Shingles, also known as herpes zoster, is a
disease that affects an estimated 1 million people in the United States each
year.
Although it is most common in people over
age 50, if you have had chickenpox, you are at risk for developing shingles.
Shingles is also more common in people with weakened immune systems from HIV
infection, chemotherapy or radiation treatment, transplant operations, and
stress.
A brief discussion on different Viral ex anthems especially measles. In a simple and easy manner, the measles virus is explained with its clinical features, treatment, investigations, and vaccination. Helpful for clinicians, dermatologists and pediatricians. Helpful for exam preparation for FCPS, MCPS, MRCP and USMLE in the field of dermatology. Also helpful for med students and nurses.
Chickenpox -symptoms |tests |management ( medical information ) martinshaji
Chickenpox is a highly contagious viral infection that causes an acute fever and blistered rash, mainly in children.
The name may be derived from the French term for chick pea, chiche pois. Another theory is that the word 'chicken' was derived from a slang term for 'child'. Chickenpox is also known as varicella.
please comment
thank you ...
the most common viral infections that affects the maxillofacial area
sources( burket's oral medicine 11th ed,oral and maxillofacial pathology neville 2e )
Shingles, also known as herpes zoster, is a
disease that affects an estimated 1 million people in the United States each
year.
Although it is most common in people over
age 50, if you have had chickenpox, you are at risk for developing shingles.
Shingles is also more common in people with weakened immune systems from HIV
infection, chemotherapy or radiation treatment, transplant operations, and
stress.
A brief discussion on different Viral ex anthems especially measles. In a simple and easy manner, the measles virus is explained with its clinical features, treatment, investigations, and vaccination. Helpful for clinicians, dermatologists and pediatricians. Helpful for exam preparation for FCPS, MCPS, MRCP and USMLE in the field of dermatology. Also helpful for med students and nurses.
Chickenpox -symptoms |tests |management ( medical information ) martinshaji
Chickenpox is a highly contagious viral infection that causes an acute fever and blistered rash, mainly in children.
The name may be derived from the French term for chick pea, chiche pois. Another theory is that the word 'chicken' was derived from a slang term for 'child'. Chickenpox is also known as varicella.
please comment
thank you ...
the most common viral infections that affects the maxillofacial area
sources( burket's oral medicine 11th ed,oral and maxillofacial pathology neville 2e )
herpes simplex virus is a double stranded DNA virus causing many symptoms all over the body. it affects globally all over the world .
neonatal hsv attacks even the baby and made them to a fatal conditions.
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
3. • Herpes simplex virus infections are vesicular eruptions of the skin and mucosa that occur
in two forms:
• Primary as a result of initial infection of an uninfected person.
• Secondary as the result of viral reactivation in a previously infected
individual.
4. Etiology and Pathogenesis:
• The infection spreads through:
• Physical contact with an infected person
• Exposure to body fluids
5. • During the primary infection, only a small percentage of individuals show
clinical signs and symptoms of infectious systemic disease, however the
vast majority face subclinical diseases which can be identifies by
laboratory detection of antibodies to HSV.
6. • The incubation period after exposure ranges between several days to two
weeks.
• A vesiculoulcerative eruptions( primary gingivostomatitis) occur in the oral
and perioral tissues usually at the original site of contact.
7. • To be capable of remaining in a latent/sequestered state, the virus migrate along the
periaxonal sheath of the trigeminal nerve to the trigeminal ganglion.
• During latency, no infectious/free virus is produced.
8. The reactivation of HSV may follow:
• Exposure to sunlight(fever blisters)
• Prior to a cold (cold sores)
• Trauma
• Menstrual cycle
• Stress
• Immunosuppression
9. Clinical Features:
• Vesicular eruptions on skin, vermilion, and oral mucous membranes.
The recurrent form of the disease:
• Lesions are confined to the lips, hard palate, and gingiva.
