13
Importance of Preventing Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Daniela Montalvo
Miami Regional University
ENC2201: Report Writing and Research Methods
Dr. Uliana Gancea
April 11, 2022
Abstract
While research shows that no one preventative measure can curb cases of HIV prevalence, high rates of infertility, and pelvic inflammatory diseases, STIs prevention has shown to be an effective way of drastically reducing these cases. This is because most STIs are the leading causes of these conditions. Therefore, reducing the rates of STIs is an essential aspect of reducing these cases worldwide. We shall look into the relationship between STIs and HIV prevalence, high infertility rates, and pelvic inflammatory diseases. Using a systematic review of previous research papers, we shall seek to show the importance of preventing STIs.
Keywords: preventing STIs, curbing HIV prevalence, infertility rates, pelvic inflammatory diseases, reproductive health.
Importance of Preventing Sexually Transmitted Diseases
An astounding 376 million sexually transmitted (STI) curable infections emerge annually across the globe. Sexual transmission accounts for more than 80% of all new HIV diagnoses (WHO, 2019). The immense strain of STI morbidity and death has a significant effect on the quality of life, sexual and reproductive health (SRH), and infant health, and as co-components for the transmission of HIV subsequently (Mayaud & McCormick, 2001). The risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV is significantly increased by sexually transmissible diseases like syphilis, chancroid ulcer, and genital herpes simplex virus ulcer. In some instances, they represent over 40% or more HIV transmissions (WHO, 2019).
In the evolution of sexually transmitted infection (STI) management, as with other infectious diseases, the pendulum moves around vertical disease-specific and broader horizontal interventions, from a focused emphasis on conditions and their care to people's more extensive interests that harbor and spread them. STI prevention efforts have been more and more established with respect to the goals of HIV programs since the introduction of HIV in the 1980s. While HIV itself is an STI, attempts to deter its transmission are primarily controlled by funding, execution, and evaluation programs, regardless of other STI management efforts.
Such a broken model has a harmful effect. Too frequently, the overlooked STI programs - the basis on which attempts were made to avoid HIV - fail when funding is limited. As a result, STI hospitals and programs are under-personalized, overlooked, or entirely lost (Steen et al., 2009). HIV testing may be provided for pregnant mothers, but STIs such as syphilis are no longer being thoroughly checked. Furthermore, STI reporting, a vital indicator for sexually transmitted infection inclinations, has withered away. This paper seeks to evaluate the need for putting more emphasis on the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases.
Back ...
The document discusses a proposed sexual health education program called SHECAW for college-aged women between 18-22 years old. Chlamydia trachomatis is a common sexually transmitted disease that disproportionately affects this demographic. If left untreated, it can cause reproductive health issues and infertility. The goals of SHECAW are to reduce new C. trachomatis cases through education, ensure participants understand transmission risks, and provide a supportive network. The program will address screening, prevention, and treatment of this preventable disease.
Impact of syndromic management of sexually transmittedAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that investigated the impact of syndromic management of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among out-of-school female youths in Sagamu, Nigeria. An intervention training on syndromic management lasted 4 weeks for 80 female youths. Based on pre- and post-test analysis, syndromic management was found to have a significant impact on treating urethra discharge symptoms and abnormal vaginal discharge symptoms, but no significant impact on genital ulcer disease or lower abdominal pain symptoms. The study concludes that syndromic management can help address STIs and related issues among youths if properly implemented.
Std’s of bacterial etiology by Sunita Rajbanshi(AMDA)SSPSunita Rajbanshi
This document provides an outline and summary of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It begins with an introduction to STIs, their significance, and global and national STI situations. It then discusses how STIs can increase HIV infectivity and impact, as well as the relationship between HIV and STIs. Specific data on common STIs in Nepal such as prevalence rates among different populations is presented. The document concludes with components of Nepal's national STI strategy and information on common bacterial STIs, including their signs, symptoms, and epidemiological determinants.
