Horticultural societies first emerged around 8,000 BC in the Near East, as humans transitioned from hunting and gathering to plant cultivation. This was likely driven by the depletion of big game and global warming making agriculture possible. The adoption of horticulture led to more permanent settlements and the beginning of pottery and metallurgy. Characteristics of horticultural societies included cultivation being primarily women's work, higher rates of matrilineality, warfare, ancestor worship, and slavery. The spread of farming languages and genes provides evidence that horticultural expansions shaped the distribution of language families worldwide, such as Bantu in Africa and Austronesian in the Pacific. Sir William Jones's discovery of the relationship
Reference:
Book of Ava Ann P. Semorlan, PhD & Adrian P. Semorlan, MPA, MHSS, Ed.D. entitled Community Engagement, Solidarity, and Citizenship for Senior High School
Topic of Sociology, Introduction and theories, evolutionary theory, THEORIES, Evolutionary theory , Cyclic theory, Functional theory and conflict theory, Processes of Social change, discovery, invention, diffusion, Factors of Change, Resistance and acceptance and consequences
The Social Science and the three faces of the Socialjeremiasmagdaong1
Society as we know share its foundation and complex structure between culture, social, and politics. This presentation highlights the three faces of social and reflects upon the abundant understanding of how society is being built through our very eyes.
Reference:
Book of Ava Ann P. Semorlan, PhD & Adrian P. Semorlan, MPA, MHSS, Ed.D. entitled Community Engagement, Solidarity, and Citizenship for Senior High School
Topic of Sociology, Introduction and theories, evolutionary theory, THEORIES, Evolutionary theory , Cyclic theory, Functional theory and conflict theory, Processes of Social change, discovery, invention, diffusion, Factors of Change, Resistance and acceptance and consequences
The Social Science and the three faces of the Socialjeremiasmagdaong1
Society as we know share its foundation and complex structure between culture, social, and politics. This presentation highlights the three faces of social and reflects upon the abundant understanding of how society is being built through our very eyes.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
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Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
3. HORTICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY
horticulture comes from
Latin hortus = “garden”
slash-and-burn or swidden
farming cultivation
non-intensive plant
cultivation, based on the
use of simple tools and
cyclical, non-continuous
use crop lands
husbandry & plant
cultivation with hoe &
digging-stick (no plow)
emerges 8,000 BC Slash-and-burn horticulture
Ranomafana, Madagascar
4. CAUSES OF EMERGENCE OF HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES
horticultural societies emerge about 8,000 BC first
in Near East (“Middle East”)
older view: humans chose to adopt a better
subsistence technology
modern view: humans were forced to switch to
horticulture, because
of the depletion of big game animals caused by
progress in hunting technology
of global warming (end of last ice age) making
plant cultivation possible
8. INVENTION OF METALLURGY
first copper, and later bronze
marks transition from simple to advanced
horticultural societies
ultimately caused by
adoption of horticulture
following long chain of
causes and effects
as direct consequence
of use of kilns KILN
9. CAUSES OF THE INVENTION OF METALLURGY
more permanent
settlements
beginning of pottery
how to make a clay
pot without a wheel?
just the way you
thought! make a
snake, etc.
10. HOW INVENTION OF METALLURGY WAS ULTIMATELY
CAUSED BY SHIFT FROM HUNTING AND GATHERING
TO HORTICULTURE
12. FIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES
Horticultural technology primary cause of
some of the common characteristics of
horticultural societies. These include
1. cultivation primarily a female responsibility
2. high incidence of matrilineality
3. high incidence of warfare
4. high incidence of ancestor worship
5. high incidence of slavery
22. SPREAD OF FARMING
AND FORMATION OF LANGUAGE FAMILIES
Exciting recent scientific development is
hypothesis that old demic (population) expansions
due to adoption of farming have caused
distribution of languages observed today;
expansions can also be seen in distribution of
genes
Three well-studied instances:
Bantu expansion in Africa
Austronesian expansion in Pacific
Indo-European expansions in Europe and Asia
23. BANTU EXPANSION IN AFRICA
Bantu “homeland” near Cameroon-Nigeria
border
emergence of horticulture (& later iron
metallurgy) triggers demic expansion
from 3,000 BC to 500 AD
reconstructed from genetic, linguistic,
anthropological & archaeological clues
origin of contemporary distribution of
languages in Africa
24. AUSTRONESIAN EXPANSION IN PACIFIC
Austronesian-speaking people from South
China coast & Taiwan
expand 3,500 BC to 1,3000 AD
east all the way to Easter Island
west all the way to Madagascar near African
coast
25. INDO-EUROPEAN EXPANSIONS IN EUROPE & ASIA
Indo-European family of languages expanded either
around 6,500 BC from homeland in Anatolia
together with horticultural technology (Neolithic)
or around 3,500 BC from homeland between Black
Sea & Caspian Sea (in modern Ukraine) together
with domesticated horses, oxen-drawn carts &
plow
scholars disagree over which took place (but
second hypothesis favored)
discovery of Indo-European family of languages
and reconstruction of ancestral proto-Indo-
European is a major episode of intellectual history
29. SIR WILLIAM JONES (1746–1794)
born Westminster, father
mathematician
linguistic prodigy learns
Greek, Latin, Persian,
Arabic, Chinese early
1773 graduated as an
M.A., Oxford University
reputed orientalist by 22
1783 becomes Chief
Justice of India
30. ENIGMA OF INDO-EUROPEAN ORIGINS
in 1786 Sir William Jones observes
similarities between Greek, Latin, Sanskrit,
“Gothic” (Germanic) and Celtic in both
individual words & syntax
postulates common origin for these
languages spoken over vast area of Europe
& Asia
this is called the Indo-European hypothesis
31. SIR WILLIAM JONES’S
INDO-EUROPEAN HYPOTHESIS (1786)
“The Sanscrit language, whatever be its antiquity, is
of a wonderful structure; more perfect than the
Greek, more copious than the Latin, and more
exquisitely refined than either, yet bearing to both of
them a stronger affinity, both in the roots of verbs
and the forms of grammar, than could possibly
have been produced by accident; so strong indeed,
that no philologer could examine them all three,
without believing them to have sprung from some
common source, which, perhaps, no longer exists.”
32. RECONSTRUCTION OF PIE
linguists realize correspondences among Indo-
European languages are regular
suggesting systematic sound changes from
ancestral to daughter languages
allowing reconstruction of ancestral language,
termed proto-Indo-European
over next 200 years historical linguists (mostly
Danish, German, and French) use comparative
method to analyze correspondences among IE
languages and reconstruct original sounds of PIE
by 1870 main outline of reconstruction in place
reconstruction of PIE is triumph of 19th c. linguistics
34. EMERGENCE OF HORTICULTURE IN THE NEW WORLD
AS A NATURAL EXPERIMENT
first human settlements in New World 13,000 years
ago before present (perhaps as early as 50,000
years ago)
through Beringia, land bridge between Siberia &
Alaska
after last glaciation land bridge submerged
New World cut off from the Old World
“natural experiment”: horticulture cannot have
diffused from Old World
independent emergence of horticulture in New World
suggests
similar environmental circumstances + similar
35. REFERENCES
François Nielsen. “Soci111 – Human Societies:
Module 10 – Horticultural Societies”. University of
North Carolina. 2007.
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