The technological evolution of signaling systems has created a dependency from infrastructure managers to suppliers and industrials dominating the market. Indeed, for each deployed computer interlocking, the modification of field equipment is required to allow an adaptation with the new interlocking in terms of communication protocols and logical interface. In addition, to ensure safe traffic of trains, the communication of railway signaling data is necessary between interlockings. However, delayed deployments from one station to another make the establishment of communication channels costly and difficult, or even impossible, since each supplier keeps confidential its communication protocols and usually opts for interfacing based on wired logic. This paper presents our approach to a homogeneous architecture of interlocking meeting modularity requirements, interoperability, and logical interfacing between interlockings. This approach relies on a classification of internal functions of the computer interlocking, a distribution of the execution of those functions and making useful information available for interfaces between adjacent interlockings through the IEC 61499 standard coupled with service-oriented architecture (SOA).
01-AUTOSAR In-vehicle Standardization with Certainty of Operations towards Gl...Sivaram P
This document discusses the AUTOSAR standard for automotive in-vehicle networks. It begins by comparing AUTOSAR to the OSI model for computer networks, noting that OSI helped standardize computer networking and led to benefits like easier troubleshooting. AUTOSAR aims to do the same for automotive in-vehicle networks. The document then discusses how AUTOSAR standardizes the architecture and integration of electronic control units and software to control different vehicle functional domains. This standardization brings benefits like reduced complexity, easier maintenance, and a more global automotive industry with options for interchangeable parts from different manufacturers. Finally, the document briefly outlines some of the main vehicle functional domains and the role of ECUs and software in controlling them.
SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE DESIGN CHALLENGES IN AUTOMOTIVE EMBEDDED SYSTEMVLSICS Design
Modern automotives integrate large amount of electronic devices to improve the driving safety and comfort. This growing number of Electronic Control Units (ECUs) with sophisticated software escalates the vehicle system design complexity. In this paper we explain the complexity of ECUs in terms of hardware and software and also we explore the possibility of Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) architecture for the integration of add-on software in ECUs. This reduces the complexity of the embedded system in vehicles and eases the ECU integration by reducing the total number of ECUs in the vehicles.
Design and Implementation of Multi-SCADA System for Drone-Based Reliability R...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of a multi-SCADA system for drone-based reliability response. A SCADA system was developed to transport data between drones equipped with sensors and a control system. A Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol was used to enable bi-directional communication between hardware components like drones, sensors, and software systems. The system was tested at an electric utility training site, demonstrating continuous updating of sensor data from drones to the SCADA user interface in real-time. The MQTT protocol was determined to be effective for this low-power sensor network due to its support for resource-constrained devices.
Modern vehicles are increasingly being interconnected with computer systems, which collect information both from vehicular sources and Internet services. Unfortunately, this creates a no negligible attack surface, which extends when vehicles are partly operated via smart phones. In this letter, a hierarchically distributed control system architecture which integrates a Smartphone with classical embedded systems is presented, and an ad-hoc, end-to-end security layer is designed to demonstrate how a Smartphone can interact securely with a modern vehicle without requiring modifications to the existing in-vehicle network. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.
Services interfaces for interoperability of signaling computerinterlocking on...IJECEIAES
Technological developments in the field of railway signaling have allowed more and more flexibility in the management of rail traffic, especially with computer interlocking. However, differences in signaling principles from one country to another as well as differences in the structure of interlocking software and communication protocols depending on suppliers lead to interoperability difficulties at the borders between computer interlocking. Some deployed projects deal with interoperability issues regarding the communication of signaling information between the train and interlocking like the European rail traffic management system (ERTMS) project. Unfortunately, the interoperability between interlocking themselves is still not achieved. Some deployed projects deal with interoperability issues regarding the communication of signaling information between the train and interlocking like the ERTMS project. Unfortunately, the interoperability between interlocking themselves is still not achieved. This article draws up a proposed model for interfacing at the interlocking boundaries based on service-oriented architecture (SOA). In addition, to ensure the coupling of SOA services to the internal functions of the signaling computer interlocking, a distributed architecture of programmable logic controller according to the IEC 61499 standard is suggested.
Iaetsd zigbee for vehicular communication systemsIaetsd Iaetsd
This document discusses Zigbee for vehicular communication systems. It begins with an introduction to vehicular communication and the need to develop effective communication systems for intelligent transportation systems. It then discusses some key aspects of vehicular communication systems, including long vehicle lifespans, physical access by owners, and robustness requirements. The document also discusses the SeVeCom implementation of a baseline security architecture for vehicular communication systems, including modules for secure communication, privacy protection, and in-vehicle security. It describes how components are integrated with the communication stack through a hooking architecture and interfaces.
This document discusses the development of a high availability framework for Advanced Telecom Computing Architecture (ATCA) chassis in CDMA networks. It aims to speed up validation testing of high availability software features running on ATCA blades. The framework establishes a connection between a user's system and the ATCA chassis, allowing centralized control and monitoring of tests across multiple blades. This reduces the time and effort required compared to testing each blade individually. The document provides background on ATCA and high availability systems, describes the proposed framework and its objectives to minimize testing time. It also presents the framework's architecture using data flow diagrams.
This document discusses the development of a high availability framework for Advanced Telecom Computing Architecture (ATCA) chassis in CDMA networks. It aims to speed up validation testing of high availability software features running on ATCA blades. The framework establishes a connection between a user's system and the ATCA chassis, allowing centralized control and monitoring of tests across multiple blades. This reduces the time and effort required compared to testing each blade individually. The document provides background on ATCA and high availability systems, describes the proposed framework and its objectives to minimize testing time and resources.
01-AUTOSAR In-vehicle Standardization with Certainty of Operations towards Gl...Sivaram P
This document discusses the AUTOSAR standard for automotive in-vehicle networks. It begins by comparing AUTOSAR to the OSI model for computer networks, noting that OSI helped standardize computer networking and led to benefits like easier troubleshooting. AUTOSAR aims to do the same for automotive in-vehicle networks. The document then discusses how AUTOSAR standardizes the architecture and integration of electronic control units and software to control different vehicle functional domains. This standardization brings benefits like reduced complexity, easier maintenance, and a more global automotive industry with options for interchangeable parts from different manufacturers. Finally, the document briefly outlines some of the main vehicle functional domains and the role of ECUs and software in controlling them.
SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE DESIGN CHALLENGES IN AUTOMOTIVE EMBEDDED SYSTEMVLSICS Design
Modern automotives integrate large amount of electronic devices to improve the driving safety and comfort. This growing number of Electronic Control Units (ECUs) with sophisticated software escalates the vehicle system design complexity. In this paper we explain the complexity of ECUs in terms of hardware and software and also we explore the possibility of Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) architecture for the integration of add-on software in ECUs. This reduces the complexity of the embedded system in vehicles and eases the ECU integration by reducing the total number of ECUs in the vehicles.
Design and Implementation of Multi-SCADA System for Drone-Based Reliability R...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of a multi-SCADA system for drone-based reliability response. A SCADA system was developed to transport data between drones equipped with sensors and a control system. A Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol was used to enable bi-directional communication between hardware components like drones, sensors, and software systems. The system was tested at an electric utility training site, demonstrating continuous updating of sensor data from drones to the SCADA user interface in real-time. The MQTT protocol was determined to be effective for this low-power sensor network due to its support for resource-constrained devices.
Modern vehicles are increasingly being interconnected with computer systems, which collect information both from vehicular sources and Internet services. Unfortunately, this creates a no negligible attack surface, which extends when vehicles are partly operated via smart phones. In this letter, a hierarchically distributed control system architecture which integrates a Smartphone with classical embedded systems is presented, and an ad-hoc, end-to-end security layer is designed to demonstrate how a Smartphone can interact securely with a modern vehicle without requiring modifications to the existing in-vehicle network. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.
Services interfaces for interoperability of signaling computerinterlocking on...IJECEIAES
Technological developments in the field of railway signaling have allowed more and more flexibility in the management of rail traffic, especially with computer interlocking. However, differences in signaling principles from one country to another as well as differences in the structure of interlocking software and communication protocols depending on suppliers lead to interoperability difficulties at the borders between computer interlocking. Some deployed projects deal with interoperability issues regarding the communication of signaling information between the train and interlocking like the European rail traffic management system (ERTMS) project. Unfortunately, the interoperability between interlocking themselves is still not achieved. Some deployed projects deal with interoperability issues regarding the communication of signaling information between the train and interlocking like the ERTMS project. Unfortunately, the interoperability between interlocking themselves is still not achieved. This article draws up a proposed model for interfacing at the interlocking boundaries based on service-oriented architecture (SOA). In addition, to ensure the coupling of SOA services to the internal functions of the signaling computer interlocking, a distributed architecture of programmable logic controller according to the IEC 61499 standard is suggested.
Iaetsd zigbee for vehicular communication systemsIaetsd Iaetsd
This document discusses Zigbee for vehicular communication systems. It begins with an introduction to vehicular communication and the need to develop effective communication systems for intelligent transportation systems. It then discusses some key aspects of vehicular communication systems, including long vehicle lifespans, physical access by owners, and robustness requirements. The document also discusses the SeVeCom implementation of a baseline security architecture for vehicular communication systems, including modules for secure communication, privacy protection, and in-vehicle security. It describes how components are integrated with the communication stack through a hooking architecture and interfaces.
This document discusses the development of a high availability framework for Advanced Telecom Computing Architecture (ATCA) chassis in CDMA networks. It aims to speed up validation testing of high availability software features running on ATCA blades. The framework establishes a connection between a user's system and the ATCA chassis, allowing centralized control and monitoring of tests across multiple blades. This reduces the time and effort required compared to testing each blade individually. The document provides background on ATCA and high availability systems, describes the proposed framework and its objectives to minimize testing time. It also presents the framework's architecture using data flow diagrams.
This document discusses the development of a high availability framework for Advanced Telecom Computing Architecture (ATCA) chassis in CDMA networks. It aims to speed up validation testing of high availability software features running on ATCA blades. The framework establishes a connection between a user's system and the ATCA chassis, allowing centralized control and monitoring of tests across multiple blades. This reduces the time and effort required compared to testing each blade individually. The document provides background on ATCA and high availability systems, describes the proposed framework and its objectives to minimize testing time and resources.
A proposed model develops a low-cost PLC-based GSM control module that integrates mobile applications and home/industrial automation technologies. The model uses a programmable logic controller connected to a microcontroller to control devices via SMS messages sent over the GSM network from a mobile phone. The microcontroller encodes and decodes SMS messages using AT commands to interface with the PLC and control connected devices remotely.
A Proposed Cost Effective Prototype Model for PLC Based GSM Remote Control in...IOSR Journals
The document proposes a cost effective prototype model for a PLC-based GSM remote control system for home and industrial automation. The model integrates mobile application platforms with automation technologies using a low-cost PLC-based GSM control module. It discusses using a Siemens S7-1200 PLC, encoding/decoding SMS messages, wireless industrial communication standards, mobile SCADA systems, and programming PLCs using ladder logic. The goal is to develop an efficient system for remotely monitoring and controlling devices via cellular networks or the internet from a mobile phone.
The document discusses substation automation in smart grids. It describes how substation automation has evolved from mechanical relays and meters with no communication capabilities to modern systems that use intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) and standards like IEC 61850 to enable communication. The key components of a substation automation system are IEDs, Ethernet switches, local HMIs, and connections to SCADA systems. The document also introduces the Smart Grid Architectural Model (SGAM) framework, which provides a way to represent interoperability across different layers and domains involved in electricity generation, transmission, distribution and consumption.
Energy Meters using Internet of Things PlatformIRJET Journal
This document proposes an architecture and implementation for integrating energy meters with an Internet of Things (IoT) platform. The key aspects of the approach are: 1) Integrating smart grid applications and home applications using a common IoT infrastructure, 2) Collecting data from different sensor communication protocols, 3) Providing secure and customized data access, and 4) Mapping sensors and actuators to a common abstraction layer to enable multiple concurrent applications. The proposed system was demonstrated with a kit using Zigbee meters and gateways connected to an IoT server and custom user interface.
Architecture & data acquisition by embedded systems in automobiles seminar re...Ankit Kaul
This document is a technical seminar report submitted by Ankit Kaul to the Visvesvaraya Technological University. The report discusses the architecture and data acquisition of embedded systems in automobiles. It provides an overview of the layered architecture of digital services enabled by embedded technology in vehicles. This includes modular architecture, layered architecture, and a layered modular architecture continuum. It also describes how remote diagnostic services work using embedded sensors in vehicles to collect data, which is transmitted through networks and analyzed by application programs.
