This study investigated the use of light and darkness in the Brihadeshvara Hindu Temple built in 1010 AD in Tamilnadu, India. Computer simulations were used to analyze light levels at different points within the temple. The simulations showed light levels decreasing progressively towards the innermost chamber, as dictated by Hindu faith. Light levels within the temple were also compared to standards for dark public spaces and found to be lower, creating holier darkness. The findings supported the temple's design accommodating the ritual procession from outer brightness to inner darkness to enhance spiritual experience.
THE MEANING OF NATURAL LIGHTING ON ALTAR CASE STUDY: CATHEDRAL CHURCH AND CHU...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research study on the meaning and impact of natural lighting in church buildings, specifically on the altar. The study analyzed two case churches - Cathedral Church in Jakarta and Church of the Light in Osaka. The methodology examined: 1) The orientation of light filters on the altar and in seating areas as an audio-visual buffer, 2) Natural lighting as representing divine power centered on the altar, and 3) How this creates a sacred atmosphere of silence and light. The findings were that both churches successfully used lighting orientation in this way, but Church of the Light had a greater contrast between dominant altar lighting and darker audio buffers, further enhancing the sacred feel. The conclusion is that intentional natural lighting design can symbol
The document discusses the cosmological basis of Hindu temple design, using the Angkor Wat temple in Cambodia as a case study. Some key points:
1) Angkor Wat's design aligned with astronomical events like solstices and equinoxes, and incorporated symbolic numbers related to Vedic cosmology.
2) Its dimensions represented astronomical periods like the lengths of yugas.
3) Hindu temples were designed to represent Mount Meru and the macrocosm, mirroring the microcosmic human body.
4) Angkor Wat served as a practical observatory and embodied principles of Indian architecture, reflecting the equivalence between outer cosmos and inner self.
Ancient temples Geometry - conference paper prepared on 28th Feb. 2021 Samirsinh Parmar
Steps in temple construction, Elements of Hindu temple structure, architecture style of construction, Vaastu planning of the building, fractal geometry of temples, the human body as temple structure,
This document discusses the use of fractal geometry in Hindu temple architecture to symbolically represent Hindu cosmological and philosophical concepts. It argues that fractal geometry was used because it mimics patterns found in nature, allowing temples to visually depict the idea that the macrocosm is contained within the microcosm. The symbolic forms and self-similarity found in fractals help impart theological meanings and concepts to human observers in a perceptible way. Hindu temples are designed according to texts like the Vastushastras using geometric patterns like the Vastu Purush Mandala, which symbolizes order and the completeness of life, representing the cosmos through its fractal properties.
This document summarizes the architectural features of the Temple of Vishnu located in Bishnupur, Manipur, India. It was built during the reign of King Charairongba in the late 17th century AD, not King Kyamba as previously believed. The temple has a dome-like curved roof resembling the Burmese architectural style. It also incorporates elements from Bengali hut architecture like curved eaves. The temple architecture is a hybrid of local Manipuri styles combined with influences from Bengal and Southeast Asian countries like Burma and Java.
The document discusses the architecture of Hindu temples at Khajuraho, India. It describes key elements of temple design like the amalka, entrance porch, halls, vestibule, towers, and inner sanctum. The Lakshmana Temple from 954 AD and the Kandariya Mahadev Temple from 1025 AD are highlighted as examples. Sculptures at Khajuraho temples typically include gods, celestial beings, couples, and animals. The architecture reflects the Chandela Dynasty's rule from 831 to 1315 AD and demonstrates the Nagara style.
The Konark Sun Temple is located in Konark, Odisha and was built in the 13th century by King Narasimhadeva I to honor the Hindu sun god Surya. It was constructed over 12 years using black granite and red sandstone by over 1200 experts and artisans. The temple is in the shape of a giant chariot with elaborate carvings and sculptures depicting the sun, horses, and other Hindu imagery. It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984 for its impressive architecture and craftsmanship.
The PPP is on Kandariya Mahadeva temple, Kahjuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India for the students of UG on its architecture and art with its historical background.
The slide is not for my API, It is for the students. .
THE MEANING OF NATURAL LIGHTING ON ALTAR CASE STUDY: CATHEDRAL CHURCH AND CHU...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research study on the meaning and impact of natural lighting in church buildings, specifically on the altar. The study analyzed two case churches - Cathedral Church in Jakarta and Church of the Light in Osaka. The methodology examined: 1) The orientation of light filters on the altar and in seating areas as an audio-visual buffer, 2) Natural lighting as representing divine power centered on the altar, and 3) How this creates a sacred atmosphere of silence and light. The findings were that both churches successfully used lighting orientation in this way, but Church of the Light had a greater contrast between dominant altar lighting and darker audio buffers, further enhancing the sacred feel. The conclusion is that intentional natural lighting design can symbol
The document discusses the cosmological basis of Hindu temple design, using the Angkor Wat temple in Cambodia as a case study. Some key points:
1) Angkor Wat's design aligned with astronomical events like solstices and equinoxes, and incorporated symbolic numbers related to Vedic cosmology.
2) Its dimensions represented astronomical periods like the lengths of yugas.
3) Hindu temples were designed to represent Mount Meru and the macrocosm, mirroring the microcosmic human body.
4) Angkor Wat served as a practical observatory and embodied principles of Indian architecture, reflecting the equivalence between outer cosmos and inner self.