11. Patients usually have prodromal symptoms of:
Tingling
Burning
Pain in the site of lesion
12. Diagnosis:
• Tzank smear ( this test is helpful only if it is positive)
• Serology
• Viral culture
• Immunohistochemistry
• Polymerase chain reaction testing
13. Treatment:
• Acyclovir and its analogs have shown the greatest efficacy in treating HSV infection.
NOTE: Any drug essential to be used as soon as possible after the detection of the prodromal
features.
15. Etiology and Pathogenesis:
• Herpangina, also called mouth blisters, is a painful viral mouth infection produced by several
coxsackie type A virus. It is similar to hand-foot mouth disease (HFM) and it is characterized by
small, blister like ulcers on the roof of the mouth and in the back of the throat. These viruses are
highly infectious and can easily be transmitted from person to another by infected saliva and
sometimes through contaminated feces. Herpangina is more common in children aged 3 to 10 than
in adults and usually occur in summer or early autumn.
16. Clinical Features:
• Herpangina is a vesicular eruption inside the mouth in certain places especially the soft palate and
tonsillar pillars. The lesions start as red macules then vesicles and lastly to ulcerations which can be
2-4 mm in size. The symptoms of herpangina can include:
1. Sudden onset of fever
2. Sore throat
3. Headache
4. Neck pain
5. Swollen lymph glands
6. Difficulty in swallowing
7. Loss of appetite
8. Drooling ( in children)
9. Vomiting (in children)
17. Diagnosis:
• Diagnosis can be made from clinical signs and symptoms. The vesicular eruption which have
mild symptoms occurring in summer or early autumn, and with diffuse pharyngitis distinguishes
the condition from streptococcal pharyngitis, and the systemic symptoms distinguish it from
apthous stomatitis. Laboratory verification can be completed by virus isolation or by detection
of serum antibodies
18. Treatment:
• Herpangina is a self-limiting, mild and of a short duration virus so treatment ahead of limited
measures is typically not required. Antibiotics aren’t an effective form of treatment instead some
measures may be taken into consideration such as:
• Usage of Ibuprofen or acetaminophen
• Usage of topical anesthetics such as lidocaine
• Increased fluid intake especially cold milk and water
20. Varicella-Zoster infection is one of the herpesviruses that infects humans. It affects humans only.
In seronegative individuals, primary varicella zoster infection is known as Varicella or Chickenpox
mostly affects childrens, teens, and young adults , whereas in secondary or reactivated disease is
known as Herpes Zoster or Shingles affecting older adults and very rare in childrens.
21. This virus is very similar to Herpes Simplex virus with the DNA core, protein capsid, and lipid
envelope.
Varicella-Zoster infection multiplies in lungs and causes many symptoms. After primary infection
(chickenpox) the virus goes dormant in the nerves, including the cranial nerve ganglia, dorsal root
ganglia, and autonomic ganglia. Many years after the patient has recovered from chickenpox, the
zoster virus can reactivate to cause neurologic conditions.
22. Pathogenesis:
Varicella is transmitted predominantly through direct contact by contaminated droplets from skin lesions
or by inhalation of aerosolized virus. Virus can spread from one person to another. It eventually, in a
normal host, the immune response is able to limit the replication of this virus.
The infection is self limiting and lasts for several weeks.
Oral mucous membranes are involved in the primary disease and usually are described as shallow
ulcers that are preceded by evanescent vesicles.
The sensory nerves of the trunk and head and neck are commonly infected. This involvement of
various branches of the trigeminal nerve may results in unilateral oral, facial, or ocular lesions.
23. Varicella, or chickenpox, develops after an individual is exposed to VZV for the first time
especially during childhood. Symptoms range from fever, headache, stomach ache, or loss of
appetite before breaking out in the classic pox rash. This rash quickly develops into vesicular
eruptions that becomes ulcerations eventually. Chickenpox usually occurs in late winter and
early spring months.