A Defense-in-depth Cybersecurity for Smart SubstationsIJECEIAES
The increase of cyber-attacks on industrial and power systems in the recent years make the cybersecurity of supervisory control and data acquisition and substation automation systemsa high important engineering issue. This paper proposes a defense in depth cybersecurity solution for smart substations in different layers of the substation automation system. In fact, it presents possible vulnerabilities in the substation automation system and propose a multiple layer solution based on best practice in cyber security such as the hardening ofdevices, whitelisting, network configuration, network segmentation, role-based account management and cyber security management and deployement.
This document reviews recent developments in technologies used for industrial automation data acquisition and control systems. It discusses how Ethernet, wireless LAN, Wi-Fi, and GPRS have allowed for more advanced connectivity solutions in industrial systems. The paper surveys several studies that have designed data acquisition and control systems using technologies like ARM processors, embedded web servers, and wireless connectivity to monitor and control industrial sensors and devices remotely over IP networks. These systems allow for increased reliability, flexibility, and real-time interaction compared to traditional automation solutions.
Induction motor is rotating type of electro-mechanical device. Induction motor convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. Induction motor is highly reliable, require less maintenance and have high efficiency. Induction motor are wide in range of operation and it used in many application because its construction is simple and robust. In past induction motor can be protected by manual operation of component such as timer, contactor, electromagnetic switch, voltage and current transformer. Protection of an induction motor against problem such as short circuit, temperature rise, single phasing and motor vibration occurring in the operation is very important. Manual operation of protection system are very slow and is not accurate. Looking to this issues, in this paper PLC based protection method is used. Which operated automatically, provide higher accuracy and quick response.
Development of A web and GSM Based Monitoring and Controlling System for PLC ...ijsrd.com
In this paper we have developed a platform to remotely monitor and control PLC-based processes over web and GSM network. It will be great benefit if we control the process plant through remote monitoring and controlling. In recent years the development of industrial automation through remote monitoring and controlling has been increased. The proposed system is made possible by the use of PLC, Microcontroller, GSM modem, Ethernet Module, and other elements. The main aim of the remote monitoring and controlling is when a critical failure occurs notifications are generated and send to the expert via SMS and internet message with the help of GSM modem and through internet. The remote controlling of process is now much required control to use expert man power. The challenge here is to establish a proper serial and Ethernet communication between PLC and Microcontroller via appropriate protocol and also to integrate conventional process with recent communication technologies along with advancements in wireless and internet technology.
Smart automatic petrol pump system based on internet of things IJECEIAES
IoT is that a rapid expanding program presently for blend all equipment things like (sensors, gadgets, hardware and so on) assemble and embed those with programming creating our own gadgets use The petroleum pump is these days running physically. It's an activity that fundamentally a drawnout time and requires more workforce. Additionally, put fuel stations in away zones is extermely costly. So achievement an automatic fuel filling system using web technology to solve these problems. There are dense proposed systems which goal to improve the fueling operation so as to form it less difficulty and more dependabl and more-safe, guarinte that the purchaser gets the same quantity of fuel in interchange for what he/she pays, so assist to end fraud at different fuel stations. These systems take human-software interaction by the web-enabeled procedure, thus keep off all errors made by people. The fundamental objective of this review paper is to survey of recent projects in design protype of smart petro pump based on RFID as payment tool and control on it remotely with high security level and concluded with future potential direction in design of smart petrol pump system.
IoT for wheel alignment monitoring systemIJECEIAES
A great deal of previous research into wheel alignment has focused on techniques of the alignment, which involve big, bulky and high cost to maintain. Even though several approaches are required, the works are tedious and only performed in spacious area and trained mechanics. IoT is the alternatives due to the evolution of smartphone with numerous sensors to support and assist the research and development for IoT applications in vehicles. In this work, smaller and portable wheel alignment monitoring system is introduced by using communication protocol between sensors, microcontroller and mobile phone application. Thus, graphical user interface (GUI) is utilized to the system via wireless communication technology using TCP/IP Communication Protocol. The system has been tested to suit the functioning architecture system for the wheel alignment to provide the user awareness on early detection of wheel misalignment. In addition, the application has been successfully integrated with Android mobile application via TCP/IP communication protocol and view the results in smart phone in real-time.
This document describes a microcontroller-based sequential starter system that controls the start and stop times of AC motors in real-time. The system uses a PIC18F452 microcontroller interfaced with a DS1307 real-time clock and an LCD. A Windows application developed in C# allows a user to enter start and stop times for motors which are sent to the microcontroller via serial communication. The microcontroller compares the entered times to the real-time clock and executes the motor sequences accordingly, turning motors on and off using solid state relays. The system was designed to demonstrate control of three AC motors based on preset timed sequences.
Communication between PLC different vendors using OPC server improved with ap...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Many industries often use different devices and controllers in automation systems. They all face the same difficulty how to exchange data between all those components. This paper proposed the implementation of OPC Server as software interface on communication between two different controllers, PLC Mitsubishi and PLC Omron. The main advantage of the method is the compatibility and solution for the factory difficulty problem because of using several driver controller. The compatibility among the different platforms of both controller, PLC Mitsubishi and PLC Omron, can be reached by use of KEPServerEx6 (OPC server) as a software interface. To test the compatibility amongst two different controllers, there was developed and implemented two field application devices, bottle unscramble and bottle filling station. This implementation shows OPC Server technology resolving data compatibility issues between different platforms and reducing development costs. It is envisaged that the method can be very useful to realize integration.
The vast majority of embedded system designs start with a processor-based system, using a microcontroller or microprocessor as the core element to predict and process the basic control tasks. This paper aims to increase the reliability of controlling a stepper motor by an embedded circuit, which generates four digital signals of pulse width modulation (PWM). The manager of this circuit is an embedded processor licensed from Microblaze, which sits within the FPGA architecture Virtex 5. This processor analyzes the parameters to execute the rotation under the best conditions (energy consumption, speed, precision, and reliability). The communication with the PC takes place via the RS232 link to provide feedback. The autonomous processor generates an independent control frequency of the PC. The four digital signals of PWM are simulated on Xilinx's ISim interface and sent to the ULN2803 amplifier circuit to run the stepper motor.
Blockchain Technology using System Requirement Specification and IoT DevicesIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses using blockchain technology with IoT devices to improve security, transparency, and tracking of sensor data and device activities.
2) It proposes that all IoT devices first register on the blockchain network before providing or accessing services. This allows all device data and configurations to be securely stored and immutable on the blockchain.