Ancient temples Geometry - conference paper prepared on 28th Feb. 2021 Samirsinh Parmar
Steps in temple construction, Elements of Hindu temple structure, architecture style of construction, Vaastu planning of the building, fractal geometry of temples, the human body as temple structure,
This document discusses the use of fractal geometry in Hindu temple architecture to symbolically represent Hindu cosmological and philosophical concepts. It argues that fractal geometry was used because it mimics patterns found in nature, allowing temples to visually depict the idea that the macrocosm is contained within the microcosm. The symbolic forms and self-similarity found in fractals help impart theological meanings and concepts to human observers in a perceptible way. Hindu temples are designed according to texts like the Vastushastras using geometric patterns like the Vastu Purush Mandala, which symbolizes order and the completeness of life, representing the cosmos through its fractal properties.
This document summarizes the architectural features of the Temple of Vishnu located in Bishnupur, Manipur, India. It was built during the reign of King Charairongba in the late 17th century AD, not King Kyamba as previously believed. The temple has a dome-like curved roof resembling the Burmese architectural style. It also incorporates elements from Bengali hut architecture like curved eaves. The temple architecture is a hybrid of local Manipuri styles combined with influences from Bengal and Southeast Asian countries like Burma and Java.
The document discusses the architecture of Hindu temples at Khajuraho, India. It describes key elements of temple design like the amalka, entrance porch, halls, vestibule, towers, and inner sanctum. The Lakshmana Temple from 954 AD and the Kandariya Mahadev Temple from 1025 AD are highlighted as examples. Sculptures at Khajuraho temples typically include gods, celestial beings, couples, and animals. The architecture reflects the Chandela Dynasty's rule from 831 to 1315 AD and demonstrates the Nagara style.
The Konark Sun Temple is located in Konark, Odisha and was built in the 13th century by King Narasimhadeva I to honor the Hindu sun god Surya. It was constructed over 12 years using black granite and red sandstone by over 1200 experts and artisans. The temple is in the shape of a giant chariot with elaborate carvings and sculptures depicting the sun, horses, and other Hindu imagery. It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984 for its impressive architecture and craftsmanship.
The PPP is on Kandariya Mahadeva temple, Kahjuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India for the students of UG on its architecture and art with its historical background.
The slide is not for my API, It is for the students. .
The document provides an overview of Jain architecture and temple design. It notes that Jain temples were initially carved out of rock faces and later developed temple cities on hills. Key elements include numerous pillars forming squares that create small chapels, domed roofs, and frequently seen four-faced designs with images facing the four cardinal directions. Famous Jain temples mentioned include Dilwara Temple in Mount Abu, Nasiyan Temple in Ajmer, and temples in Ahmedabad and Delhi.
The document provides details about Western Chalukya temple architecture. It discusses the basic layout of temples including the floor plan, architectural articulation, and figure sculptures. The floor plan is defined by the size of the shrine and sanctum as well as the distribution of the building mass. Architectural articulation refers to ornamental components that shape the outer wall and can produce stepped, stellate, or square patterns. Figure sculptures include miniature representations on architectural elements. Two exemplar temples, the Chennakesava temple and Hoysaleswara temple, are then described in detail highlighting their design features.
Jornal Paper, Modhera Sun Temple, Modhera Surya Mandir, Sabhamandapa, Pradakshina Patha, Surya Kunda, Sita chori
Ram Kund, Maru Gurjara Architecture, Fractal Architecture, Miniature shrines, 108 Number of Shrines, Significance of 108 Shrines, Solar Equinox, Tropic of Cancer & Sun temple, Autumn Equinox, Spring Equinox. Sun temple of Gujarat
The Ellora Caves contain 34 monasteries and temples built between the 6th and 10th centuries CE. They include 12 Buddhist caves built between 630-700 CE, 17 Hindu caves such as the Kailasa temple built between 600-900 CE, and 5 Jain caves built between 800-1000 CE. The Kailasa temple, carved out of solid rock, is the largest monolithic structure in the world, rising 36 meters high. It features intricate carvings and was designed to resemble Mount Kailash, the abode of Lord Shiva. The Ellora Caves represent the epitome of Indian rock-cut architecture from the early medieval period.
The Hoysala Empire ruled much of what is now Karnataka, India between the 10th-14th centuries. They are remembered today for their contributions to art, architecture, and religion in South India. Over 100 surviving temples built during this period are scattered across Karnataka. Hoysala architecture is known for its distinctive style featuring intricately carved shrines, prayer halls with sculpted pillars and ceilings, and outer walls adorned with religious narratives. Key elements include the mantapa, vimana, and intricate sculptural details depicting Hindu epics and deities. Schist stone was the primary material used in Hoysala constructions.
Greece in Jammu: Peeping through the Melting of Architectural Patterns in Man...IRJET Journal
The Manwal temples in Jammu, India date back to the 10th-11th century AD. They exhibit a blending of Indian and Hellenistic architectural styles. Specifically, they feature typical North Indian temple designs like entrances, halls and sanctums, but also include Ionic columns in the halls. These columns have Indian-style capitals. This blending reflects the cultural influence of Indo-Greek rulers who controlled the region for centuries. While the columns show Hellenistic influence, other elements like carvings maintain Indian motifs. This document examines how the two styles blended together in the temples' construction.
The document discusses the architectural features and styles of North Indian temples, specifically the Nagara style. It describes elements like the shikhara tower, amalaka disc, and urushringa subsidiary towers that characterize this style. It provides examples of specific temples demonstrating Nagara architecture, including those at Khajuraho, West Bengal, Gujarat in the Solanki style, Konark, and the Hoysala empire in Karnataka.
