1) The study investigated the potential protective effects of honey against paracetamol-induced liver toxicity in rats.
2) Administration of paracetamol caused significant increases in liver enzymes and oxidative stress markers along with liver damage.
3) Pretreatment with honey or the reference drug silymarin prevented the paracetamol-induced increases in liver enzymes and oxidative stress and reduced liver damage based on histological examination.
Hydrolysate Characterization Technical Presentation Webinar11 2009Mason Williams
1) The document discusses developing a chemically defined hydrolysate alternative to mitigate risks associated with undefined natural hydrolysates.
2) The approach involves fractionating multiple hydrolysates using RP-HPLC and identifying bioactive fractions that stimulate cell growth and protein production in CHO cells.
3) A new product called EX-CELL CD Hydrolysate Fusion was developed that contains synthetic components identified from bioactive fractions and provides 80-100% of the performance of natural hydrolysates.
This document discusses enzymatic tailoring of hydrolysate properties. It provides an overview of enzymes, including enzyme classes and nomenclature. It describes how enzymatic hydrolysis can be used to customize the chemical and biological properties of protein hydrolysates, such as solubility, molecular weight distribution, and amino acid profile. Several examples are given of how different proteases can be used to tailor the degree of hydrolysis, antioxidant activity, foam stability, and amino acid composition of soy flour hydrolysates. The document concludes that enzymatic tailoring provides opportunities to engineer product specifications, improve yields and recoveries, customize protein properties, and develop new active ingredients and product paradigms from plant sources.
The document summarizes a study on the enzymatic protein hydrolysis of catfish (Clarias batrachus) muscle using the enzyme subtilisin. The key findings are:
1) Degree of hydrolysis and peptide content of the catfish protein hydrolysates increased with longer hydrolysis time, reaching maximum levels at 180 minutes.
2) Amino acid profiles and proximate compositions were generally not affected by hydrolysis time. The hydrolysates were rich in essential amino acids and high in protein content.
3) Catfish protein hydrolysates produced using subtilisin have potential applications in food, health and other industries due to their high nutrient and bioactive peptide content.
Hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract of Hibiscus Sabdariffa on alcoho...Bhavana Gundavarapu
The aim of present study was to investigate the Hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa (Malvaceace) leaves in albino rats on alcohol induced hepatotoxic activity. .
The document discusses a study on the hepatoprotective effects of Rhodiola imbricata rhizome extract against paracetamol-induced liver toxicity in rats. The study aims to evaluate the rhizome extract for its ability to protect the liver against damage caused by paracetamol overdose. Rats are divided into several groups testing various doses of the rhizome extract, a standard drug, and a control. Biochemical markers and histopathological examination are used to analyze the effects on the liver. The results show that the rhizome extract maintained normal liver enzyme and lipid levels compared to the toxicity group, indicating it has a protective effect on the liver similar to the standard drug.
Pharma supplements recombinant proteins as excipients Stephen Berezenko
1) The document discusses challenges in formulating biotherapeutics like proteins and how commonly used excipients like gelatin and human serum albumin have issues related to purity, consistency, and potential risk of transmitting diseases.
2) It describes how recombinant DNA technology has been used to produce recombinant versions of gelatin and human serum albumin as excipients that are highly pure, consistent, and avoid risks from animal or human sources.
3) Recombinant human albumin called Recombumin has been commercially developed and clinically tested as a safer alternative to use in biotherapeutic formulations compared to traditional excipients from animal or human sources.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of the hydro-alcoholic stem bark extract of Callicarpa arborea Roxb. in diabetic rats. Key findings include:
1) The extract showed significant antioxidant activity in various in vitro assays and was found to be non-toxic up to 2000 mg/kg.
2) In diabetic rats, the extract significantly reduced blood glucose levels, improved glucose tolerance, increased serum insulin levels, and positively affected lipid profiles and liver function markers.
3) Histopathological analysis of pancreas and liver tissues showed protective effects of the extract against diabetes-induced damage.
4) The results suggest that the stem bark
Hydrolysate Characterization Technical Presentation Webinar11 2009Mason Williams
1) The document discusses developing a chemically defined hydrolysate alternative to mitigate risks associated with undefined natural hydrolysates.
2) The approach involves fractionating multiple hydrolysates using RP-HPLC and identifying bioactive fractions that stimulate cell growth and protein production in CHO cells.
3) A new product called EX-CELL CD Hydrolysate Fusion was developed that contains synthetic components identified from bioactive fractions and provides 80-100% of the performance of natural hydrolysates.
This document discusses enzymatic tailoring of hydrolysate properties. It provides an overview of enzymes, including enzyme classes and nomenclature. It describes how enzymatic hydrolysis can be used to customize the chemical and biological properties of protein hydrolysates, such as solubility, molecular weight distribution, and amino acid profile. Several examples are given of how different proteases can be used to tailor the degree of hydrolysis, antioxidant activity, foam stability, and amino acid composition of soy flour hydrolysates. The document concludes that enzymatic tailoring provides opportunities to engineer product specifications, improve yields and recoveries, customize protein properties, and develop new active ingredients and product paradigms from plant sources.
The document summarizes a study on the enzymatic protein hydrolysis of catfish (Clarias batrachus) muscle using the enzyme subtilisin. The key findings are:
1) Degree of hydrolysis and peptide content of the catfish protein hydrolysates increased with longer hydrolysis time, reaching maximum levels at 180 minutes.
2) Amino acid profiles and proximate compositions were generally not affected by hydrolysis time. The hydrolysates were rich in essential amino acids and high in protein content.
3) Catfish protein hydrolysates produced using subtilisin have potential applications in food, health and other industries due to their high nutrient and bioactive peptide content.
Hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract of Hibiscus Sabdariffa on alcoho...Bhavana Gundavarapu
The aim of present study was to investigate the Hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa (Malvaceace) leaves in albino rats on alcohol induced hepatotoxic activity. .
The document discusses a study on the hepatoprotective effects of Rhodiola imbricata rhizome extract against paracetamol-induced liver toxicity in rats. The study aims to evaluate the rhizome extract for its ability to protect the liver against damage caused by paracetamol overdose. Rats are divided into several groups testing various doses of the rhizome extract, a standard drug, and a control. Biochemical markers and histopathological examination are used to analyze the effects on the liver. The results show that the rhizome extract maintained normal liver enzyme and lipid levels compared to the toxicity group, indicating it has a protective effect on the liver similar to the standard drug.