One global health issue that impacts the international health commun.docxmccormicknadine86
One global health issue that impacts the international health community is HIV. HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. HIV attacks the CD4 cells (T cells) which are cells that help the body to fight off infections. Overtime, the HIV can destroy many of the T cells that the body will not be able to fight off infection leaving it more propense to opportunistic infections. The opportunistic infection leaves the body very weak and signal that the person has AIDS which is the last stage of HIV. There is no cure for HIV, but with adequate medical care, the virus can be controlled. The antiretroviral therapy is the medicine to treat HIV and it can make the viral load undetectable so the person with HIV can live longer. Commonly, people get or transmit HIV through sex and needle or syringe use. The person infected with HIV can transmit it to other person through body fluids such as blood, semen, pre-seminal fluid, rectal fluids, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. HIV can be prevented through abstinence, limiting number of sexual partners , avoiding sharing needles and using condoms. HIV and AIDS are still a problem for United States and other countries around the world. In 2018, “37,832” people were diagnosed with HIV in USA and gay, bisexual and men who have sex with other men accounted for 69% of all new HIV diagnosis. At end of 2016, an estimated “1.1 million” people in USA had HIV with the blacks/African American being the most affected population. In 2018, African Americans accounted for “42%” or all new HIV diagnosis and most cases of HIV occur in metropolitan areas with “500,00” or more people. HIV diagnosis can also vary by age. Young gay and bisexual men ages 13 to 24 accounted for “83%” of all new cases in 2018. Worldwide, there were about “1.7 million” of new cases of HIV in 2018. An estimated “770,000” people died from AIDS related illness in 2018 (CDC, 2019).
Global health plays a role in global security and the security of USA population. The Institute of Medicine 2003, emphasized that USA should improve the capacity to respond to infectious disease threats and to promote an infectious disease surveillance system. The rapid identification and control of the infectious disease can promote health, prevent the spread of the disease and protect the USA population. Many U.S government agencies such as Millennium Development goals provide funding and human resources to global health. In addition, the International health Regulation was implemented with the purpose of preventing international spread of diseases by encouraging countries to work together to share information about known disease (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2020). The U.S. Department of Health and Human services in collaboration with CDC launched an initiative to reduce new HIV infections in the U.S by 90% by 2030. To reduce HIV infection involves prevention, diagnosis, treatment and outbreak response. The intervention is the use of PrEP (a .
The document discusses immunization and infectious diseases. The main goals are to increase immunization rates and reduce preventable infectious diseases. Immunization works by stimulating the body's natural defenses to recognize and attack specific bacteria or viruses. This helps prevent disease or reduce severity if exposed. While vaccines have reduced many diseases, some remain issues and new threats may emerge. Maintaining surveillance and immunization programs is important for protecting public health.
The influence of prevention of mother to-child hiv transmission campaigns on ...Alexander Decker
The document discusses mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Nigeria and prevention efforts. It notes that mother-to-child transmission accounts for over 90% of pediatric AIDS cases globally. To address this, Nigeria and other countries have implemented Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) campaigns. However, the document aims to study whether these campaigns have effectively improved knowledge, attitudes and practices around PMTCT among Nigerian women. It finds that while campaigns have increased to some degree, overall knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding PMTCT among Nigerian women remains quite low. It recommends campaign messages be more clear, specific and convincing to better educate women and encourage improved PMTCT practices.
This document provides an overview of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). It discusses the identification and emergence of AIDS in 1981, the global impact and transmission of HIV, clinical manifestations of AIDS, and methods for controlling and managing the epidemic.
The document discusses a proposed sexual health education program called SHECAW for college-aged women between 18-22 years old. Chlamydia trachomatis is a common sexually transmitted disease that disproportionately affects this demographic. If left untreated, it can cause reproductive health issues and infertility. The goals of SHECAW are to reduce new C. trachomatis cases through education, ensure participants understand transmission risks, and provide a supportive network. The program will address screening, prevention, and treatment of this preventable disease.
Impact of syndromic management of sexually transmittedAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that investigated the impact of syndromic management of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among out-of-school female youths in Sagamu, Nigeria. An intervention training on syndromic management lasted 4 weeks for 80 female youths. Based on pre- and post-test analysis, syndromic management was found to have a significant impact on treating urethra discharge symptoms and abnormal vaginal discharge symptoms, but no significant impact on genital ulcer disease or lower abdominal pain symptoms. The study concludes that syndromic management can help address STIs and related issues among youths if properly implemented.