The Chennakesava Temple in Belur, Karnataka is considered one of the finest examples of Hoysala architecture. Built in the 12th century during the rule of the Hoysala Empire, the temple features intricate stone sculptures and horizontal friezes depicting Hindu epics across its outer walls. The symmetrical design and finely crafted sculptures within the three shrines to Keshava, Janardhana, and Venugopala make the Chennakesava Temple stand out among other Hoysala monuments.
The document discusses the geometry of Hindu temples. It explains that many Hindu temples are based on sacred geometry and fractal patterns. The temples typically have spires that follow geometric shapes and patterns. The most common design is the vastu-purusha-mandala grid layout, which divides the temple area into a symmetrical pattern of squares based on Hindu philosophical concepts. Geometry plays an important role in the design of Hindu temples and helps represent religious concepts through mathematical shapes and precision.
The slide tells about the traditional architecture of kullu district of himachal pradesh and the various construction techniques that are used depending upon the climate of the area.
Through the Lens of Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS)-Ancient Indian.pdfdrningthouchronicle
Ancient Indian architecture represents a profound integration of knowledge systems deeply rooted in Indian culture, spirituality, and wisdom. Let us delve into the architectural marvels of ancient India from the perspective of Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS):
Spiritual islamic architecture literature reviewGertrude Lee
The document discusses several academic papers and literature on spiritual aspects of Islamic architecture and mosque design. It summarizes key points from each source, including how elements like light, water, geometry and spatial experiences can be used to enhance spiritual atmospheres and produce feelings of awe, mystery and closeness to God. The literature explores concepts of representing paradise on Earth and how architectural design can help build and reflect upon spiritual values and meanings for Muslims.
Chapter Three: The Architecture of Ancient India and Southeast AsiaDouglas Vail
The document discusses the architecture of ancient India and Southeast Asia. It describes the earliest remains found in the Indus Valley dating back to around Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. After disruptions, Hinduism and Buddhism emerged with distinctive temple styles. Both religions spread to Southeast Asia along silk roads, influencing architecture in countries like China and Japan. Specific structures discussed include stupas at Sanchi and cave temples at Karli, as well as Hindu temples featuring garbhagrihas and shikharas at sites like Bhubaneshwar, Khajuraho, Tanjore, and the massive Angkor Wat complex in Cambodia.
Daylighting Analysis of Pedentive Dome’s Mosque Design during Summer Solstice...drboon
In this study, the analysis is to measure lighting performance of single pedentive dome type in mosque design built during the Ottoman Empire in Istanbul, Turkey. The selected case studies are the Firuzaga and Orhan Gazi Mosque. This study investigates whether Turkish style’s pedentive dome mosque design provides efficient indoor daylighting in the Orhan Gazi Mosque in compression with the Firuzaga Mosque. This assessment is simulated during summer solstice occurred when the sun is perimetering at its most northern position along the Tropic of Cancer. This study applies simulation analysis using Autodesk software known as 3DStudio Max Design 2011 programme. The weather data file was used to provide weather information and climate changes of the study area. The analysis shows that both mosques have mostly an evenly distributed illuminance level with Scale 3, 4 and 5. The Orhan Gazi Mosque has slightly higher illuminance levels compared to those of the Firuzaga Mosque. The study concludes that the pedentive dome mosque design has an effect on the mosque indoor daylighting. Having excellent illuminance level distributed at all the locations is one of the crucial reasons why the mosques with pedentive dome roof cover are built by Ottoman master builders.
temple technique literature study A0 SIZEajay maurya
The document discusses elements and architectural styles of Hindu temples. It describes key parts of temples like the sikhara (tower), garbhagriha (inner chamber for the deity), and mandapa (hall for worship). It explains that temples were built from various materials depending on region, including timber, brick, plaster and stone. Temple styles also varied between northern Nagara and southern Dravida styles, with a hybrid Vesara style in between. The document focuses on analyzing the layout and planning of temples according to the Vastupurushamandala diagram.
The document provides information about Hindu temples and specifically about the Lingaraja temple in Bhubaneswar, India. It discusses the symbolism and design principles of Hindu temples in general, which incorporate religious and cosmological elements. It then describes the specific architectural features of the Lingaraja temple, including its 60-meter tall tower, 150 smaller shrines in the courtyard, and the axial alignment of its bhogamandapa (hall of offerings), natamandira (festival hall), jagamohana (assembly hall), and rekha deula (sanctum). The temple exemplifies the Kalinga architectural style and is a prominent landmark in Bhubaneswar.
New microsoft office power point presentationHarshal Bhatia
The document provides an overview of the architecture of New Delhi, India. It discusses several prominent historical buildings and monuments in Delhi, including:
- Humayun's Tomb, built in the 16th century in Persian architectural style using red sandstone and white marble.
- The Red Fort, built in the 17th century, covers 254 acres within high walls and features Mughal architecture like marble and floral decorations.
- Jama Masjid mosque, the largest mosque in India built by Shah Jahan in the 17th century using red sandstone and white marble in a vast courtyard.
- Qutub Minar tower built in the 12th century that is 73 meters tall with 5
The document discusses the importance of light in architecture. It explains that light is essential for visual perception and reveals architectural forms, textures and spaces. Different architectural elements like windows, skylights, courtyards and overhangs are designed to control the quality and direction of light. Both natural and artificial light can be used effectively to enhance architectural experiences. Many modern masters like Le Corbusier and Louis Kahn orchestrated light brilliantly in their designs.
Minor project report on temple architecturMegha Aggarwal
The document provides a minor project report on Temple Architecture of India. It includes an introduction describing Indian temple architecture, objectives, limitations and research methodology of the project. It also details the profile of temple architecture including the history of temples in India and the major architectural styles of Nagara, Dravida and Vesara. The document discusses strategies to enhance religious tourism, its role in economic growth, and protecting temples. It covers temple finances, locations, customs, and the erosion of temple autonomy by state control.