3) By integrating IoT devices and sensors onto the blockchain, their data collection, product documentation and manufacturing can be easily and securely tracked. This helps resolve security and privacy issues with centralized IoT systems.
Results of simulation modeling of technical parameters of a multiservice networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In a scientific article, the authors presented the results of simulation modeling of the technical parameters of a multiservice network. As a model of a multiservice communication network for the computational experiment, the model proposed in the previous scientific publications of the author was chosen. The selected model uses the Laplase-Stilles transform. Simulation modeling was carried out using the technical parameters of the multiservice network’s availability factor and network load. Scientific results of experimental research work are given in the form of tables. Relations of the probability of betime servicing of an application on the load of a multiservice communication network for various availability factors and the probability of untimely service of an application on the availability factor for numerous network loadings are obtained. The character of the distribution of costs necessary for the implementation of solutions for different categories of technical operation is shown. Scientific research on determining the objective function’s minimum value is presented in graphs and diagrams. The results of simulation modeling of the technical parameters of multiservice networks are presented in the form of diagrams using the Matlab software environment.
CAN Bus Integration for Enhanced Industrial Control and SafetyIRJET Journal
The document discusses using Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol for industrial automation and safety. CAN protocol allows for efficient and real-time communication between controllers. The proposed system uses sensors like temperature, gas leakage and light intensity sensors connected to microcontrollers to monitor these parameters. If any parameter exceeds a threshold, corrective actions like activating motors or buzzers are taken. CAN protocol provides high-speed and reliable data transmission between nodes. This ensures safety in industry by enabling monitoring and control of critical parameters.
IRJET- IoT based Classroom Automation SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes an IoT-based classroom automation system that allows teachers to remotely control devices in the classroom using a mobile application. The system uses NodeMCU microcontrollers connected to sensors and appliances via relays to enable on/off control. An ultrasonic sensor detects human presence. Commands sent from the mobile app via WiFi are received by the NodeMCU which controls the relays. This allows automation of lighting, A/C, and other devices for improved energy efficiency, convenience and security while providing remote classroom monitoring capabilities.
IRJET- Effect of ICT Application in Manufacturing IndustryIRJET Journal
This document discusses the application of information and communication technologies (ICT) in manufacturing industries. It begins by defining industrial informatics as the application of IT tools and techniques to solve real-world problems in industrial settings. It then discusses how ICT can be applied across different types of industries from primary to quaternary. Key applications of ICT in manufacturing mentioned include process modeling, production scheduling and control, and knowledge management. The document also examines communication requirements and challenges at different industrial levels from machines to components. It explores opportunities for using wireless technologies and computational intelligence techniques to improve real-time capabilities and decision making in industrial settings.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
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A proposed model develops a low-cost PLC-based GSM control module that integrates mobile applications and home/industrial automation technologies. The model uses a programmable logic controller connected to a microcontroller to control devices via SMS messages sent over the GSM network from a mobile phone. The microcontroller encodes and decodes SMS messages using AT commands to interface with the PLC and control connected devices remotely.
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The document proposes a cost effective prototype model for a PLC-based GSM remote control system for home and industrial automation. The model integrates mobile application platforms with automation technologies using a low-cost PLC-based GSM control module. It discusses using a Siemens S7-1200 PLC, encoding/decoding SMS messages, wireless industrial communication standards, mobile SCADA systems, and programming PLCs using ladder logic. The goal is to develop an efficient system for remotely monitoring and controlling devices via cellular networks or the internet from a mobile phone.
The document discusses substation automation in smart grids. It describes how substation automation has evolved from mechanical relays and meters with no communication capabilities to modern systems that use intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) and standards like IEC 61850 to enable communication. The key components of a substation automation system are IEDs, Ethernet switches, local HMIs, and connections to SCADA systems. The document also introduces the Smart Grid Architectural Model (SGAM) framework, which provides a way to represent interoperability across different layers and domains involved in electricity generation, transmission, distribution and consumption.
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Architecture & data acquisition by embedded systems in automobiles seminar re...Ankit Kaul
This document is a technical seminar report submitted by Ankit Kaul to the Visvesvaraya Technological University. The report discusses the architecture and data acquisition of embedded systems in automobiles. It provides an overview of the layered architecture of digital services enabled by embedded technology in vehicles. This includes modular architecture, layered architecture, and a layered modular architecture continuum. It also describes how remote diagnostic services work using embedded sensors in vehicles to collect data, which is transmitted through networks and analyzed by application programs.
A Defense-in-depth Cybersecurity for Smart SubstationsIJECEIAES
The increase of cyber-attacks on industrial and power systems in the recent years make the cybersecurity of supervisory control and data acquisition and substation automation systemsa high important engineering issue. This paper proposes a defense in depth cybersecurity solution for smart substations in different layers of the substation automation system. In fact, it presents possible vulnerabilities in the substation automation system and propose a multiple layer solution based on best practice in cyber security such as the hardening ofdevices, whitelisting, network configuration, network segmentation, role-based account management and cyber security management and deployement.
This document reviews recent developments in technologies used for industrial automation data acquisition and control systems. It discusses how Ethernet, wireless LAN, Wi-Fi, and GPRS have allowed for more advanced connectivity solutions in industrial systems. The paper surveys several studies that have designed data acquisition and control systems using technologies like ARM processors, embedded web servers, and wireless connectivity to monitor and control industrial sensors and devices remotely over IP networks. These systems allow for increased reliability, flexibility, and real-time interaction compared to traditional automation solutions.
Induction motor is rotating type of electro-mechanical device. Induction motor convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. Induction motor is highly reliable, require less maintenance and have high efficiency. Induction motor are wide in range of operation and it used in many application because its construction is simple and robust. In past induction motor can be protected by manual operation of component such as timer, contactor, electromagnetic switch, voltage and current transformer. Protection of an induction motor against problem such as short circuit, temperature rise, single phasing and motor vibration occurring in the operation is very important. Manual operation of protection system are very slow and is not accurate. Looking to this issues, in this paper PLC based protection method is used. Which operated automatically, provide higher accuracy and quick response.