Pharma supplements recombinant proteins as excipients Stephen Berezenko
1) The document discusses challenges in formulating biotherapeutics like proteins and how commonly used excipients like gelatin and human serum albumin have issues related to purity, consistency, and potential risk of transmitting diseases.
2) It describes how recombinant DNA technology has been used to produce recombinant versions of gelatin and human serum albumin as excipients that are highly pure, consistent, and avoid risks from animal or human sources.
3) Recombinant human albumin called Recombumin has been commercially developed and clinically tested as a safer alternative to use in biotherapeutic formulations compared to traditional excipients from animal or human sources.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of the hydro-alcoholic stem bark extract of Callicarpa arborea Roxb. in diabetic rats. Key findings include:
1) The extract showed significant antioxidant activity in various in vitro assays and was found to be non-toxic up to 2000 mg/kg.
2) In diabetic rats, the extract significantly reduced blood glucose levels, improved glucose tolerance, increased serum insulin levels, and positively affected lipid profiles and liver function markers.
3) Histopathological analysis of pancreas and liver tissues showed protective effects of the extract against diabetes-induced damage.
4) The results suggest that the stem bark
Effect of ethanolic extract of piper nigrum ijrpppharmaindexing
- The document describes a study investigating the effect of ethanolic extract of Piper nigrum Linn. fruits on the pharmacodynamics of atorvastatin in hyperlipidemic rats.
- Rats were fed a standard cholesterol diet for 30 days to induce hyperlipidemia and then divided into groups receiving atorvastatin alone or in combination with the extract.
- Blood samples were collected and analyzed for lipid profiles on days 1 and 8. Atorvastatin alone and in combination with the extract significantly reduced lipid levels compared to the hyperlipidemic control group, suggesting the extract increases the efficacy of atorvastatin.
The Effect Of Roselle Extract (Hibiscus Sabdariffa Linn.) On Blood Glucose ...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
This document summarizes a study that characterized the heme binding properties of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). The key findings include:
1) GAPDH binds heme substoichiometrically, with one heme binding per GAPDH tetramer. The heme forms low-spin complexes with GAPDH that have distinct UV-visible absorption spectra depending on the heme redox state.
2) Kinetic analysis found heme binding to GAPDH is reversible and selective for heme structure. Heme binding affinity ranges from 19-390 nM depending on redox conditions.
3) Spectroscopic analysis indicates the heme in the GAPDH complex is bis-ligated by a histidine residue as the proximal
Comparative Study of The Antioxidant Activities of Monodora Myristica And A. ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
This document discusses the differences between excipients used in small molecule and biotherapeutic drug formulations. For biotherapeutics, excipients help stabilize proteins and peptides, which are sensitive molecules. Common excipients include amino acids, sugars, polymers and detergents. Historically, human serum albumin and gelatin were used as excipients but there are now concerns over using animal or human derived materials due to risk of disease transmission. Recombinant versions of gelatin and human serum albumin produced in yeast are presented as safer alternatives that avoid these risks.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The document analyzes the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and protective effects of Amaranthus retroflexus against long-term diabetic complications. LC-DAD-MS analysis identified various phenolic compounds in extracts of the plant. The ethyl acetate extract showed the highest inhibition of lipoxygenase. The same extract also exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity against aldose reductase, which is implicated in diabetic complications. Overall, the results indicate that extracts of A. retroflexus have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and protective properties and could help prevent or treat diabetes and its associated health issues.
The document discusses biopharming of gum and starch. For gum, it describes expressing a synthetic gene encoding a hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein-based gum in tobacco cells. This gum (GA)8 exhibited emulsification properties. For starch, it outlines expressing enzymes like branching and debranching enzymes to modify starch structure during synthesis in plants. This could produce starches with altered properties for industrial uses. Challenges include low yields and effects on plant growth. Overall, the document reviews engineering plants to produce novel gums and modified starches through biopharming.
Evaluation of antioxidant activities of Cyperusrotundus (Ethanolic extract an...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Isolation, in vitro antidiabetic, antioxidant activity and molecular docking ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
1. Recombinant proteins are produced using biomolecular engineering techniques to modify gene sequences and produce proteins in large quantities.
2. Common production methods involve inserting genes into vectors which are then inserted into host cells like E. coli to produce the protein.
3. Purification techniques include chromatography methods like ion exchange, affinity, and size exclusion chromatography as well as centrifugation to separate proteins based on properties like charge, binding affinity, and size.
This document evaluates several commercial membrane protein extraction kits for their ability to isolate multi-spanning integral membrane proteins from cell and tissue samples for downstream analysis. A sequential detergent extraction method using the Mem-PER Plus kit resulted in increased solubilization and identification of integral membrane proteins compared to other non-detergent or whole cell lysis methods. Specifically, western blot analysis showed higher extraction of proteins like SLC25A6 and AT1A1. Mass spectrometry identification of membrane fractions also revealed more integral membrane proteins annotated from the Uniprot database. Additionally, intact membrane protein complexes like the sodium potassium ATP transporter could be immunoprecipitated after extraction with this sequential detergent method.
The Electrophoretic Profile Myofibrillar Proteins Extracted From Camel Muscle...IJEAB
Changes in electrophoretic profiles of myofibrillar protein (MFP) in the Longissimus thoracis (LD) of young camels (2 to 4 years), preserved by refrigeration has been treated or not by lactic acid solution 4% or citric acid 1%, were followed during the post-mortem time at the following times: 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24 and 48 hours. The cold preservation for 48 hours has not shown any particular distinctions in the protein profiles of this muscle. Changes related to the type of treatment were recorded during the storage time. Proteolysis of the myofibrillar fraction was earlier in this muscle in the case of treatment with one of two solutions of organic acids used, particularly in the case of using lactic acid. Indeed, these changes have affected at the first hour after slaughter the proteolysis of the myofibrillar proteins. Fragments of low molecular weight (42, 36, 33, 26, 23, 18, 16, 14 and 13 kDa) have been identified. The electrophoretic analysis showed that during refrigeration, LD treated with a solution of lactic acid is more sensitive to disruption phenomena and muscle protein proteolysis that lots of this muscle that even in the case of preservation by refrigeration only or by refrigeration
This document summarizes research purifying and characterizing a novel antioxidant peptide from the hard-shelled mussel Mytilus coruscus. Enzymatic hydrolysis was used to generate hydrolysates from M. coruscus, which were screened for antioxidant activity. The papain hydrolysate showed the highest free radical scavenging activity. Further purification using chromatography yielded a novel 10 amino acid peptide. In vitro and in vivo assays found the peptide to have potent antioxidant effects, inhibiting oxidative stress markers and enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity in mice. This is the first report of an antioxidant peptide from M. coruscus with potential anti-inflammatory properties.