Std’s of bacterial etiology by Sunita Rajbanshi(AMDA)SSPSunita Rajbanshi
This document provides an outline and summary of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It begins with an introduction to STIs, their significance, and global and national STI situations. It then discusses how STIs can increase HIV infectivity and impact, as well as the relationship between HIV and STIs. Specific data on common STIs in Nepal such as prevalence rates among different populations is presented. The document concludes with components of Nepal's national STI strategy and information on common bacterial STIs, including their signs, symptoms, and epidemiological determinants.
One global health issue that impacts the international health commun.docxmccormicknadine86
One global health issue that impacts the international health community is HIV. HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. HIV attacks the CD4 cells (T cells) which are cells that help the body to fight off infections. Overtime, the HIV can destroy many of the T cells that the body will not be able to fight off infection leaving it more propense to opportunistic infections. The opportunistic infection leaves the body very weak and signal that the person has AIDS which is the last stage of HIV. There is no cure for HIV, but with adequate medical care, the virus can be controlled. The antiretroviral therapy is the medicine to treat HIV and it can make the viral load undetectable so the person with HIV can live longer. Commonly, people get or transmit HIV through sex and needle or syringe use. The person infected with HIV can transmit it to other person through body fluids such as blood, semen, pre-seminal fluid, rectal fluids, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. HIV can be prevented through abstinence, limiting number of sexual partners , avoiding sharing needles and using condoms. HIV and AIDS are still a problem for United States and other countries around the world. In 2018, “37,832” people were diagnosed with HIV in USA and gay, bisexual and men who have sex with other men accounted for 69% of all new HIV diagnosis. At end of 2016, an estimated “1.1 million” people in USA had HIV with the blacks/African American being the most affected population. In 2018, African Americans accounted for “42%” or all new HIV diagnosis and most cases of HIV occur in metropolitan areas with “500,00” or more people. HIV diagnosis can also vary by age. Young gay and bisexual men ages 13 to 24 accounted for “83%” of all new cases in 2018. Worldwide, there were about “1.7 million” of new cases of HIV in 2018. An estimated “770,000” people died from AIDS related illness in 2018 (CDC, 2019).
Global health plays a role in global security and the security of USA population. The Institute of Medicine 2003, emphasized that USA should improve the capacity to respond to infectious disease threats and to promote an infectious disease surveillance system. The rapid identification and control of the infectious disease can promote health, prevent the spread of the disease and protect the USA population. Many U.S government agencies such as Millennium Development goals provide funding and human resources to global health. In addition, the International health Regulation was implemented with the purpose of preventing international spread of diseases by encouraging countries to work together to share information about known disease (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2020). The U.S. Department of Health and Human services in collaboration with CDC launched an initiative to reduce new HIV infections in the U.S by 90% by 2030. To reduce HIV infection involves prevention, diagnosis, treatment and outbreak response. The intervention is the use of PrEP (a .
The document discusses immunization and infectious diseases. The main goals are to increase immunization rates and reduce preventable infectious diseases. Immunization works by stimulating the body's natural defenses to recognize and attack specific bacteria or viruses. This helps prevent disease or reduce severity if exposed. While vaccines have reduced many diseases, some remain issues and new threats may emerge. Maintaining surveillance and immunization programs is important for protecting public health.
The influence of prevention of mother to-child hiv transmission campaigns on ...Alexander Decker
The document discusses mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Nigeria and prevention efforts. It notes that mother-to-child transmission accounts for over 90% of pediatric AIDS cases globally. To address this, Nigeria and other countries have implemented Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) campaigns. However, the document aims to study whether these campaigns have effectively improved knowledge, attitudes and practices around PMTCT among Nigerian women. It finds that while campaigns have increased to some degree, overall knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding PMTCT among Nigerian women remains quite low. It recommends campaign messages be more clear, specific and convincing to better educate women and encourage improved PMTCT practices.
This document provides an overview of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). It discusses the identification and emergence of AIDS in 1981, the global impact and transmission of HIV, clinical manifestations of AIDS, and methods for controlling and managing the epidemic.