Development of A web and GSM Based Monitoring and Controlling System for PLC ...ijsrd.com
In this paper we have developed a platform to remotely monitor and control PLC-based processes over web and GSM network. It will be great benefit if we control the process plant through remote monitoring and controlling. In recent years the development of industrial automation through remote monitoring and controlling has been increased. The proposed system is made possible by the use of PLC, Microcontroller, GSM modem, Ethernet Module, and other elements. The main aim of the remote monitoring and controlling is when a critical failure occurs notifications are generated and send to the expert via SMS and internet message with the help of GSM modem and through internet. The remote controlling of process is now much required control to use expert man power. The challenge here is to establish a proper serial and Ethernet communication between PLC and Microcontroller via appropriate protocol and also to integrate conventional process with recent communication technologies along with advancements in wireless and internet technology.
Smart automatic petrol pump system based on internet of things IJECEIAES
IoT is that a rapid expanding program presently for blend all equipment things like (sensors, gadgets, hardware and so on) assemble and embed those with programming creating our own gadgets use The petroleum pump is these days running physically. It's an activity that fundamentally a drawnout time and requires more workforce. Additionally, put fuel stations in away zones is extermely costly. So achievement an automatic fuel filling system using web technology to solve these problems. There are dense proposed systems which goal to improve the fueling operation so as to form it less difficulty and more dependabl and more-safe, guarinte that the purchaser gets the same quantity of fuel in interchange for what he/she pays, so assist to end fraud at different fuel stations. These systems take human-software interaction by the web-enabeled procedure, thus keep off all errors made by people. The fundamental objective of this review paper is to survey of recent projects in design protype of smart petro pump based on RFID as payment tool and control on it remotely with high security level and concluded with future potential direction in design of smart petrol pump system.
IoT for wheel alignment monitoring systemIJECEIAES
A great deal of previous research into wheel alignment has focused on techniques of the alignment, which involve big, bulky and high cost to maintain. Even though several approaches are required, the works are tedious and only performed in spacious area and trained mechanics. IoT is the alternatives due to the evolution of smartphone with numerous sensors to support and assist the research and development for IoT applications in vehicles. In this work, smaller and portable wheel alignment monitoring system is introduced by using communication protocol between sensors, microcontroller and mobile phone application. Thus, graphical user interface (GUI) is utilized to the system via wireless communication technology using TCP/IP Communication Protocol. The system has been tested to suit the functioning architecture system for the wheel alignment to provide the user awareness on early detection of wheel misalignment. In addition, the application has been successfully integrated with Android mobile application via TCP/IP communication protocol and view the results in smart phone in real-time.
This document describes a microcontroller-based sequential starter system that controls the start and stop times of AC motors in real-time. The system uses a PIC18F452 microcontroller interfaced with a DS1307 real-time clock and an LCD. A Windows application developed in C# allows a user to enter start and stop times for motors which are sent to the microcontroller via serial communication. The microcontroller compares the entered times to the real-time clock and executes the motor sequences accordingly, turning motors on and off using solid state relays. The system was designed to demonstrate control of three AC motors based on preset timed sequences.
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Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
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Homogenous and interoperable signaling computer interlocking through IEC 61499 standard
1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 13, No. 6, December 2023, pp. 6228~6239
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v13i6.pp6228-6239 6228
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com
Homogenous and interoperable signaling computer interlocking
through IEC 61499 standard
Ikram Abourahim, Mohsine Eleuldj, Mustapha Amghar
SIP Laboratory, Mohammadia School of Engineers, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Mar 27, 2023
Revised Jun 6, 2023
Accepted Jun 22, 2023
The technological evolution of signaling systems has created a dependency
from infrastructure managers to suppliers and industrials dominating the
market. Indeed, for each deployed computer interlocking, the modification
of field equipment is required to allow an adaptation with the new
interlocking in terms of communication protocols and logical interface. In
addition, to ensure safe traffic of trains, the communication of railway
signaling data is necessary between interlockings. However, delayed
deployments from one station to another make the establishment of
communication channels costly and difficult, or even impossible, since each
supplier keeps confidential its communication protocols and usually opts for
interfacing based on wired logic. This paper presents our approach to a
homogeneous architecture of interlocking meeting modularity requirements,
interoperability, and logical interfacing between interlockings. This
approach relies on a classification of internal functions of the computer
interlocking, a distribution of the execution of those functions and making
useful information available for interfaces between adjacent interlockings
through the IEC 61499 standard coupled with service-oriented architecture
(SOA).
Keywords:
Computer interlocking
Distributed system
IEC 61499 standard
Interoperability
Railway signaling
Service oriented architecture
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Ikram Abourahim
SIP Laboratory, Mohammadia School of Engineers, Mohammed V University in Rabat
Rabat, Morocco
Email: ikramabourahim@research.emi.ac.ma
1. INTRODUCTION
The digitalization of the industry has created new challenges for managers and decision-makers.
Industry is naturally composed of a set of heterogeneous technologies whose interconnection makes it
possible to constitute production lines or automated control and supervision systems. Most often, the data
exchanged between the different devices is neither standardized nor controlled.
The race for new manufacturing processes and technologies continues to accelerate [1]. To bring
ever more value to industrial customers and end users, the manufacturer must constantly review it is copy and
enrich its technical assets [2]. Interoperability is one of the development challenges of tomorrow’s industries
as introduced in [3] and [4] whether on the Software [5] or Hardware side [6].
In the context of Industry 4.0, the challenge for the manufacturer is to create a dialogue between the
elements of the production tool from various horizons. Connected objects and the internet of things (IoT) [7]
are invading our daily lives and those of companies. The market offers a plethora of technical solutions, more
or less proprietary.
The collaboration between equipment allows the manufacturer to gain agility, when changing
products or modifying manufacturing processes. The time to market a new product depends on the execution
time of the production line and the machine downtime, which in turn depend on the coupling between the
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components and the agility of the maintenance process. As a result, thanks to digitalization, both times can be
significantly reduced [1], [2].
In addition, productivity can be improved by accurately measuring data from tools, tuning
production parameters in real time and alerting to the risk of failure. The data retrieved makes it possible to
optimize and make production more flexible. Quality, traceability and therefore customer satisfaction are also
the big winners of interoperability by offering a whole range of information on the manufacturing process.
Like any connected system, interoperability tools entail a major risk of loss of control over the data
and information that passes between devices [8]. Similarly, the centralization of digital data and their
increasingly complex reprocessing require expertise that generally goes beyond the company’s field of
expertise. As with the entire information system, the implementation of a move towards a more cooperative
and interoperable system requires a great deal of vigilance and prior validation.