Why do hundreds of koreans throng to ayodhya every year Betsy Booboo
The document discusses the legend of an Indian princess from Ayodhya named Heo Hwang-ok or Suriratna who traveled to Korea around 2000 years ago and married King Kim Suro, founder of the ancient Korean kingdom of Karak. According to Korean texts, she helped unite various Korean kingdoms and her descendants now number over 6 million. Many prominent Korean leaders trace their lineage back to her. To honor this cultural connection, a memorial was built for her in Ayodhya and Koreans visit it annually. Recent genetic studies have provided some evidence supporting this legend as a historical event.
This document discusses Hindu gods and their animal vahanas or vehicles. It explains that each Hindu deity is associated with an animal vahana that symbolizes qualities they help transform. Vahanas serve important purposes like elevating the deity's status and helping them perform duties. They have divine significance and deep symbolism related to the deity's domain. Common vahanas include Garuda for Vishnu, Nandi the bull for Shiva, and a swan for Brahma. The relationship between deity and vahana is like that of a soul and body, with the vahana sharing the deity's consciousness.
The document provides an overview of Jain architecture and temple design. It notes that Jain temples were initially carved out of rock faces and later developed temple cities on hills. Key elements include numerous pillars forming squares that create small chapels, domed roofs, and frequently seen four-faced designs with images facing the four cardinal directions. Famous Jain temples mentioned include Dilwara Temple in Mount Abu, Nasiyan Temple in Ajmer, and temples in Ahmedabad and Delhi.
The document provides details about Western Chalukya temple architecture. It discusses the basic layout of temples including the floor plan, architectural articulation, and figure sculptures. The floor plan is defined by the size of the shrine and sanctum as well as the distribution of the building mass. Architectural articulation refers to ornamental components that shape the outer wall and can produce stepped, stellate, or square patterns. Figure sculptures include miniature representations on architectural elements. Two exemplar temples, the Chennakesava temple and Hoysaleswara temple, are then described in detail highlighting their design features.
Jornal Paper, Modhera Sun Temple, Modhera Surya Mandir, Sabhamandapa, Pradakshina Patha, Surya Kunda, Sita chori
Ram Kund, Maru Gurjara Architecture, Fractal Architecture, Miniature shrines, 108 Number of Shrines, Significance of 108 Shrines, Solar Equinox, Tropic of Cancer & Sun temple, Autumn Equinox, Spring Equinox. Sun temple of Gujarat
The Ellora Caves contain 34 monasteries and temples built between the 6th and 10th centuries CE. They include 12 Buddhist caves built between 630-700 CE, 17 Hindu caves such as the Kailasa temple built between 600-900 CE, and 5 Jain caves built between 800-1000 CE. The Kailasa temple, carved out of solid rock, is the largest monolithic structure in the world, rising 36 meters high. It features intricate carvings and was designed to resemble Mount Kailash, the abode of Lord Shiva. The Ellora Caves represent the epitome of Indian rock-cut architecture from the early medieval period.
The Hoysala Empire ruled much of what is now Karnataka, India between the 10th-14th centuries. They are remembered today for their contributions to art, architecture, and religion in South India. Over 100 surviving temples built during this period are scattered across Karnataka. Hoysala architecture is known for its distinctive style featuring intricately carved shrines, prayer halls with sculpted pillars and ceilings, and outer walls adorned with religious narratives. Key elements include the mantapa, vimana, and intricate sculptural details depicting Hindu epics and deities. Schist stone was the primary material used in Hoysala constructions.
Greece in Jammu: Peeping through the Melting of Architectural Patterns in Man...IRJET Journal
The Manwal temples in Jammu, India date back to the 10th-11th century AD. They exhibit a blending of Indian and Hellenistic architectural styles. Specifically, they feature typical North Indian temple designs like entrances, halls and sanctums, but also include Ionic columns in the halls. These columns have Indian-style capitals. This blending reflects the cultural influence of Indo-Greek rulers who controlled the region for centuries. While the columns show Hellenistic influence, other elements like carvings maintain Indian motifs. This document examines how the two styles blended together in the temples' construction.
The document discusses the architectural features and styles of North Indian temples, specifically the Nagara style. It describes elements like the shikhara tower, amalaka disc, and urushringa subsidiary towers that characterize this style. It provides examples of specific temples demonstrating Nagara architecture, including those at Khajuraho, West Bengal, Gujarat in the Solanki style, Konark, and the Hoysala empire in Karnataka.
The Chennakesava Temple in Belur, Karnataka is considered one of the finest examples of Hoysala architecture. Built in the 12th century during the rule of the Hoysala Empire, the temple features intricate stone sculptures and horizontal friezes depicting Hindu epics across its outer walls. The symmetrical design and finely crafted sculptures within the three shrines to Keshava, Janardhana, and Venugopala make the Chennakesava Temple stand out among other Hoysala monuments.
The document discusses the geometry of Hindu temples. It explains that many Hindu temples are based on sacred geometry and fractal patterns. The temples typically have spires that follow geometric shapes and patterns. The most common design is the vastu-purusha-mandala grid layout, which divides the temple area into a symmetrical pattern of squares based on Hindu philosophical concepts. Geometry plays an important role in the design of Hindu temples and helps represent religious concepts through mathematical shapes and precision.
The slide tells about the traditional architecture of kullu district of himachal pradesh and the various construction techniques that are used depending upon the climate of the area.