Effect of Antioxidant status on liver following Atrazine exposure and its pro...IOSR Journals
The efficacy of Andrographis paniculata (AP) extract was studied on atrazine induced hepatic damage in rats. Ethanolic extract of AP (150mg/kg body weight) was found to protect the male wistar rats from hepato toxic action of atrazine as evidence by significant reduction in the level of lipid peroxidation and increased the antioxidant defense system activity in the atrazine intoxicated rats. However, AP treatment ameliorated the effects of atrazine suggesting it as potential antioxidant against atrazine induced oxidative stress.
Ecuadorian Rainforest, LLC is a supplier of all natural fruit, herb, marine, spice and vegetable ingredients.
This presentation highlights the health benefits of ingredients found in Latin America.
For more information, a sample or pricing please use the contact form or email us at info@intotherainforest.com
Combination of Angkak (Red Yeast Rice), Red Guava (Psidium guajava Linn) Leaf...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
This study investigated the role of cholesterol in the intracellular growth of Chlamydia trachomatis. Researchers found that inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis inhibited chlamydial growth, but this could be reversed by adding exogenous cholesterol. A C. trachomatis gene, CT149, was found to encode an esterase that hydrolyzes cholesteryl esters when expressed in host cells, suggesting its role in utilizing host cholesterol. Expression of the CT149 gene product in E. coli and HeLa cells showed carboxylic esterase activity, decreasing cytoplasmic cholesteryl esters. This suggests C. trachomatis acquires and metabolizes host cholesterol through the activity of the CT149 gene
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECTOF POMEGRANATE PEEL AND WHEY...Anurag Raghuvanshi
The antioxidant activity of pomegranate peel powder (PPP) and whey powder (WP) was evaluated, their hepatoprotective effect of each alone or in combination (PPWP) at equal levels was also evaluated in Wistar rats against carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) induced liver injury.
The hepatoprotective activity was assessed using various biochemical parameters and histopathological studies.
Protective effects of commelina benghalensis linn (root) extract on ethanol i...IJSIT Editor
The present study was undertaken to investigate the protective effect and possible mechanism of
alcoholic (AlE) and aqueous extract (AqE) from Commelina benghalensis root (CB) on EtOH-induced hepatic
injury in Wistar rat. Hepatotoxic parameters studied in vivo include serum transaminases (AST, and ALT),
ALP, bilirubin, protein, lipid profile (Cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL and HDL) and level of antioxidants
together with histopathological examination. Liv 52® was used as a reference hepatoprotective agent
(5ml/kg-1b.w.). AlE and AqE (200 mg/kg-1b.w.) on oral administration decreased the level of AST, ALP, ALT,
bilirubin, cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL, MDA and increased the level of protein, HDL and antioxidants (SOD,
GSH and CAT) in rats being treated with ethanol (EtOH). Pentobarbitone -induced sleeping time study was
carried out to verify the effect on microsomal enzymes Histopathological observations confirmed the
beneficial roles of MF against EtOH-induced liver injury in rats. Possible mechanism may involve their
antioxidant activity
Effect of ethanolic extract of piper nigrum ijrpppharmaindexing
- The document describes a study investigating the effect of ethanolic extract of Piper nigrum Linn. fruits on the pharmacodynamics of atorvastatin in hyperlipidemic rats.
- Rats were fed a standard cholesterol diet for 30 days to induce hyperlipidemia and then divided into groups receiving atorvastatin alone or in combination with the extract.
- Blood samples were collected and analyzed for lipid profiles on days 1 and 8. Atorvastatin alone and in combination with the extract significantly reduced lipid levels compared to the hyperlipidemic control group, suggesting the extract increases the efficacy of atorvastatin.
The Effect Of Roselle Extract (Hibiscus Sabdariffa Linn.) On Blood Glucose ...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
This document summarizes a study that characterized the heme binding properties of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). The key findings include:
1) GAPDH binds heme substoichiometrically, with one heme binding per GAPDH tetramer. The heme forms low-spin complexes with GAPDH that have distinct UV-visible absorption spectra depending on the heme redox state.
2) Kinetic analysis found heme binding to GAPDH is reversible and selective for heme structure. Heme binding affinity ranges from 19-390 nM depending on redox conditions.
3) Spectroscopic analysis indicates the heme in the GAPDH complex is bis-ligated by a histidine residue as the proximal
Comparative Study of The Antioxidant Activities of Monodora Myristica And A. ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
This document discusses the differences between excipients used in small molecule and biotherapeutic drug formulations. For biotherapeutics, excipients help stabilize proteins and peptides, which are sensitive molecules. Common excipients include amino acids, sugars, polymers and detergents. Historically, human serum albumin and gelatin were used as excipients but there are now concerns over using animal or human derived materials due to risk of disease transmission. Recombinant versions of gelatin and human serum albumin produced in yeast are presented as safer alternatives that avoid these risks.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The document analyzes the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and protective effects of Amaranthus retroflexus against long-term diabetic complications. LC-DAD-MS analysis identified various phenolic compounds in extracts of the plant. The ethyl acetate extract showed the highest inhibition of lipoxygenase. The same extract also exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity against aldose reductase, which is implicated in diabetic complications. Overall, the results indicate that extracts of A. retroflexus have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and protective properties and could help prevent or treat diabetes and its associated health issues.
The document discusses biopharming of gum and starch. For gum, it describes expressing a synthetic gene encoding a hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein-based gum in tobacco cells. This gum (GA)8 exhibited emulsification properties. For starch, it outlines expressing enzymes like branching and debranching enzymes to modify starch structure during synthesis in plants. This could produce starches with altered properties for industrial uses. Challenges include low yields and effects on plant growth. Overall, the document reviews engineering plants to produce novel gums and modified starches through biopharming.
