chomsky, N. (1957). Syntactic Structures. Paris: Mouton and Co. Everett, D. L. (2005). Cultural Constraints on Grammar and Cognition in Piraha ̃ Everett. D.L (2005). Current Anthropology Vol. 46, No. 4. Cultural Constraints on Grammar and Cognition in Pirahã: Another Look at the Design Features of Human Language Bittner, M. (2005) Online update: Temporal, modal, and de se anaphora in polysynthetic discourse. To appear in C. Barker and P. Jacobson, (eds), Direct Compositionality. Sapir, E. (1922) Language. Harcourt and Brace. New York. 19
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