Through the Lens of Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS)-Ancient Indian.pdfdrningthouchronicle
Ancient Indian architecture represents a profound integration of knowledge systems deeply rooted in Indian culture, spirituality, and wisdom. Let us delve into the architectural marvels of ancient India from the perspective of Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS):
Spiritual islamic architecture literature reviewGertrude Lee
The document discusses several academic papers and literature on spiritual aspects of Islamic architecture and mosque design. It summarizes key points from each source, including how elements like light, water, geometry and spatial experiences can be used to enhance spiritual atmospheres and produce feelings of awe, mystery and closeness to God. The literature explores concepts of representing paradise on Earth and how architectural design can help build and reflect upon spiritual values and meanings for Muslims.
Chapter Three: The Architecture of Ancient India and Southeast AsiaDouglas Vail
The document discusses the architecture of ancient India and Southeast Asia. It describes the earliest remains found in the Indus Valley dating back to around Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. After disruptions, Hinduism and Buddhism emerged with distinctive temple styles. Both religions spread to Southeast Asia along silk roads, influencing architecture in countries like China and Japan. Specific structures discussed include stupas at Sanchi and cave temples at Karli, as well as Hindu temples featuring garbhagrihas and shikharas at sites like Bhubaneshwar, Khajuraho, Tanjore, and the massive Angkor Wat complex in Cambodia.
Daylighting Analysis of Pedentive Dome’s Mosque Design during Summer Solstice...drboon
In this study, the analysis is to measure lighting performance of single pedentive dome type in mosque design built during the Ottoman Empire in Istanbul, Turkey. The selected case studies are the Firuzaga and Orhan Gazi Mosque. This study investigates whether Turkish style’s pedentive dome mosque design provides efficient indoor daylighting in the Orhan Gazi Mosque in compression with the Firuzaga Mosque. This assessment is simulated during summer solstice occurred when the sun is perimetering at its most northern position along the Tropic of Cancer. This study applies simulation analysis using Autodesk software known as 3DStudio Max Design 2011 programme. The weather data file was used to provide weather information and climate changes of the study area. The analysis shows that both mosques have mostly an evenly distributed illuminance level with Scale 3, 4 and 5. The Orhan Gazi Mosque has slightly higher illuminance levels compared to those of the Firuzaga Mosque. The study concludes that the pedentive dome mosque design has an effect on the mosque indoor daylighting. Having excellent illuminance level distributed at all the locations is one of the crucial reasons why the mosques with pedentive dome roof cover are built by Ottoman master builders.
temple technique literature study A0 SIZEajay maurya
The document discusses elements and architectural styles of Hindu temples. It describes key parts of temples like the sikhara (tower), garbhagriha (inner chamber for the deity), and mandapa (hall for worship). It explains that temples were built from various materials depending on region, including timber, brick, plaster and stone. Temple styles also varied between northern Nagara and southern Dravida styles, with a hybrid Vesara style in between. The document focuses on analyzing the layout and planning of temples according to the Vastupurushamandala diagram.
The document provides information about Hindu temples and specifically about the Lingaraja temple in Bhubaneswar, India. It discusses the symbolism and design principles of Hindu temples in general, which incorporate religious and cosmological elements. It then describes the specific architectural features of the Lingaraja temple, including its 60-meter tall tower, 150 smaller shrines in the courtyard, and the axial alignment of its bhogamandapa (hall of offerings), natamandira (festival hall), jagamohana (assembly hall), and rekha deula (sanctum). The temple exemplifies the Kalinga architectural style and is a prominent landmark in Bhubaneswar.
New microsoft office power point presentationHarshal Bhatia
The document provides an overview of the architecture of New Delhi, India. It discusses several prominent historical buildings and monuments in Delhi, including:
- Humayun's Tomb, built in the 16th century in Persian architectural style using red sandstone and white marble.
- The Red Fort, built in the 17th century, covers 254 acres within high walls and features Mughal architecture like marble and floral decorations.
- Jama Masjid mosque, the largest mosque in India built by Shah Jahan in the 17th century using red sandstone and white marble in a vast courtyard.
- Qutub Minar tower built in the 12th century that is 73 meters tall with 5
The document discusses the importance of light in architecture. It explains that light is essential for visual perception and reveals architectural forms, textures and spaces. Different architectural elements like windows, skylights, courtyards and overhangs are designed to control the quality and direction of light. Both natural and artificial light can be used effectively to enhance architectural experiences. Many modern masters like Le Corbusier and Louis Kahn orchestrated light brilliantly in their designs.
Minor project report on temple architecturMegha Aggarwal
The document provides a minor project report on Temple Architecture of India. It includes an introduction describing Indian temple architecture, objectives, limitations and research methodology of the project. It also details the profile of temple architecture including the history of temples in India and the major architectural styles of Nagara, Dravida and Vesara. The document discusses strategies to enhance religious tourism, its role in economic growth, and protecting temples. It covers temple finances, locations, customs, and the erosion of temple autonomy by state control.
Why do hundreds of koreans throng to ayodhya every year Betsy Booboo
The document discusses the legend of an Indian princess from Ayodhya named Heo Hwang-ok or Suriratna who traveled to Korea around 2000 years ago and married King Kim Suro, founder of the ancient Korean kingdom of Karak. According to Korean texts, she helped unite various Korean kingdoms and her descendants now number over 6 million. Many prominent Korean leaders trace their lineage back to her. To honor this cultural connection, a memorial was built for her in Ayodhya and Koreans visit it annually. Recent genetic studies have provided some evidence supporting this legend as a historical event.