Evaluation of antioxidant activities of Cyperusrotundus (Ethanolic extract an...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Isolation, in vitro antidiabetic, antioxidant activity and molecular docking ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
1. Recombinant proteins are produced using biomolecular engineering techniques to modify gene sequences and produce proteins in large quantities.
2. Common production methods involve inserting genes into vectors which are then inserted into host cells like E. coli to produce the protein.
3. Purification techniques include chromatography methods like ion exchange, affinity, and size exclusion chromatography as well as centrifugation to separate proteins based on properties like charge, binding affinity, and size.
This document evaluates several commercial membrane protein extraction kits for their ability to isolate multi-spanning integral membrane proteins from cell and tissue samples for downstream analysis. A sequential detergent extraction method using the Mem-PER Plus kit resulted in increased solubilization and identification of integral membrane proteins compared to other non-detergent or whole cell lysis methods. Specifically, western blot analysis showed higher extraction of proteins like SLC25A6 and AT1A1. Mass spectrometry identification of membrane fractions also revealed more integral membrane proteins annotated from the Uniprot database. Additionally, intact membrane protein complexes like the sodium potassium ATP transporter could be immunoprecipitated after extraction with this sequential detergent method.
The Electrophoretic Profile Myofibrillar Proteins Extracted From Camel Muscle...IJEAB
Changes in electrophoretic profiles of myofibrillar protein (MFP) in the Longissimus thoracis (LD) of young camels (2 to 4 years), preserved by refrigeration has been treated or not by lactic acid solution 4% or citric acid 1%, were followed during the post-mortem time at the following times: 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24 and 48 hours. The cold preservation for 48 hours has not shown any particular distinctions in the protein profiles of this muscle. Changes related to the type of treatment were recorded during the storage time. Proteolysis of the myofibrillar fraction was earlier in this muscle in the case of treatment with one of two solutions of organic acids used, particularly in the case of using lactic acid. Indeed, these changes have affected at the first hour after slaughter the proteolysis of the myofibrillar proteins. Fragments of low molecular weight (42, 36, 33, 26, 23, 18, 16, 14 and 13 kDa) have been identified. The electrophoretic analysis showed that during refrigeration, LD treated with a solution of lactic acid is more sensitive to disruption phenomena and muscle protein proteolysis that lots of this muscle that even in the case of preservation by refrigeration only or by refrigeration
This document summarizes research purifying and characterizing a novel antioxidant peptide from the hard-shelled mussel Mytilus coruscus. Enzymatic hydrolysis was used to generate hydrolysates from M. coruscus, which were screened for antioxidant activity. The papain hydrolysate showed the highest free radical scavenging activity. Further purification using chromatography yielded a novel 10 amino acid peptide. In vitro and in vivo assays found the peptide to have potent antioxidant effects, inhibiting oxidative stress markers and enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity in mice. This is the first report of an antioxidant peptide from M. coruscus with potential anti-inflammatory properties.
Effect of Antioxidant status on liver following Atrazine exposure and its pro...IOSR Journals
The efficacy of Andrographis paniculata (AP) extract was studied on atrazine induced hepatic damage in rats. Ethanolic extract of AP (150mg/kg body weight) was found to protect the male wistar rats from hepato toxic action of atrazine as evidence by significant reduction in the level of lipid peroxidation and increased the antioxidant defense system activity in the atrazine intoxicated rats. However, AP treatment ameliorated the effects of atrazine suggesting it as potential antioxidant against atrazine induced oxidative stress.
Ecuadorian Rainforest, LLC is a supplier of all natural fruit, herb, marine, spice and vegetable ingredients.
This presentation highlights the health benefits of ingredients found in Latin America.
For more information, a sample or pricing please use the contact form or email us at info@intotherainforest.com
Combination of Angkak (Red Yeast Rice), Red Guava (Psidium guajava Linn) Leaf...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
This study investigated the role of cholesterol in the intracellular growth of Chlamydia trachomatis. Researchers found that inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis inhibited chlamydial growth, but this could be reversed by adding exogenous cholesterol. A C. trachomatis gene, CT149, was found to encode an esterase that hydrolyzes cholesteryl esters when expressed in host cells, suggesting its role in utilizing host cholesterol. Expression of the CT149 gene product in E. coli and HeLa cells showed carboxylic esterase activity, decreasing cytoplasmic cholesteryl esters. This suggests C. trachomatis acquires and metabolizes host cholesterol through the activity of the CT149 gene
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECTOF POMEGRANATE PEEL AND WHEY...Anurag Raghuvanshi
The antioxidant activity of pomegranate peel powder (PPP) and whey powder (WP) was evaluated, their hepatoprotective effect of each alone or in combination (PPWP) at equal levels was also evaluated in Wistar rats against carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) induced liver injury.
The hepatoprotective activity was assessed using various biochemical parameters and histopathological studies.
Protective effects of commelina benghalensis linn (root) extract on ethanol i...IJSIT Editor
The present study was undertaken to investigate the protective effect and possible mechanism of
alcoholic (AlE) and aqueous extract (AqE) from Commelina benghalensis root (CB) on EtOH-induced hepatic
injury in Wistar rat. Hepatotoxic parameters studied in vivo include serum transaminases (AST, and ALT),
ALP, bilirubin, protein, lipid profile (Cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL and HDL) and level of antioxidants
together with histopathological examination. Liv 52® was used as a reference hepatoprotective agent
(5ml/kg-1b.w.). AlE and AqE (200 mg/kg-1b.w.) on oral administration decreased the level of AST, ALP, ALT,
bilirubin, cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL, MDA and increased the level of protein, HDL and antioxidants (SOD,
GSH and CAT) in rats being treated with ethanol (EtOH). Pentobarbitone -induced sleeping time study was
carried out to verify the effect on microsomal enzymes Histopathological observations confirmed the
beneficial roles of MF against EtOH-induced liver injury in rats. Possible mechanism may involve their
antioxidant activity
This study investigated the chronic toxic effects of carrageenan on the thyroid gland and pancreas in rats and the possible protective effects of diacerein. Rats were divided into groups receiving carrageenan, diacerein, or a combination. Biochemical, histological and immunohistochemical analysis was performed after 3 months. Carrageenan significantly increased oxidative damage in the thyroid and decreased thyroid function markers compared to controls. Diacerein ameliorated these effects when given with carrageenan. Histologically, carrageenan caused hypothyroid changes while the combination caused milder changes. Carrageenan increased proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in the thyroid, indicating oxidative damage, which was
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
The results of this study revealed that the use of natural bees’ honey has the ability to protect the liver of rats against the toxic effects of melamine.