24. o During the second week of incubation, virus proliferates within macrophage causing viremia and
dissemination of skin and organs. Host defense mechanism of non specific interferon production and
specific humeral and cell mediated immune response are triggered.
o Herpes Zoster: During the disease process, VZV may progress along sensory nerves to the sensory
ganglia where it hides as a latent. Reactivation of this latent Virus characterized by decline in cell
mediated immunity with the presence of immunosuppressed resulting from malignancy, drug
administration, HIV infection, radiation, surgery of spinal cord or local trauma leads to this lesion.
25. Differential diagnosis: Varicella is clinically diagnosed by the history of exposure and by the type
and distribution of lesions. Both chickenpox (varicella) and shingles (zoster) can usually be diagnosed
by symptoms. If a diagnosis is still unclear after a physical examination, laboratory diagnostic tests
may be required. These tests use samples of fluid taken from the blister.
Chickenpox vaccine:
The live-virus varicella vaccine (Varivax) produces immunity against chickenpox. The vaccine can
prevent chickenpox or reduce the severity of the illness if it is used within 3 days, and possibly up to
5 days, after exposure to the infection.
Shingles Vaccine:
The herpes zoster (shingles) vaccine (Zostavax) is a stronger version than the chickenpox vaccine.
Because the vaccine contains live virus, it cannot be administered to people with weakened
immune systems. A single shot of the vaccine can reduce the risk of developing shingles by 55 -
70%
26. How do you prevent shingles from spreading?
1.Keep the rash covered.
2.Avoid touching or scratching the rash.
3.Wash your hands often to prevent the spread of varicella zoster virus.
How can you avoid getting shingles?
To prevent shingles, adults who are 60 years old and older should receive the shingles vaccine. To
relieve pain, you can apply a cool washcloth to the blisters. Keep the rash covered as much as possible to
avoiding spreading the varicella virus to others
27. The first symptoms of shingles are usually pain and burning. The pain is usually on one side of the body and
occurs in small patches. A red rash typically follows.
Rash characteristics include:
•Red patches
•Fluid-filled blisters that break easily
•A rash that wraps around from the spine to the torso
•A rash on the face and ears
•Itching
Some people experience symptoms beyond pain and rash with shingles. These symptoms may
include:
•A fever
•Chills
•A headache
•Fatigue
•Muscle weakness
Rare and serious complications of shingles include:
•Pain or rash that involves the eye, which should be treated in order to avoid permanent eye damage
•Loss of hearing or intense pain in one ear, dizziness, or loss of taste on your tongue, which can be symptoms
of ramsay hunt syndrome
•Bacterial infections, which you may have if your skin becomes red, swollen, and warm to the touch
29. What is EBV ?
• EBV is the Epstein Barr Virus belonging to the herpes family, also known as human herpesvirus 4.
• Disease Names:
• Infectious mononucleosis (Heterophile-positive)
• Burkitt’s lymphoma
• AIDS-related lymphoma
• Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD)
• Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
30. • It is one of the most common human viruses. EBV is found all over the world. Most people get
infected with EBV at some point in their lives(90% of the population has been infected by EBV)
.
How common is EBV?
32. EBV symptoms observation
• Many people become infected with EBV in childhood.
• EBV infections in children usually do not cause symptoms, or the symptoms are not distinguishable
from other mild, brief childhood illnesses.
• People who get symptoms from EBV infection, usually teenagers or adults, get better in 2-4 weeks.
However, some people may feel fatigued for several weeks or even months.
• After you get an EBV infection, the virus becomes latent (inactive) in your body.
• In some cases, the virus may reactivate. This does not always cause symptoms, but people with
weakened immune systems are more likely to develop symptoms if EBV reactivates.
33. How is EBV transmitted?
EBV spreads most commonly through:
1. Bodily fluids; especially saliva ( oropharyngeal secretions).
However, EBV can also spread through:
1. Blood or blood transfusions (rarely)
2. Semen
3. During sexual contact
4. organ transplantations.
34. Can EBV spread from infected person’s used objects?
• EBV can be spread by using objects, such as a toothbrush or drinking glass, that an infected
person recently used or even by having contact with toys that children have drooled on.
• The virus probably survives on an object at least as long as the object remains moist.