This document discusses sexual health and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It begins by defining sexual health and describing how STIs are spread primarily through sexual intercourse and can have long-term negative health consequences. It then explains that women are often more vulnerable to STIs due to social factors and biological risks. The document outlines the major STIs affecting millions of people annually and their prevalence worldwide. It also discusses populations at higher risk of STIs and how STIs can be transmitted from mother to child.
HIV surveillance involves systematically collecting and analyzing HIV/AIDS data to guide prevention and treatment programs. Key aspects of HIV surveillance include monitoring prevalence, incidence, opportunistic infections, and antiretroviral drug resistance. Accurate case definitions and timely reporting are important for effective surveillance. The goals of HIV surveillance are to detect trends in the epidemic, identify at-risk groups, evaluate prevention programs, and inform research and policy.
The document discusses HIV epidemiology in Saskatchewan, highlighting that the province has seen a rapid increase in new HIV cases and now has the highest rates in Canada. It summarizes Saskatchewan's 2010-2013 HIV Strategy, which aims to reduce new infections and improve quality of life for those living with HIV through improved surveillance, clinical management, prevention, and harm reduction programs. The strategy goals include earlier detection of cases, decreasing new infections and sexually transmitted infections, and increasing access to testing, care, and prevention services.
Sexually transmitted diseases in the elderly in South FloridaArete-Zoe, LLC
Florida is attractive for retired Americans, and their population continues to grow. In primary care, sexual health is often overlooked in elderly patients, since they rarely open the topic themselves, and physicians often assume their patients are no longer sexually active. Drugs for erectile dysfunction, as well as attractions of life on the beach, create opportunities that may no longer be out of reach. Mature adults do indeed have girlfriends and friends with benefits, along with their regular partners and spouses.
The number of reported STDs in older adults has been steadily increasing since 2000. The most frequently reported infections are chlamydia, gonorrhea, and HIV. The population of adults over 50 years of age now reached 99 million (32%) and should not be ignored in regards to screening for STDs and related research. Clinical trials rarely study the sexual behavior of people over 50 or even 65 years of age. In the age group between 57 and 85 years of age, nearly 75% were still sexually active at 64, 53% at 74, and 25% at 85 years of age. The sexual life of mature adults is often neglected during preventative screenings. This omission may lead to late diagnosis of HIV or undetected relapse of STDs contracted earlier in life. AIDS-related dementia or neurosyphilis can be easily misdiagnosed as Alzheimer’s disease. Failure to detect STDs in mature adults can result in unnecessary early death and unmitigated exposure of relatives to the disease (Purpora & Claire, 2012).
Many STDs are notifiable diseases that require regular screening of patients who are sexually active or engage in potentially risky sexual behavior. Clinicians need to keep track of relevant federal and state legislation and comply with the reporting requirements as applicable.
This document discusses women's disparities in access to HIV mitigation in three sub-Saharan African countries - Swaziland, Kenya, and Cameroon. It hypothesizes that women with higher levels of education will have greater access to HIV prevention and treatment services. The analysis found a strong correlation between increased educational attainment and HIV testing and access to test results for women in the three countries. However, overall testing rates remain low, likely due to social stigma rather than lack of accessibility. Women face greater HIV risk due to cultural practices like polygamy, child marriage, and lack of autonomy over sexual and reproductive health decisions.
HIV Epidemiology: Progress, challenges and Human Rights implications Vih.org
This document summarizes trends in the global HIV/AIDS epidemic and discusses the link between epidemiology and human rights. It finds that while new infections and deaths have decreased due to prevention efforts, human rights abuses continue to impede epidemiological understanding and response. Vulnerable groups like migrants, men who have sex with men, and injecting drug users face disproportionate risks due to criminalization and lack of targeted programming. Strengthening health information systems and promoting universal human rights access are seen as essential to further containing the epidemic.