Melamine contains 66% nitrogen by mass, so it is sometimes illegally added to food products in order to increase the apparent protein content that has recently become a serious concern. The illegal use of melamine as a food ingredient has led to many poisoning incidents of cats and dogs in the United States, as well as renal function failure of Chinese infants.
Hepatoprotective Activity of Chara Parpam in Ccl4 Induced RatsIOSR Journals
Siddha system of medicine provides most frequently and to the extent possible and promising therapy for the relief of signs and symptoms of liver disorder over the generations. Their high therapeutic quality and lack of toxicity are exceptional. The present experimental work was to evaluate the hepatoprotective properties of Siddha herbo-mineral formulation Chara Parpam by CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Two doses of Chara Parpam (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) were administered to rats. Protection of hepatocytes was evaluated by estimate the level of ALT, AST, ALP, serum bilirubin, total protein, serum albumin, sodium and potassium during the exposure of CCL4 on wistar albino rats and to evaluate the effect of different doses of Chara Parpam against hepatotoxicity induced by CCL4. Liver histology was performed 24 hours after the administration of trial drug Chara Parpam. The result indicated that the concentration of ALT, AST, and ALP, released by hepatocytes were significantly reduced in the presence of Chara Parpam. The cytoprotective effects of the Chara Parpam are dose-dependent. Through this work, we demonstrate for the first time the direct protection of liver cells by administration of Chara Parpam confirming its hepatoprotective properties.
This study examined the effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) exposure on the uterus of adult female rats. Rats were orally administered DEHP at doses of 0, 1, 10, and 100 mg/kg body weight daily for 30 days. Key findings include:
1) Serum estradiol levels were unchanged in the 1 and 10 mg groups but marginally increased in the 100 mg group. Progesterone levels increased in the 1 and 10 mg groups.
2) Histological examination found structural abnormalities in the uterus such as decreased diameter and thinning of layers in the 10 and 100 mg groups.
3) mRNA expression of estrogen receptor alpha decreased in the 100 mg
This study investigated the effects of gallic acid on testicular injury caused by ischemia-reperfusion in a rat testicular torsion model. Forty rats were divided into four groups: a control group, a torsion group, a torsion/detorsion group, and a torsion/detorsion plus gallic acid group. Biochemical markers and immunohistochemical staining for caspase-3 and TNF-α were analyzed. The results showed that gallic acid treatment decreased oxidative stress markers, reduced apoptosis and inflammation, and helped protect testicular tissue compared to the torsion/detorsion group without treatment. The study suggests that gallic acid may be a potential therapeutic agent for testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Effects of Metformin, Pioglitazone and Aqueous Extract of Delonix Regia on Bl...iosrjce
The effects of Delonix regia extract (d200mg, d300mg, and d400mg), metformin (m8.3mg, m12.5mg
and m16.5mg), pioglitazone (p0.5mg, p0.7mg and p0.9mg) and combined formulation of metformin and extract
(m6.25d150mg) on glycated hemoglobin status in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Albino wistar rats. Diabetic
status of these rats was assessed by estimating fasting blood glucose levels. A total of 150 albino rats were used
for the investigation and were grouped into twelve groups of twelve rats each as follows; Group I: normal
control rats (NCR). Group II: Diabetic control rats (DCR). Group III: Diabetic rats treated with d200mg.
Group IV: Diabetic rats treated with d300mg. Group V: Diabetic rats treated with d400mg. Group VI: Diabetic
rats treated with m8.3mg. Group VII: Diabetic rats treated with m12.5mg. Group VIII: Diabetic rats treated
with m16.5mg. Group IX: Diabetic rats treated with p0.5mg. Group X: Diabetic rats treated with p0.75mg.
Group XI: Diabetic rats treated with p1.0mg. Group XII: Diabetic rats treated with m125d300mg each for male
and female respectively, for a total of 56 days. After every two weeks interval of treatment for eight weeks three
rats from each group were sacrificed and blood sample were collected and analyzed for various parameters.
The result obtained showed an elevated level of glycated hemoglobin in diabetic-induced wistar albino rats
compared with normal control rats. However, there was reversal of the effects when treated with the
drug/extract. Also there was reduction in the blood glucose level of the diabetic rats treated with metformin
(from 6.37±0.69 to 5.20±0.62mmol/l), pioglitazone (from 7.30±0.21mmol/l to 4.70±0.46), aqueous extract of
Delonixregia (from 8.20±0.81mmol/l to 6.10±0.60) and combined formulation of metformin and extract (from
7.81±0.34 to 4.80±0.17), at p<0.05 confidence level when compared with diabetic control rats in the various
weeks of treatment respectively
Hepatoprotective Effect of Cestrum parqui L. aerial parts and Phytochemical ...Jing Zang
This study deals with the investigation of hepatoprotective effect of 70% methanolic extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts and determination of the bioactive components of the plant. The hepatoprotective effect of Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) was analysed on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury. The administration of a single dose of 40% CCl4 (1ml/kg b.w.) causes an increase in the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspirate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes and so pretreated orally of a dose from Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) and silymarin (200 mg/kg) for three consecutive days prior to The administration of a single dose of CCl4 significantly prevented the increase in the activities of these enzymes. Histological analysis showed that Cestrum parqui methanol extract at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg and silymarin reduced the incidence of liver lesions including vacuole formation, neutrophil infiltration and necrosis of hepatocytes induced by CCl4. The extract cause a negative result on the antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRd) and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level in liver, as compared to those in the CCl4-treated group and this suggests that the hepatoprotective activity of the extract is due to the antioxidant effect of the extract. Phytochemical analysis of the methanol extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts showed that it contained different phytoconstituents, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenes and carbohydrates.