This document discusses Hindu gods and their animal vahanas or vehicles. It explains that each Hindu deity is associated with an animal vahana that symbolizes qualities they help transform. Vahanas serve important purposes like elevating the deity's status and helping them perform duties. They have divine significance and deep symbolism related to the deity's domain. Common vahanas include Garuda for Vishnu, Nandi the bull for Shiva, and a swan for Brahma. The relationship between deity and vahana is like that of a soul and body, with the vahana sharing the deity's consciousness.
This document provides an overview of the architecture and history of the richest and most famous temple in the world, the Tirumala Venkateswara Temple located in Tirupati, India. It describes the Dravidian style of architecture used in the temple's construction. It discusses the temple's origins in ancient Tamil texts and its development under successive South Indian dynasties. The temple grew further under Vijayanagara rule and later came under the management of the Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams trust. The document outlines the legends surrounding the manifestation of Lord Venkateswara at the site from Hindu scriptures.
The document provides details about the famous Tirumala Venkateswara Temple located in Tirupati, India. It is one of the richest Hindu temples in the world, visited by over 35 million pilgrims annually. The temple is built on Venkata Hill atop the Seshachalam Hills in accordance with Dravidian architecture. It houses the idol of Lord Venkateswara, a form of Lord Vishnu, believed to have manifested himself to save mankind from adversities. The temple has a long history with legends dating back to ancient texts and evidence of contributions from various dynasties. It celebrates numerous festivals throughout the year, with the 9-day Brahmotsav
The Temple Mount is a holy site located in Jerusalem that is venerated in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It contains the Al-Aqsa Mosque and Dome of the Rock and was the site of the First and Second Jewish Temples according to Jewish scripture. The mount is considered the holiest site in Judaism where God's presence is manifested and many Jews will not walk on it to avoid the area of the former Holy of Holies. It is also the third holiest site in Islam where Muhammad ascended to heaven. The competing claims of Judaism and Islam to the site have made it one of the most contested religious locations in the world.
The document provides an overview of classic elements found in early Islamic mosques, including the hypostyle tradition. It discusses how hypostyle halls, with multiple rows of columns supporting flat roofs, became a dominant mosque design from the 7th to 10th centuries. Examples of prominent hypostyle mosques mentioned include the Great Mosque of Kairouan in Tunisia. Other early Islamic religious architectural styles discussed include the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem and ribats (monastery-fortresses), as well as the later development of mausoleums.
1) Rajaraja I was a powerful Chola emperor who expanded the Chola empire and ensured its supremacy in South India and the Indian Ocean. 2) He built the great Brihadisvara Temple in Thanjavur dedicated to Lord Shiva between 1003-1014 CE. The temple is considered one of the finest examples of South Indian architecture. 3) Rajaraja was influenced by earlier Pallava architectural structures like the Dharmaraja Ratham at Mamallapuram, and refined Pallava techniques in constructing the Brihadisvara Temple.
The document discusses plans for a new ISKCON temple in Kanpur, India that will be the second largest in the organization. It details the temple's history and long-planned development. Construction began in 2011 on a 15-acre site and includes a 100,000 square foot main temple, guest houses, gardens, and other facilities. The temple is expected to draw thousands of visitors daily and help spread Krishna consciousness in the region, as envisioned by ISKCON's founder Srila Prabhupada.
This document discusses the lost city of Dwarka and celestial mysteries surrounding it. It provides background on Dwarka, noting that it was built by Lord Krishna circa 3230 BCE according to Hindu scriptures. The document then discusses Dwarka's early history and architecture, citing sources like the Mahabharata and research conducted by archaeologist S.R. Rao on the sunken city. It also lists some interesting facts about the sacred city of Dwarka.
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#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
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- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
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Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
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The Holy Darkness: A Study Of Light In Brihadeshvara
Hindu Temple, Tanjore, Tamilnadu, India (1010 Ad)
The Holy Darkness:
a Study of Light in
Brihadeshvara Hindu
Temple, Tanjore,
Tamilnadu, India
(1010 Ad).
Anat Geva
Associate Professor, Texas A&M University,
Department of Architecture, USA.
ageva@archmail.tamu.edu
Anuradha Mukherji
PhD Candidate, Department of
Architecture, University of California at
Berkeley, USA.
anuradha@berkeley.edu
The study investigates how religious
principles govern the treatment of
light/darkness in sacred monuments.
simulation was used in the analysis
of Brihadeshvara Hindu Temple, built
in 1010 AD in Tanjore, Tamilnadu,
India. This sacred monument, listed
as one of UNESCO’s World Heritage
Sites, is an intriguing case study
since the treatment of the ‘holy
light’ in the temple is actually the
treatment of the ‘holy darkness’.
The simulated values were compared
to the Illuminating Engineering
Society (IES) standards for ‘public
places with dark surroundings’. This
qualitative comparison corroborated
concludes that digitized media such
as computerized daylight simulations
light/darkness in sacred monuments
as a spiritual experience. Moreover,
this quantitative investigation can
augment the qualitative studies
architecture.
Introduction
According to the Rigveda, ancient Hindu
scriptures, the God Surya “is the sun of the
heaven and his name is derived from the word
svar (light)…Surya is the golden ornament of the
and eye of the gods. Traversing heaven and earth
in a single day, Surya observes the whole world
from on high. It is his work to dispel the dark
night of ignorance and to dispense the light of
life and health” (Finegan 1989, p. 37).