Several standards [9] and studies [10], [11] have been interested in responding to the need for
interoperability, especially with the inclusion of IoT in the industrial field [7] and its opening to the cloud
[12]. Among the standards that have proven their effectiveness for interoperability in the industrial field are
the standard IEEE 1451 for smart sensors [13], [14], the open platform communications unified architecture
(OPC UA) protocol imposing security criteria in the exchange, storage or dissemination of data [15], [16],
and the standard IEC 61499 [17]–[19] for distributed command and control systems.
In signaling railway system, the interoperability is also an issue [20] due to the non-homogeneity of
information technology (IT) solutions and the different interfaces between systems of different suppliers
deployed. Indeed, technological solutions insure a multitude of facilities and services for managing train
traffic. As solutions, we consider remote control and monitoring of installations, computer interlocking, and
automatic driving.
Thus, to deal with the problem of interoperability between signaling computer interlocking, we
propose a standardization of the exchange between computer interlockings through the IEC 61499 standard.
In this paper, we present firstly the IEC 61499 standard and their benefits. After that, we carried out our
proposition of a functional model for railway signaling interlocking whose execution is distributed in an
architecture of calculators. This third section presents, as well, the services approach chosen for better
flexibility and interoperability between interlockings. Finally, the discussion and analysis of results lead to
the conclusion and perspectives of our research.
2. IEC 61499 STANDARD: DISTRIBUTED INDUSTRIAL MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL
SYSTEMS
IEC 61499 is an international standard for function blocks used in distributed industrial process
measurement and control systems. It was first published in 2005 and revised in 2012. It is specification [21]
defines a general model of a control system, divided into four parts as seen in Table 1. Therefore,
IEC 61499-1 defines an open architecture of function blocks for distributed integrated control and automation
systems. This open architecture is combined with appropriate IEC 61499-4 compliance profiles and software
tools to meet IEC 61499-2 requirements.
Table 1. IEC 61499 standard
Parts Application domain
IEC 61499-1 Architecture [17]
IEC 61499-2 Requirements of the software tool [18]
IEC 61499-3 Application guide (withdrawal in 2008)
IEC 61499-4 Rules for compliance profiles [19]
As a result, reusable software modules (functional blocks) can be developed and deployed in
distributed systems that will meet the requirements of portability, interoperability and configurability as seen
in Figure 1. The first requirement ensures that software tools correctly accept and interpret software
components and system configurations produced by other software tools. The second one allows embedded
devices work together to perform the functions needed by distributed applications. Finally, the third
requirement facilitates the configurability of any device and its software components by software tools from
different vendors and suppliers.
In fact, IEC 61499 has proven its ability to manage effectively the distribution of system functions
as well as its agility during deployment, maintenance, or upgrade systems as mentioned in [14], [22]. This
ability is due to the requirements’ standard and also their main advantages. The advantages of this standard
are encapsulation, reuse, distribution, and integration.
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Figure 1. IEC 61499 requirements
2.1. Encapsulation
In IEC 61499, the basic unit for encapsulating and reusing basic functions is a function block. A
class defines the behavior of multiple instances in an object-oriented manner. It includes event input and
output and data input and output to achieve synchronization between data transfer and program execution in
distributed systems.
2.1.1. Basic functional block
The basic functional block types as shown in Figure 2 are the atoms that build higher-level
molecules. Software developers can encapsulate intelligent properties, by using IEC 61499-2 compliant
software tools, as algorithms written in Java or IEC 61131-3 programming languages. The execution of these
algorithms is done by execution control cards (ECCs) as shown in Figure 3, which are event-based state
machines similar to Harel’s state diagram [23].
Figure 2. Basic functional block [17] Figure 3. Execution control card [17]
2.1.2. Service interface functional block
Another type of atomic function block is the service interface function block (SIFB) type. This
represents an interface to low-level services provided by an embedded device's operating system or hardware.
These services can be graphical user interface (GUI) elements (cursors, buttons, or lights) or services
communicating with external systems or interfaces to hardware (temperature sensors, engine speed
controllers, control valves, or ambient light intensity controllers).
The IEC 61499-compliant software tools and associated runtime packages provide an extensive GUI
and communicate with the SIFB as shown in Figure 4. A hardware SIFB provider (usually an embedded
device manufacturer) can use an IEC 61499-compliant software tool to document its operations in the form
of a service sequence diagram, as shown in Figure 4 on the right. The graph then resumes the expected
exchange between client and server.
2.2. Reuse
Software developers can use IEC 61499-2 compliant software tools to create higher-level function
block molecules (called composite function block types) from lower-level function block atoms that can, in
turn, be simple or compound. To do this, the event and data interfaces of the composite type need to be
specified and then populated with a diagram showing how the functional blocks of its internal components
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are connected. In this type of function block, the execution of the algorithm in the component function block
is controlled by the flow of events from one component to another, as shown by the links in Figure 5. This
combination of function blocks enables defined function blocks (basic or function blocks) to be reused.
Composite if required by other functions.
Figure 4. Service interface functional block [17] Figure 5. Composite functional block [17]
2.3. Distribution
In the IEC 61499-1 architectural model, distributable operations are erected by hitching cases of
applicable functional block types (basics or mixes) with applicable event and data connections. Using IEC
61499-2 biddable software tools, these structure blocks can be distributed to physical bias over a network, as
long as these biases misbehave with the applicable compliance profile (19). Figure 6 shows the possibility of
distributing operations (operation A, App.B, App.C) to multiple bias where the functional blocks are
executed as shown at the top of Figure 6. It is also possible to distribute an operation across multiple coffers
within a device. coffers can be multiple processors connected to a backplane or multiple tasks within a single
multi-core processor.
Figure 6. Distribution-IEC 61499 [17]
2.4. Integration
In the IEC 61499 armature, coffers give the services demanded to integrate all operations into a
functional distributed system. Indeed, software tools biddable with IEC 61499 grease integration through
numerous installations. Firstly, mapping dispatches that are transmitted between bias in input and affair
events and data in SIFB. also, using event and data inputs and labors to spark the performance of introductory
and compound functional block algorithms, and attend their operation with other functional blocks. Finally
mapping the inputs and labors of data and events from I/O SIFBs to the inputs and labors of the system,
where it can describe what is passing in the physical world and take applicable physical action in response.