Chlorogenic acid (CGA): A potential Anti-obesity Phytochem...sudharani028
CHLOROGENIC ACID (CGA) belongs to the super family Caffeoylic Acid is gaining lot of media attention due to its anti-potential property. The word “Chloro" derived from Greek (light green) and Genic means "giving rise to”. You will get the information related to the anti-obesity phytochemical (CGA) and its mechanism in managing obesity
Liver Histological Response of Hyperlipidemic Male Rat (Rattus norvegicus) to...AI Publications
The leaf of lakum (Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin.) contains compounds that are expectedly antihyperlipidemic. This study aims to determine the liver histological response to the lakum leaf extract and its effect on the levels of SGOT and SGPT in hyperlipidemic male rats (Rattus norvegicus). The male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups. P0 was a group of rats that were given standard feed, P1 was a group that were fed with high fat diet, P2 was a group that were fed high fat diet and lakum leaf extract with a dose of 40mg/200g BW (body weight)/day, and P3 was a group were fed high fat diet and simvastatin at a dose of 0.18mg/200g BW/day. High fat diet was given for 30 days, whilst treatments were implemented for 28 days. The histological descriptions showed that the hepatocyte cell repair occurred in the treatment group that was given lakum leaf extract but there were no significant differences in liver weight as well as SGOT and SGPT levels. Lakum leaf extract can be used as an antihyperlipidemic agent whilst maintaining the histology of hepatocytes and would not interfere with the liver function of the hyperlipidemic male rats.
Hepatoprotective effects of simvastatin on paracetamol -induced hepatic damag...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
This study investigated the hepatoprotective effects of simvastatin on paracetamol-induced liver damage in rats. Paracetamol toxicity decreased total protein and albumin levels and increased liver enzymes ALT, AST, and ALP, indicating liver damage. Pretreatment with simvastatin attenuated these changes and reduced liver damage based on histopathological analysis. Simvastatin's hepatoprotective effects are thought to be due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties which can inhibit the liver damage caused by paracetamol. The results suggest simvastatin has potential as a protective agent against paracetamol hepatotoxicity.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Whey protein products and their combination with L-methionine prevent liver f...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
This study investigated the hepatoprotective effects of the marine microalga Dunaliella salina against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver toxicity in rats. Rats were fed D. salina at doses of 2.5 g/kg and 5 g/kg body weight for 2 weeks. Their liver enzymes and total protein were measured after being given carbon tetrachloride and compared to controls. Rats fed 5 g/kg D. salina showed the highest levels of protection, with serum AST and ALT levels 61.3% and 80.7% of the controls respectively, compared to 90.8% and 144.7% for rats fed synthetic beta-carotene. Total protein levels were also better
International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology (IJCPT) ISSN:2167-910X is an Open Access journal, which aims to develop coherent means to modify drug therapy, with respect to the patient's genotype, and to ensure maximum efficiency with minimal contrary effects.
International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology (IJCPT) ISSN:2167-910X is an Open Access journal and a peer-reviewed journal. Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology is the all-encompassing and becoming an increasingly important discipline for the identification of disease targets and drug designing with their toxicological effects and means to eradicate diseases.
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1. Original Article
Potential Protective Effect of Honey Against Paracetamol-induced
Hepatotoxicity
1
, Hala F ZakiPHD1, Mona M Seif El-Nasr PhD1, Azza M Agha PhD1
Abstract
Background:
used silymarin as a standard reference hepatoprotective drug.
Methods:
Results:
Conclusion:
Keywords:
Cite this article as: Galal RM, Zaki HF, Seif El-Nasr MM, Agha AM. Potential protective effect of honey against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity. Arch Iran
Med. 2012; 15(11): 674 –680.
Introduction involves oxidative damage, it is possible that some of the thera-
peutic properties of products produced by the honeybee are based
aracetamol, a commonly used analgesic, is considered safe on their antioxidant capacities.9
P at therapeutic doses. However, an overdose of paracetamol
causes severe hepatotoxicity and necrosis in both humans
Over the past few years the use of honey in different pathologies
has re-emerged, mainly due to clinical observations of its hepato-
and experimental animals.1,2 At therapeutic levels, paracetamol is and gastro-protective effects as well as acceleration of wound
primarily metabolized in the liver by glucuronidation and sulpha- healing.10,11 Honey contains important components that can act as
tion; however, a small proportion undergoes cytochrome P450 -
(CYP450)-mediated bioactivation to N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoimine
(NAPQI), which is rapidly quenched by glutathione (GSH).3 After compounds.12–14
an overdose of paracetamol, elevated levels of the toxic NAPQI -
metabolite are generated, which extensively deplete hepatocellu- tained from the plant Silybum marianum or milk thistle and is
lar GSH and covalently modify cellular proteins resulting in hepa- composed of three isomers: silybinin, silydianin and silychristin,
tocyte death.4,5 of which silybinin is quantitatively the most important.15 Silybinin
Although the precise biochemical mechanism of cell necrosis has been shown to inhibit the function of Kupffer cells, which
16,17
is not fully understood, it is generally recognized that there is a In addi-
simultaneous involvement of covalent binding, lipid peroxida- tion, silymarin stabilizes the lipid structures in the hepatocellular
tion and oxidative stress.6, 7 Many authors have demonstrated that membrane, which may generally apply to all cell membranes and
honey is effective in reducing the risk of heart disease, cancer, even outside the liver.17
- The aim of the present study is to evaluate the protective effects
matory processes.8 However, since the etiology of most diseases of honey in paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity. Considering the
fact that the initial event in paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity is
1
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cairo a toxic-metabolic injury that leads to hepatocyte death by necrosis
University, Cairo, Egypt.
Reem M Galal MD, Department of Phar- we have also estimated the effects of honey on serum levels and
macology and Toxicology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. Address: 5 Hamouda
Mahmoud, Nasr city, Cairo, Egypt. Tel: (+202)01226007408,
Fax (+202)22748579, E-mail Remogalal@yahoo.com. examination of liver sections from all studied groups was per-
Accepted for publication: 2 May 2012 formed.