CHLAMYDIA AND PERIODIC SCANNING 2Chlamydia and Periodic Scann.docxbartholomeocoombs
CHLAMYDIA AND PERIODIC SCANNING 2
Chlamydia and Periodic Scanning Among Sex Workers
Student’s Name
Institution Affiliation
Course Number
Instructor’s Name
Date
Introduction
In recent years, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have increased at an alarming rate. 20% of the population in the US have had an STI since 2018 and their treatment cost has been approximately $16 billion. Among the STDs that have been on the rise include chlamydia. Chlamydia is an infection that affects both men and women and damages their reproductive organs. Because of this, it becomes hard for women to become pregnant and sometimes causes fatal ectopic pregnancy. Florida is among the worst affected population by STDs, and it ranks 7th supporting data shows that from 2010 to 2019, the rates of chlamydia in Florida rose an astonishing 313%. This condition is easily curable, but the shame people must get treated for STDs is the main cause of the high increase rates in of the disease.
It has been noted that this STD is particularly on the rise among young people aged 15-29. This population has been known for having unprotected and rampant sexual engagements. According to the most recent state data available, the illness affected 105,058 people overall in 2018. Florida reported 85,278 chlamydia infections among those between the ages of 15 and 29, which is a treatable bacterial STD. The number of cases the department reported in 2016 grew to 94,719 in 2017, reaching 100,002. Groups with the highest risk of developing an STD were identified by the health department as being young adults (15–24), gay and bisexual men, and those who have had several sex partners. According to the health department, 3 out of 4 STD carriers in Florida are between the ages of 15 and 29.
PICOT Question
For asymptomatic ureteral and anorectal Chlamydia trachomatis infection, would periodically screening sex workers be beneficial to reduce incidence and prevalence rates at the community level when compared to communities without intervention in six months?
Vulnerable Population
Sex workers are exposed to many health hazards including STDs such as Chlamydia, AIDs, gonorrhea, and syphilis. The most rampant of them all among sex workers and normal people in the population is chlamydia. The disease is bad if left unchecked but easily cured when it is detected and treated early. It affects the reproductive system to an extent it may cause ectopic pregnancy or even destruction of the uterus. Sex workers are highly subjected to this disease as they are mostly dealing with the most sexually active age group which carries the largest infection rate. The number of cases the department reported in 2016 grew to 94,719 in 2017, reaching 100,002. Groups with the highest risk of developing an STD were identified by the health department as being young adults (15–24), gay and bisexual men, and those who have had several sex partners. Chlamydial and gonococcal infections in females can cause pelvic.
Ellington, Katherine. ‘Invisible Hope: HIV/AIDS and Women’ in ed. Grace Bantebya-Kyomuhendo. Women’s Health: African and Global Perspectives. Kampala: Women and Gender Studies, Makerere University, 2005.
e632 www.thelancet.comhiv Vol 6 September 2019ViewpoiAlyciaGold776
e632 www.thelancet.com/hiv Vol 6 September 2019
Viewpoint
The disconnect between individual-level and population-level
HIV prevention benefits of antiretroviral treatment
Stefan Baral, Amrita Rao, Patrick Sullivan, Nancy Phaswana-Mafuya, Daouda Diouf, Greg Millett, Helgar Musyoki, Elvin Geng, Sharmistha Mishra
In 2019, the HIV pandemic is growing and soon over 40 million people will be living with HIV. Effective population-
based approaches to decrease HIV incidence are as relevant as ever given modest reductions observed over the past
decade. Treatment as prevention is often heralded as the path to improve HIV outcomes and to reduce HIV
incidence. Although treatment of an individual does eliminate onward transmission to serodifferent partners
(unde tectable=untransmittable or U=U), population-level observational and experimental data have not shown a similar
effect with scale-up of treatment on reducing HIV incidence. This disconnect might be the result of little attention given
to heterogeneities of HIV acquisition and transmission risks that exist in people at risk for and living with HIV, even in
the most broadly generalised epidemics. Available data suggest that HIV treatment is treatment, HIV prevention is
prevention, and specificity of HIV treatment approaches towards people at highest risk of onward transmission drives
the intersection between the two. All people living with HIV deserve HIV treatment, but both more accurately estimating
and optimising the potential HIV prevention effects of universal treatment approaches necessitates understanding who
is being supported with treatment rather than a focus on treatment targets such as 90-90-90 or 95-95-95.