In spite of the importance given to sun in
the Hindu scriptures, natural light was used
very sparsely in Hindu temples. According to
the Hindu faith, when a worshipper is in the
presence of the divine, there should be nothing
God shall reveal himself to his devotee gradually
(Deva 1995). Therefore, the innermost sanctum
of the temple is shrouded in total darkness
and the progression into the temple is a ritual
movement where the devotee goes through the
dynamic experience of the darkening spaces
before reaching the darkest sacred chamber
(Michell 1987). This treatment of light ensures
that by the time the pilgrim reaches the
slowly become accustomed to the darkness and
longer plagued by worldly thoughts. During this
journey, one passes through many doorways,
colonnaded halls and corridors, which are
decorated with sacred carvings. These sacred
symbols have a profound impact on the mind
of the devotee; they simulate the mystery that
envelops the universe and the divine spirit that
illumines the universe (Deva 1995). Reaching the
holy sanctum, the worshipper enters a place for
individual self-realization and personal relation
with the divine.
This sanctum is not intended for mass prayer
or congregational worship (Deva 1995). Thus, a
basic premise can be drawn: the design of the
Hindu Temple accommodated the faith which
requires a procession toward the “holy darkness”
and enhanced the spiritual experience.
The dictation of the Hindu faith to create this
spiritual procession toward the ‘holy darkness’
is examined in the historic Brihadeshvara
Temple. The paper reports a multi method
analyses that include a quantitative analysis in
the form of computerized lighting simulations,
and a qualitative comparison of the simulated
values to the Illuminating Engineering Society
(IES) standards for ‘public places with dark
surroundings’ which represents the low levels
of illuminations.
2. SiGraDi2006 / Arte y Cultura Digital426
is raised on a high plinth and surrounded by a
narrow pradakshinapath (surrounding ambulatory
passageway) with four cardinal openings that
are inaccessible from the courtyard and serve as
windows. The Vimana (inner-most shrine) located
at the end of the linear procession (Figures 1, 2)
was built as a pyramidal stone spire, which rises
to a height of approximately 66 meters above
the garbhagriha. Thirteen diminishing stories,
each with pilastered walls, an eave and parapet,
ascend towards an octagonal dome-like roof with
a gold plated copper kalash (stupi) at the apex
(Michell 1989, Deva 1995).
Figure 2 shows the linear arrangement of the
Brihadeshwara temple that is located in the
middle of a large rectangular walled courtyard,
and centrally aligned with the Nandi pavilion (six
meters long monolithic representation of Shiva’s
bull) and the gopuras (pyramidal gateways at the
entrance to the courtyard). The entrance porch
of the Brihadeshvara Temple leads into two
adjoining mandapas. Art historians (Pichard 1995)
believe that they were either built subsequent
to the collapse of an original structure, or they
several centuries later. The mandapa adjoins
the antarala (vestibule) and the garbhagriha
(innermost cell). The antarala is a triple story
structure with openings on the north and south
sides, which can be accessed
by a monumental set of stairs. The square
garbhagriha (8 meters side x 3.66 meters height)
Figure 1: Brihadeshvara Hindu Temple (1010 AD),
Tanjore, Tamilnadu, India: view from the east
(based on Harle 1986).
Figure 2: Plan of Brihadeshvara Temple
Complex (based on Stierlin 1998).
Method, Analyses and Results
in Brihadeshvara Temple were performed in two
stages: (a) running a digital daylight simulation
software -- Lightscape; and (b) comparing the
simulations values to the IES standards for
‘public places with dark surroundings’.
• Quantitative analysis of the treatment of light
in Brihadeshvara Temple
Lightscape is an advanced lighting and
visualization application founded on a physically
based simulation of the propagation of light
through the environment. Based on a description
of light arriving at a surface, local illumination
algorithms portrait how individual surfaces
intensity, spectral character (color), and
distribution of the light leaving that surface. To
achieve more accurate images, the program’s
global illumination algorithms use a combination
of radiosity and ray traced images, to render the
transfer of light between surfaces in the model.
The combination of local and global illuminations
enables the simulation results to portray highly
realistic renderings with accurate measurements
of the distribution of light within the scene.
The Brihadeshvara Hindu Temple
The sacred monument of Brihadeshvara Temple
of Tanjore, Tamilnadu, south India (1010 AD) is
listed on the UNESCO’s World Heritage Sites (1987)
as part of the three Chola temples of Southern
India. They represent an outstanding creative
achievement in the architectural conception
of the pure form of the Dravida temples. This
style, originally known as Dravidadesha style,
was practiced during several dynasties only
in the state of Tamilnadu in South India. The
Brihadeshvara Temple (or Rajarajeshvara) was
built in the capital of the Chola dynasty Tanjore
by Rajaraja the Great (985-1014 AD) and has
been dedicated to Shiva. It was built of granite
prosperity and opulence of the Chola kingdom.
This monument not only expresses the Chola
architectural examples of intricate craftsmanship
in stone (Michell 1989) (Figure 1).
3. 427
To run the program, a 3-D CAD model of the
temple was created based on the documentation
drawings by Pierre Pichard (1995). An interior
model was constructed as 3D surfaces, instead of
solid walls, to optimize the model for radiosity
processing. As described earlier, a vital aspect
of Hindu worship is the actual progression from
the outermost spaces (well lit) to the innermost
sacred spaces (completely dark) of a temple.