674 Archives of Iranian Medicine, Volume 15, Number 11, November 2012
2. Materials and Methods homogenate was used to prepare a cytosolic fraction of the liver
by centrifugation at 105,000 x g for 15 min at 4ºC using a cooling
Drugs and Chemicals ultra-centrifuge (Sorvall Combiplus T-880, Du Pont, USA). The
Paracetamol and silymarin were provided as gifts from Sedico obtained clear supernatant (cytosolic fraction) was used for the
Pharmaceutical Company. Honey was purchased from the Agri- determination of GPx activity.
cultural Research Center, El-dokki, Cairo, Egypt. The fresh mul-
Estimation of the chosen biochemical parameters
farm of the Agricultural Research Center which is based in El Serum ALT and AST activities were estimated using commer-
cial kits and expressed as U/L. Hepatic GSH content and GPx
described as a mixture of various natural plants. Honey was stan- activity were determined using a biodiagnostic kit and expressed
dardized in the National Research Center, El-dokki, Cairo, Egypt. as nmol/g. wet tissue and U/g. wet tissue, respectively. MDA con-
It is a complex mixture of carbohydrates, fatty acids, proteins tent was determined colorimetrically using commercial kits and
expressed in nmol/g. wet tissue. The serum and liver content of
as pg/ml and pg/g. wet tissue, respectively.
Honey was dissolved in distilled water and orally administered
in doses of 5, 10 and 20 g/kg, respectively. Kits for determination Statistical analysis
of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum alanine amino- Values are presented as means ± SE of the mean. Comparisons
transferase (ALT), GSH, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and malo- between different groups were carried out by one way analysis
ndialdyhyde (MDA) levels were obtained from Biodiagnostics, of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey-Karmer multiple com-
P < 0.05. SPSS
was used for statistical analyses.
Animals
Adult male albino rats of weights 150 – 200 g were purchased
from the Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University (Cairo, Egypt). Results
The animals were kept under suitable laboratory conditions
throughout the period of investigation. Animals were fed standard Administration of paracetamol (2 g/kg) to animals that fasted for
pellet chow (EI-Nasr Chemical Company, Cairo, Egypt) and al- 18 h resulted in a 34-fold increased serum ALT level and a 17-fold
lowed free access to water. The study was carried out according increased AST level compared to the normal value (Figures 1 and
to the guidelines of the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Phar- 2). Prophylactic treatment with silymarin (100 mg/kg) and honey
macy, Cairo University. (5, 10 and 20 g/kg) prevented paracetamol-induced elevations in
ALT and AST levels compared to the paracetamol control group
Experimental design (Figures 1 and 2).
Six groups each that were comprised of six male Wistar albino Paracetamol caused marked depletion of hepatic GSH stores by
rats were selected. The animals were orally treated for seven suc- 66% compared to the normal group (Figure 3). Pretreatment with
cessive days as follows: groups I and II received normal saline (5 silymarin or honey (20 g/kg) protected against GSH depletion by
ml/kg) and served as the normal and control groups, respectively. 42% and 44% respectively, compared to the paracetamol control
Group III received silymarin (100 mg/kg/day) whereas groups IV- group (Figure 3).
VI received 5, 10 and 20 g/kg honey, respectively. -
On the sixth day (i.e., one day before the last treatment) animals duced by 51% compared to the normal group. This effect was
of all groups fasted for 18 hours. On the seventh day, 1 h after the prevented by pretreatment with silymarin and honey (20 g/kg) by
55% and 48%, respectively, compared to the paracetamol control
were given paracetamol (2 g/kg; p.o.). Blood samples were col- group (Figure 4).
lected from the retro-orbital plexus of all rats 24 h after paraceta- -
mol administration. The separated sera were used for estimation tion in liver MDA content compared to the normal group (Figure
5). Pretreatment with silymarin ameliorated this effect by 55%;
this effect was also ameliorated by honey at the following doses:
the liver was homogenized by using cold saline to prepare a 10% 5 g/kg (57%), 10 g/kg (57%) and 20 g/kg (65%) compared to the
homogenate that was used for estimation of the chosen biochemi- paracetamol control group (Figure 5).
cal parameters. The second part of the liver was preserved in 10%
formalin for histological examination.
-
Determination of biochemical parameters in the liver tenuated by 20% in groups pretreated for one week with silymarin
Treatment of liver samples (100 mg/kg) and in honey at the following doses: 5 g/kg (14%),
Prepared homogenates were divided into three aliquots. The 10 g/kg (24%) and 20 g/kg (29%) compared to the paracetamol
acid. The obtained supernatant, after centrifugation at 1000 x g, content was ameliorated in the groups pretreated for one week
was used for the estimation of GSH. The second aliquot was cen- with silymarin (10%); a 12% improvement was seen in the group
trifuged at 1000 x g and the resultant supernatant was used for treated with 5 g/kg honey, whereas a 20% improvement was
Archives of Iranian Medicine, Volume 15, Number 11, November 2012 675
3. *
*
Serum AST (U/l)
Serum ALT (U/L)
@
@ @ @
@ @ @ @ Paracetamol
Normal Paracetamol Silymarin Honey Honey Honey Figure 2. Effect of silymarin and varying doses of honey on serum aspar
(2 g/kg) (100 mg/kg) (5 g/kg) (10 g/kg) (20 g/kg)
Figure 1. Effect of silymarin and varying doses of honey on serum alanine P
@
P
@
P
P
Liver GSH (mmol/g wet tissue)
*@ *acd
Liver GPx (U/g wet tissue)
8
* @cd
*@
*
*
Paracetamol
Paracetamol
Figure 3. Effect of silymarin and varying doses of honey on liver glutathi
@ Figure 4. Effect of silymarin and varying doses of honey on liver glutathi
P
different from paracetamol control group at P @
P
from silymarin group at P
c d P
P c
ly different from silymarin group at P
P d
P
P
*
Liver MDA (nmol/g wet tissue)
*@
*@ *@
Paracetamol
Figure 5.