At-Risk Populations:
• Typically greater risk of disease in immunocompromised hosts or following bone marrow or solid
organ transplantation.
35. Lifespan of EBV
• The first time you get infected with EBV (primary EBV infection) you can spread the virus for
weeks and even before you have symptoms.
• Likelihood of secondary transmission is moderate.
• Once the virus is in your body, it stays there in a latent (inactive) state. If the virus reactivates,
you can potentially spread EBV to others no matter how much time has passed since the initial
infection.
36. EBV diagnosis?
• Diagnosing EBV infection can be challenging since symptoms are similar to other illnesses.
• EBV infection can be confirmed with a blood test that detects antibodies. About 9out of 10 of
adults have antibodies showing a current or past EBV infection.
37. EBV vaccination?
• There is NO vaccine to protect against EBV infection.
How to protect yourself against EBV?
• You can help protect yourself by not kissing or sharing drinks, food, or personal items,
like toothbrushes, with people who have EBV infection.
38. EBV treatment?
• There is no specific treatment for EBV.
• However, some things can be done to help relieve symptoms, including:
1. Drinking fluids to stay hydrated.
2. Getting plenty of rest.
3. Taking over-the-counter medications for pain and fever.
39. What is hairy Leukoplakia?
• Hairy leukoplakia is a form of leukoplakia, which refers to white patches on the mucous
membranes of the mouth often arising in response to chronic irritation.
o It is characterised by: Irregular, Non-movable, corrugated or "hairy" white lesion on the lateral
margins of the tongue and occasionally elsewhere on the tongue or in the mouth. (No report
describes HL in mucosal sites other than the mouth.)
o HL is in group 4, category C2 of the original Centers for Disease Control (CDC) definition of AIDS and in B3
of the 1993 criteria.
40. Clinical Appearance and Manifestations?
• HL lesions vary in size and appearance and may be unilateral or bilateral.
• The surface is irregular and may have prominent folds or projections, sometimes markedly resembling
hairs. Occasionally, however, some areas may be smooth and flat.
• Lesions occur most commonly on the lateral margins of the tongue and may spread to cover the entire
dorsal surface . They may also spread downward onto the ventral surface of the tongue, where they
usually appear flat.
• HL lesions can also occur on the buccal mucosa, generally as flat lesions. Rarely, lesions occur on the
soft palate.
• HL usually does not cause symptoms.
41.
42. Who has Hairy leukoplakia?
o Occurs in all risk groups for HIV infections, although less commonly in children than
in adults and is usually also associated with EBV infection.
o HL occurs in about 20% of persons with asymptomatic HIV infection and becomes
more common as the CD4+ T-cell count falls.
o HL has occurred in non-HIV-infected people including recipients of bone marrow,
cardiac, and renal transplants.
43. Diagnosis?
• HL should be diagnosed by biopsy for definitive diagnosis. Experienced clinicians can make a
presumptive diagnosis of HL in association with HIV disease from the clinical appearance,
although HL can be confused with oral candidiasis.
•
44. Is there a treatment?
• Hairy leukoplakia usually is asymptomatic and does not require treatment.
• HL is almost always a manifestation of HIV infection, and clinicians should arrange evaluation
of HIV disease and appropriate treatment for patients with HL.
• HL has disappeared in patients receiving high-dose acyclovir for herpes zoster, presumably
because of the anti-EBV activity of acyclovir. Doses of acyclovir (2.5 to 3 mg per day for 2 to 3
weeks) usually eliminate HL, but the lesion usually recurs with cessation of treatment.
• Occasionally, Candida albicans may be found in HL lesions. Treatment consists of antifungal
medications.
46. Etiology and Pathogenesis:
• Measles is a viral infection caused by the genus morbillivirus, a member of the paramyxovirus family. The
virus known simply as measles virus which is an RNA-enveloped virus that is related structurally and
biologically to viruses that also cause mumps and influenza.
47. • Typically, the measles rash consists of:
Early pinpoint elevations over the soft palate with an ultimate involvement of the pharynx and tonsils.