Hence, a series of horizontal and vertical
surfaces along the sequence of the procession in
the Brihadeshvara Temple were analyzed. The
coded for the horizontal surfaces, while, the
four main walls that would directly face a person
while walking towards the innermost part, were
selected as the vertical surfaces (Figure 3).
vertical surfaces in the monument within a
produced in Quick Time to illustrate the dynamic
of the light drama that supports the ritual and
spiritual movement from the lit outside toward
the dark inner spaces.
that the average illumination values for the
correspond to the Hindu faith expectation, i.e.,
a progressively decreased luminance towards
the dark innermost chamber. This can be seen
in the values of Floor 1 (119 lux) through Floor
4 (0.40 lux) and Wall 1 (38 lux) through Wall 4
(0.43 lux). Due to major openings on either side
of the vestibule (antarala) space, Floor 3 (313
lux) and Wall 3 (169 lux) show a deviation from
the general pattern. According to historians the
presence of a pair of grand stairs and entrances
on either side of the vestibule is unusual in
ancient Hindu temple architecture and is a
distinct feature of the Brihadeshvara temple
(Stierlin 1998).
•Qualitative analysis of the treatment of light in
Brihadeshvara Temple
The second part of the analyses is the
comparison of the average illumination
values of each of the temple’s surfaces to the
IES standards, which recommend ranges of
‘public places with dark surroundings’.
This comparison demonstrates that the average
illumination values inside the temple were lower
(i.e. darker) than the standard IES illumination
level required for these spaces (30 lux); and were
decreasing progressively as one moved towards
the innermost sanctum. As described before,
due to the major openings on either side of the
vestibule the average illumination values of Floor
3 (313 lux) and Wall 3 (169 lux) are higher than the
IES standards. In addition, the entrance opening
located in the east enables a strong focused light
to hit Floor 1 and Wall 1 at sunrise (Figure 4).
The Holy Darkness: A Study Of Light In Brihadeshvara
Hindu Temple, Tanjore, Tamilnadu, India (1010 Ad)
Figure 3: Brihadeshvara Hindu Temple (1010 AD),
Tanjore, Tamilnadu, India: plans with openings and a
sequence of horizontal and vertical surfaces.
The model was imported into Lightscape as
model were assigned their texture and physical
parameters. In addition, the lighting systems
location, date, time, and sky conditions.
The simulation targeted three time frames on
March 21st (the equinox): sunrise and sunset
which are spiritually important in the Hindu
Faith; and the high noon for maximum light.
conditions. The Lightscape simulations used the
process of radiosity to generate single frame
daylight renderings along with light analysis of
each surface.
Three types of the simulation output were used
for analysis and presentation: single images,
walk-through images, and lighting analysis. The
results of the simulations show the illumination
values in lux for each of the horizontal and
Figure 4: Sample of Lightscape simulation: the effect
of light from the main entrance at sunrise.
4. SiGraDi2006 / Arte y Cultura Digital428
References
This paper is based on Anuradha Mukherji Master
Thesis The Holy Light: A Study of Natural Light
in Hindu Temples in the Southern Region of
Tamilnadu, India. Texas A&M University, College
Station Texas, 2001.
Aitken, Donald. “Frank Lloyd Wright: Daylighting
Master.” Frank Lloyd Wright Quarterly 9
(3:1998): 4-17.
Deva, Krishna. Temples of India, Vol.1. New
Delhi: Aryan Books International, 1995.
Finegan, Jack. An Archaeological History of
Religions of Indian Asia. NY: Paragon House, 1989.
Harle, J.C. The Art and Architecture of the
Indian Sub-continent. Harmondsworth, England:
Penguin Books Ltd., 1986.
Lechner, Norbert. Heating, Cooling, Lighting. NY:
John Wiley & Sons, 2000.
Michell, George. “Introduction” In Temples and
Tenements: The Indian Drawings of Deanna
Petherbridge. Calcutta, India: Seagull Books, 1987.
Pichard, Pierre. The Monument and the Living
Presence: Tanjavur Brhadisvara: An Architectural
Study. New Delhi: Indira Gandhi Centre for the
Arts, 1995.
Stierlin, Henri. Hindu India: From Khajuraho to
the Temple City of Madurai. NY: Taschen, 1998.
Therefore, the average illumination values of
Floor 1 (119 lux) and Wall 1 (38 lux) are higher
then the standard illumination levels. These
rays of sunlight, which symbolize the Sun God.
According to the Hindu faith, the rising sun is
worshipped before beginning the rituals for
the residing deity of the temple. From these
observations it can be concluded that strong
religious light requirements dictated the quality of
light inside the Hindu temples and thus overruled
any other considerations.
Discussion and Conclusion
The multi-method investigation of the
relationship of light and darkness, light and
objects, and the designated light quality in the
Brihadeshvara Temple demonstrates the strong
support the basic premise of the paper and
illustrate the ritual procession toward the “holy
the spiritual experience in the sacred spaces of
the temple.
The temple interiors were designed to be
dark so the human eye is not distracted by
the material world to let the mind enter
the spiritual world of God. As seen in the
Brihadeshvara Temple, natural light is introduced
in a progressive light quality from brightness to
darkness accommodating the ritual movement
of the worshiper. It is interesting to note
that the reduction level of light quality in
the temple also contributes to the thermal
comfort in the building. Thick walls, small
windows, and reduced light maintain cool and
dry conditions for better thermal comfort in
the hot humid climate of Tamilnadu. Thus, the
Hindu worshippers are not distracted visually or
thermally enabling to focus one’s mind on God.
The results that deviated from the expected
simulation patterns trigger an interesting
question to be further investigated about the
impact of non-original elements of the historic
building on the treatment of light. Moreover,
of religious dicta.
Finally, the analyses suggest that digitized media
such as computerized daylight simulations can
sacred monuments as a spiritual experience.
This quantitative investigation can augment the
qualitative studies of light and spiritual conditions