@
normal group at P P
c
P
d
P P
676 Archives of Iranian Medicine, Volume 15, Number 11, November 2012
4. (a) (b)
* @
*
*@
* @
* @ *
@ *@ @
* *
*@
Paracetamol Paracetamol
Figure 6. Effect of silymarin and varying doses of honey on serum level a) and liver content b)
@
P P
noted in the group that received 10 g/kg honey compared to the the hepatocytes showed hydropic degeneration in the cytoplasm
paracetamol control group (Figure 6b). characterized by intracytoplasmic vacuoles with eccentric nuclei
Histologically, animals of group I (normal group) had normal (Figure 12). Diffuse Kupffer cell proliferation was also detected
hepatic architecture. The central veins, portal tracts, hepatocytes in between the hepatocytes (Figure 11).
and sinusoids were of normal appearance (Figure 7). Group II
(control group that received paracetamol) showed degenerative Discussion
changes in most of the hepatic lobules (Figure 8). Wide areas of
centrilobular coagulative necrosis with severe congestion and In the present study, administration of paracetamol (2 g/kg, p.o.)
dilatation in both central and portal veins were also observed. The to fasting rats resulted in massive increases in both serum ALT
coagulative necrosis was characterized by loss of cellular detail and AST levels. Several researchers have reported elevations in
and general architecture of hepatic parenchyma associated with serum transaminases following administration of toxic doses of
paracetamol in rats.7,18,19
the remaining intact hepatocytes (Figure 8). Owing to their high concentrations and ease of liberation from
However, the rat groups that were pre-treated with silymarin and the hepatocyte cytoplasm, ALT and AST are sensitive indicators
- of necrotic lesions within the liver.18,20 Hence, the marked release
cant liver protection against paracetamol-induced liver damage, of transaminases into the circulation is indicative of severe dam-
as evident by the presence of normal hepatic cells and absence of age to hepatic tissue membranes during paracetamol intoxica-
necrosis (Figures 9 and 12). tion.21,22
Honey (5 g/kg) given prophylactically for one week did not pre- -
vent paracetamol-induced hepatic damage as noted by the pres- ties in the honey and silymarin treated groups demonstrated their
ence of centrilobular coagulative necrosis characterized by loss hepatoprotective effects against paracetamol damage. Similar
of cell details which were observed in the examined liver sections, results have been reported by other investigators.7,23–25 The pro-
with some histologically intact hepatic parenchyma (Figure 10). tective effects of silymarin and honey could be explained via the
In case of sections from rats pretreated with honey (10 g/kg), preservation of membrane integrity mediated by their observed
Figure 7. Figure 8.
Archives of Iranian Medicine, Volume 15, Number 11, November 2012 677
5. Figure 9. Photomicrograph of liver section of a rat pretreated for one Figure 10. Photomicrograph of liver section of a rat pretreated for one
Figure 11. Photomicrograph of liver section of a rat pretreated for one Figure 12. Photomicrograph of liver section of a rat pretreated for one
antioxidants effects. chemically-induced oxidative destruction of lipids and pro-
Histological examinations of liver sections of rats subjected to teins.32 Consequently, it could be consumed during this process
paracetamol hepatotoxicity revealed degenerative changes that which would explain the observed reduced GPx activity in the
involved the hepatocytes and cells that line the blood sinusoids. paracetamol-treated group.
The damage extended to the majority of the hepatic lobule with Increased lipid peroxidation, as evidenced by the elevated lev-
marked loss of its normal pattern. These changes positively cor- els of MDA in hepatic tissues demonstrated in the present study
related with the noted increases in transaminase activities. after administration of paracetamol could be expected owing to
In the present study, paracetamol administration was accompa- the depletion in GSH stores and reduced GPx activity. It is well
nied by increased lipid peroxidation, depletion in GSH stores and documented that liver tissue contains a relatively high content
reduced GPx activity in the liver. It has been generally accepted of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which are sensitive to
that P450-dependent bioactivation of paracetamol is the main peroxidative damage,33,34 another reason that could explain the
cause for potentially fulminant hepatic necrosis upon administra- marked effects of paracetamol on lipid peroxidation that has been
tion or intake of lethal doses of paracetamol.26,27 NAPQI is ini- observed in the liver in this study.
- The observed protective effect of silymarin against lipid peroxi-
capturic acid.28 Under conditions of NAPQI formation following dation could be related to its antioxidant effects which assist in the
toxic paracetamol doses, GSH concentrations become very low in preservation of membrane integrity. This has also been supported
the centrilobular cells,29–31 which could account for the observed by the observed parallel protection against paracetamol-induced
depletion in liver GSH stores. depletion in GSH stores and GPx activity. Similar results have
GPx plays a critical role in maintaining balance in the redox sta- been reported by other investigators.19,23 Flavonoids as silymarin
tus of animals under acute oxidative stress and protects against can chelate transition metal ions such as iron and copper, render-
678 Archives of Iranian Medicine, Volume 15, Number 11, November 2012
6. ing them effective antioxidants.35 In addition, silymarin by virtue that is critical for the ‘respiratory burst’ in macrophages needed
of increasing GSH content in some tissues might protect these tis- to generate hydrogen peroxide, and it provides substrates for gly-
sues against the toxicity of GSH depletors such as paracetamol.36 colysis needed for energy production in macrophages.57
In the present study, pretreatment with honey prevented parac- Tonks et al. have demonstrated increased production of cyto-
tamol-induced increase in lipid peroxidation, depletion of GSH kines by myeloid cells in response to treatment with honey. The
authors have related this effect to the 5.8 kDa moiety isolated
that reduction of oxidative stress by honey plays an important role
in the mechanism of its hepatoprotective effects. monocytes via interactions with TLR4.
Honey contains a variety of antioxidant phenolics such as pino- In conclusion, the results of this experiment demonstrate a po-
tent hepatoprotective action of honey in paracetamol-induced
which makes it a good antioxidant supplement and increases its oxidative stress and liver toxicity in rats. Such effects can be cor-
usability potential in ethnomedicine.37,38 The antioxidant effects related directly with its ability to reduce lipid peroxidation and
of the phenolic compounds are related to a number of different enhance the antioxidant defense status. Thus honey may be used
mechanisms, such as free radical-scavenging, hydrogen-donation, as a safe, cheap, and effective alternative chemopreventive and
singlet oxygen quenching, metal ion chelation, and their action as protective agent in the management of liver diseases.
substrates for free radicals such as superoxide anion and hydroxyl
radical.39–41 Acknowledgments
In the present study, paracetamol hepatotoxicity was associated
The authors are grateful to Dr. Adel Bekeer, Professor of Histol-
results were reported by other investigators.42–45 ogy, Cairo University for examining and interpreting the histo-
Signaling through the IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) was recently shown pathological data of this study.
to play an important role in paracetamol-induced hepatotoxic-
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680 Archives of Iranian Medicine, Volume 15, Number 11, November 2012