3. DESIGN OF HOMOGENEOUS AND INTEROPERABLE COMPUTER INTERLOCKING
The continuous evolution of the technology inspires different industrial in the field of railway
signaling but lead as well to the lack of homogeneity between interlockings proposed and then to heavy
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investments in each modification or upgrade of the railway installation. Moreover, the interface between
interlockings of adjacent stations remains a handicap and is managed most of the time by electromechanical
interfaces even if computer interlockings are deployed. This situation is due to the non-standardization of the
communication protocol and to the difference in the processing of the information received. Therefore, we
design a homogeneous architecture and a logic interface between computers interlocking on borders.
3.1. Functional model
In our project, we are primarily interested in the harmonization of computer signaling interlockings.
Thus, we propose an architecture based on functional blocks according to the IEC 61499 standard. The
modeling of the overall system using the SysML block diagram is shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7. Functional model-SysML [23]
This model is based on Moroccan signaling principles but as a global model, it is applicable for
different signaling principles of other railway infrastructure managers with adaptability in internal functional
blocks. Each block is linked to a family of functional blocks that run in interaction and have attributes in
common [24]. To execute this functional model, we propose a distributed architecture of calculators.
3.2. Architecture of distributed calculators
To realize the interoperability solution through functional blocks, we are considering a new
distributed architecture proposal for the signaling interlocking. Indeed, in the centralized architecture, the
central computer (level 1 in Figure 8) is linked to field equipment through the object controllers (OCs) that
are represented at level 2 in Figure 8. Each type of field equipment has an appropriate OC. However, to
realize the interoperability proposal via functional blocks, we are considering a new architecture for signaling
computer interlockings. In summary, the interlocking, composed of a single computer according to the
centralized architecture, will be broken down into a central calculator and auxiliary calculators according to
the distributed architecture as summarized in Figure 9.
Figure 8. Centralized interlocking architecture
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Figure 9. Decomposition of interlocking
IEC 61499 functional blocks allow a system to be decomposed into elementary functions that can be
executable in a distributed environment with synchronous logic as shown in Figure 6. Therefore, in our
proposed configuration, the interlocking of a station is composed by a network of sub-calculators. The main
functions are performed on the central calculator, the functions related to the station field equipment are
distributed on auxiliary station computers and only the necessary information is sent to the central computer.
Finally, the functions related to the field equipment located on the open line (between the stations) are
executed on auxiliary block computers and only the useful information, for the supervision or the command
of tracks, is sent to the central calculator as shown in Figure 10.
Figure 10. Distributed interlocking architecture
In addition, the calculation of the functions initially performed on the computer interlocking will be
distributed between the central calculator and the auxiliary calculators as shown in Figure 10. In fact, the
main functions are performed on the central computer. Then, the auxiliary station calculators execute the
functions related to the field equipment at the auxiliary station calculator and only the necessary information
is sent to the central computer. For example, if we consider the station in Figure 11, the station will be
divided into 2 parts on the left and right sides, and then the equipment of each part is linked to the auxiliary
station computer on the right or left. Finally, the auxiliary block calculators execute the functions related to
the open line equipment and only the necessary information is transmitted to the central computer.
Figure 11. Example station map
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3.2.1. Time analysis
Indeed, the Interlocking calculator operates on a cyclical basis. Cycle time (𝑡𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒) is composed of
function execution period (𝑡𝑒𝑥𝑒) and the output data sending period (𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚) as modelled in (2). At the
beginning of the cycle, all available input data is read (i.e., the status of field equipment and controls from the
supervisory station). Then, all the interlocking functions are executed successively. At the end of 𝑡𝑒𝑥𝑒, the
outputs (commands for object controllers and indications for the supervisory station) are sent from the
processing unit to the communication unit for compression and transmission. Figure 12 illustrates the
concept. Thus, the analysis in next sections focuses on the influence of architecture choices on 𝑡𝑒𝑥𝑒 and 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚.
𝑡𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 𝑡𝑒𝑥𝑒 + 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚 (1)
Figure 12. Illustration of the interlocking cycle time
3.2.2. Execution time
Based on Moroccan railway signaling principles, we have established a new distribution of
interlocking’s functions. Instead of calculating all the functions at the level of a single interlocking computer,
we chose to distribute them between the central calculator on one hand and the auxiliary stations and blocks
calculators on the other hand as shown in Figure 10. Each function is related to an execution time that affects
the overall execution time of the interlocking modelled in (2). Thus, reducing the number of functions
performed by a calculator reduces the execution time in a cycle for each calculator and then ensures overall
optimization at the level of the interlocking cycle period [25].
𝑡𝑒𝑥𝑒 = ∑ 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒(𝑓𝑖)
𝑁
𝑖=1 (2)
where, 𝑡𝑒𝑥𝑒 is cycle execution time, 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒(𝑓𝑖) is execution time of function 𝑓𝑖, and N is the total number of
functions.
3.2.3. Communication time
For the execution of the interlocking functions, exchanging variables’ states is essential to enable
overall system execution with consistency and logical synchronization. Each family of functions has
variables to exchange (data in/data out) as shown in Figure 13. When using centralized architecture, all the
information collected by the object controllers is sent to the interlocking (single calculator Figure 8).
However, executing the same functions in distributed architecture allows sending only results of functions
performed in the auxiliary calculators to the central computer as shown in Figure 10.
To quantify the relevant of our proposal, we choose the category of signal to compare the data
exchange flow between centralized and distributed architectures because the functions in this category are
fully computed on an auxiliary block calculator. For internal variables of signal functions, we can
significantly reduce the data exchange flow from the central calculator to the object controllers when the
calculation is performed on the auxiliary block calculator, so that the exchange of 56 variables in the
centralized architecture as shown in Figure 14 is reduced to 0 variables in the distributed architecture as
shown in Figure 15. In addition, it reduces the flow of data to the central computer from 45 variables sent by
the object controllers as shown in Figure 14 to 23 variables sent from the auxiliary block computer as shown
in Figure 15. Thus, if we consider a linear model (3) for communication time, reducing the number of
variables exchanged reduces communication time.
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𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚 = 𝑎 +
𝐾𝐶𝐴
𝑏
(3)
where, 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚 is communication time, 𝑎 is latency, 𝑏 is debit, and 𝐾𝐶𝐴 is number of variables (data out of
functions (𝑓𝑖) transmitted by the auxiliary calculator).