• German measles Or Rubella, is caused by unrelated virus of the togavirus family. It shares some clinical features
with measles, such as fever and rash.
• Clinical features:
• Because of the widespread vaccination programs , those at risk of infection are individual who have not been
vaccinated.
• In 1 to 2 days, pathognomonic small erythematous macules with white necrotic centers appear in the buccal
mucosa known as Koplik’s spots.
• The rash initially affects the head and neck followed by the trunk, and then the extremities.
• Secondary infection may develop as otitis media or pneumonia.
48. Histopathology:
• Infected epithelial cells, which eventually become necrotic, overlie an inflamed connective tissue that
contains dilated vascular channels and a focal inflammatory response. Lymphocytes are found in
perivascular distribution.
• In lymphoid tissues and tonsils large characteristic multinucleated macrophages which are known as
Warthin-Finkeldey giant cells are observed.
49. Differential Diagnosis:
• Besides the prodromal symptoms and rash which are sufficient evidence of measles, laboratory
criteria for diagnosis include several tests including positives measles immunoglobins M (IgM),
immunoglobin G (IgG), isolation of the measles virus.
50. Treatment:
• No specific treatment for measles is known. Supportive therapy of bed rest, fluids, adequate
diet and analgesic are described.
•
52. •Cytomegalovirus (from the Greek cyto-, "cell", and -megalo-, "large") is a viral genus of
the viral family known as Herpesviridae or herpes viruses.
•The species that infects humans is commonly known as human CMV (HCMV) or human
herpesvirus-5 (HHV-5), and is the most studied of all cytomegaloviruses
53. Properties of the CMV
• Belong to the betaherpesvirus subfamily of herpesviruses
• Double stranded DNA enveloped virus
53
55. Why are herpes viruses (and especially CMV) so fascinating
from an evolutionary standpoint?
1. They are ancient
2. Latency = highly evolved
3. While many viruses deal with evolution “passively” (i.e. mutate), herpesviruses
“actively” target mechanisms
56. Human Cytomegalovirus
•A complex -herpes virus
•Slow replicating
Infects 60-90% of the population worldwide, typically asymptomatic
infection
Infection in immunocompromised individuals life threatening:
•Stem cell and solid organ transplant recipients
•HIV infected individuals
56
57. Spread of CMV
CMV spreads from person to person through body fluids, such as blood, saliva, urine,
semen and breast milk. CMV spread through breast milk usually doesn't make the baby
sick. However, if pregnant and develop an active infection, can pass the virus to baby.
58. Consequences of CMV Infections
• Cancer patients receiving intensive chemotherapy treatments can get infected
• Mild to severe hearing loss
• Cognitive deficits
• Physical abnormalities
58
59. Pathogenesis
•Once infected, the virus remains in the person for life and my be
reactivated from time to time, especially in immunocompromised
individuals.
•The virus may be transmitted in utero, perinatally,or postnatally.
Perinatal transmission occurs.
•.
61. Laboratory Diagnosis
• Virus isolation
• Conventional cell culture is regarded as gold standard but requires
up to 4 weeks for result.
• More useful are rapid culture methods such as the deaff test which
can provide a result in 24-48 hours.
• Serology
• The presence of cmv igg antibody indicates past infection.
• The detection of igm is indicative of primary infection although it
may also be found in immunocompromised patients with
reactivation. 61
62. Treatment
•Perinatal and postnatal infection - it is usually not necessary to treat such patients.
•Immunocompromised patients - it is necessary to make a diagnosis of CMV infection
early and give prompt antiviral therapy. Anti-CMV agents in current use are ganciclovir,
forscarnet, and cidofovir.
63. Prevention
•CMV infection can be contagious if the infected person comes in close or
intimate contact with another person. One should avoid kissing and sexual
contact with an infected person.
•The virus may also spread among young children in day care
settings.
•When planning blood transfusions or organ transplants, the CMV status of the
donor can be checked to avoid passing CMV to a recipient who has not had
CMV.