Figure 13. Diagram of interchange between interlocking’s functional blocks [25]
Figure 14. Signal data exchange-centralized architecture
Figure 15. Signal data exchange-distributed architecture
3.3. Services approach for interlocking interfaces
In the continuity of the functional improvement of the interlocking module of the signaling system
and responding to the need for interoperability and exchange between adjacent interlockings, we proposed an
interface between interlockings with a service-oriented approach. On one hand, IEC 61499 standard defines a
form of service interface functional block (SIFB). The SIFBs are the elements made available for interfacing
between calculators. In the other hand, the proposal of a service-oriented architecture (SOA) to frame the
exchange of SIFB ensures the provision of essential services for the exchange in a perspective of
independence between interlockings.
By joining the sense of the SIFB according to IEC 61499, the information transmitted is
automatically fed by/into the SIFB concerned by the communication between adjacent interlockings.
Moreover, when this communication is related only to field equipment’s status, the concerned variables are
sent directly from the auxiliary calculator (station or block) to the relevant SIFB and does not impact the
execution cycle of the central calculator. As well, the coupling of SIFB with SOA architecture services
facilitates interfacing adjacent interlockings when deploying new interlocking or during delayed deployments
(years of difference between station commissioning).
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3.3.1. Interlocking interface functions
To ensure the communication of adjacent interlockings, we rely on feedback from the deployment
of the European rail traffic management system (ERTMS) system to define the SIFB. Indeed, ERTMS
messages give a movement authority (MA) which depends on the appearance of one or more successive
signals. The content of the MA is different depending on the type of signal; block or station.
Also, the perimeter of the interlocking is geographically limited by interface signals that are closely
related to the boundary areas as shown in Figure 16. We therefore chose to link the signal and area functional
blocks to the SIFB. For this, there are two types of functional blocks for the signal interface; block signal
functional block that ensures the safety of successive train movements on a full line and Signal Station
functional block that ensures the safe movement of trains in stations. For the area limit, The SIFB in
connection with the functional block linked to the boundary zone as shown in Figure 16 provides information
on the occupation or not of the area located within the geographical boundaries of the interlocking control.
Figure 16. Elements of interfaces in stations-example
3.3.2. Interlocking interface services
We chose, in the first place, to carry out the modeling of interface services by SoaML. This
modeling language allows us to dress the different levels of SOA architecture, composed of services, through
their different diagrams (service interface diagram, participants diagram, service architecture diagram …). As
service interface, we carried out two types of services that are needed to realize the interface between
adjacent interlocking. Those services are SignalStatut and AreaStatut and they are related to the signal and
the area within the borders of each interlocking. Participants diagram of those services is represented
Figure 17 and explained in [26].
Figure 17. Participants’ diagram
4. CASE STUDY
4.1. Simulation
To confirm the relevance of the functional model proposed, we carried out a simulation on ISaGRAF
for a station example used for training at National Office of Railway in Morocco (ONCF). Interlocking
functions of the simulated station are distributed in five simulated calculators as shown in
Figure 18. We made, as well, a supervision interface using the ISaVIEW software. This interface allowed us to
supervise and control the elements of the station studied from the signaling view as shown in Figure 19, thus
giving the information concerning the status of each element represented (itinerary, point, area and signal).
The interface also offers the possibility to simulate commands and simulate the condition of field equipment.
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Figure 18. Distributed architecture-deployment network
Figure 19. Simulation view
4.2. Results and discussion
When running the program, simulated supervision (workstation) does not make any distinction
between data changes at the central calculator level and at the Auxiliary calculator level. The result is in
accordance with the rules and principles of signage and the distribution remains transparent for the
supervisory position. However, since we carried out the simulation with an educational version of ISaGRAF,
a limitation of the number of links of a data (global variable) from the transmitter block (Data_Out) to
consumer blocks (Data_In) required the implementation of a bypass.
Thus, we have chosen to set up communication blocks in the central computer between families of
functions (itinerary, points, and signals). This solution can be retained for final deployment, as it facilitates
the exploitation of the data exchanged and supports the modular feature desired when modifying
interlockings. Indeed, when adding an itinerary, the related functional block can extract Data_In only from
the internal communication block of the central computer without the need to establish a link with each
Functional Block of other function families.
5. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES
Our proposal focuses on the architecture of computer interlockings railway signaling. On one hand,
the homogenization of the functional model increases the performance of the internal functions of the
interlocking. This homogeneity also brings modularity in the system and its preparation for interoperability
and interfacing with adjacent interlockings. On the other hand, the distribution of the operation of the
interlocking in a distributed architecture of programmable automatons, makes functions available and
decouples interfacing.
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As a result, the harmonization between interlockings will allow a mastery of the technology
deployed by the infrastructure manager, flexibility during software changes following station facilities and a
prearranged interface between interlockings not dependent on the provider. In addition, trials and tests are an
essential phase in the signaling project management process and its control is regulated according to
CENELEC standards. Thus, the development of a validation model to automatically test the final system is
essential. The automatic test system will facilitate the management of test phases laboratories and sites of the
signaling system to put it into operation safely.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The research work for this paper is the result of a collaboration between EMI and ONCF.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Ikram Abourahim received an engineering degree in telecommunication
engineering from the National Institute of Posts and Telecommunication in Rabat (INPT),
Morocco, in 2011. Currently, she is a Ph.D. Student at computer and production systems
laboratory (SIP) from Mohammadia School of Engineers (EMI), Mohammed V University in
Rabat, Morocco. Her research interests include the new generation of signaling systems,
distributed automation systems, service-oriented architectures, communication protocols, and
system interfaces. She can be contacted at email: ikramabourahim@research.emi.ac.ma.
Mohsine Eleuldj received his Ph.D. in 1989 at Universite de Montreal, Canada,
and then joined, as a professor, the Computer Science Department at Ecole Mohammadia des
Ingenieurs, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco. His research interests include
parallel processing, distributed computing, computer security, and hardware implementations.
He can be contacted at email: eleuldj@emi.ac.ma.
Mustapha Amghar is a holder of a Ph.D. in industrial computing from Liege
University in Belgium as well as a university habilitation in research from the Mohammadia
School of Engineering in Morocco. He is currently a professor in the Electrical Department at
Mohammadia School of Engineering. For over 30 years, he has been completing counseling
missions for public and private institutions. His research interests include control systems
engineering, electronic engineering, and aerospace engineering. He has also confirmed
experiences in global navigation satellite systems, Galileo, global positioning systems, survey
engineering, GPS navigation devices, EGNOS, localization, and tracking. He can be contacted
at email: amghar@emi.ac.ma.