Introduction
In 2019, we are at a pivotal time in the global HIV response
in that many people believe that the HIV pandemic is
over given the advances in HIV treatment.1 Yet the HIV
pandemic continues to grow as defined by numbers of
people living with HIV. Specifically, given the encouraging
decreases in overall mortality among people living with
HIV, in the context of universal treat ment as prevention,
approximately 930 000 more people annually (1·7 million
new infections minus 770 000 deaths of people living with
HIV) require anti retroviral therapy (ART) and many more
would need to change ART regimens. At the current rate
of new infections, over 40 million people will be living
with HIV by 2025.2 The global optimism about the HIV
pandemic has not been matched by decreases in new
HIV infections. New infections have declined by less than
2% per year since 2005, which means that between
1·8 and 2·5 million people acquired HIV in 2017.2,3 To
date, just over 60% of the 37·9 million people living with
HIV are on ART; of those 37·9 million, just over half
(20·1 million) are estimated to have achieved viral sup
pression.2 Taken together, these data suggest that an
estimated 18 million people living with HIV require ART
or improved ART regimens giv ...
This document reviews international experience on the role of agriculture and natural resource management in preventing and alleviating HIV/AIDS. It discusses how rural livelihoods dependent on agriculture and NRM can influence the spread of HIV infection and how HIV/AIDS in turn undermines these livelihoods. Local innovations that have helped address HIV/AIDS are described. The review outlines key features of HIV/AIDS epidemics and their relationship to rural livelihoods. Food insecurity can increase risky sexual behaviors and susceptibility to infection, while illness and death from AIDS undermines households' agriculture and natural resource management. Local innovations play a role in addressing HIV/AIDS but often face constraints.
Consider this scenario A cyber-attack occurred in a healthcare orAlleneMcclendon878
A cyberattack on a healthcare organization resulted in significant data loss. As an information security consultant, the document outlines recommendations for a 12-slide presentation on an incident response plan for the executive board. The plan would define the goal and scope, analyze impact through a business impact analysis, identify communication requirements, explain the response process, describe relationships to other processes, and recommend priorities and resources.
Problem 1
Problem 2 (two screen shots)
Problem 3 (two screen shots)
Problem 4 (three screen shots)
Problem 5 (one screen shot)
Problem 6 (six screenshots plus a data table)
.
Problem 20-1A Production cost flow and measurement; journal entrie.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 20-1A Production cost flow and measurement; journal entries L.O. P1, P2, P3, P4
[The following information applies to the questions displayed below.]
Edison Company manufactures wool blankets and accounts for product costs using process costing. The following information is available regarding its May inventories.
Beginning
Inventory
Ending
Inventory
Raw materials inventory
$
60,000
$
41,000
Goods in process inventory
449,000
521,500
Finished goods inventory
610,000
342,001
The following additional information describes the company's production activities for May.
Raw materials purchases (on credit)
$
250,000
Factory payroll cost (paid in cash)
1,850,300
Other overhead cost (Other Accounts credited)
82,000
Materials used
Direct
$
200,500
Indirect
50,000
Labor used
Direct
$
1,060,300
Indirect
790,000
Overhead rate as a percent of direct labor
115
%
Sales (on credit)
$
3,000,000
The predetermined overhead rate was computed at the beginning of the year as 115% of direct labor cost.
\\\\\
rev: 11_02_2011
references
1.
value:
2.00 points
Problem 20-1A Part 1
Required:
1(a)
Compute the cost of products transferred from production to finished goods. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Cost of products transferred
$
1(b)
Compute the cost of goods sold. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Cost of goods sold
$
rev: 10_31_2011
check my workeBook Links (4)references
2.
value:
5.00 points
Problem 20-1A Part 2
2(a)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the raw materials purchases. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(b)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the direct materials usage. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(c)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the indirect materials usage. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(d)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the payroll costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(e)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the direct labor costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(f)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the indirect labor costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(g)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the other overhead costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(h)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the overhead applied. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(i)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the goods transferred from production to finished goods.(Omit the "$" sign in yo.
Problem 2 Obtain Io.Let x be the current through j2, ..docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 2: Obtain Io.
Let x be the current through j2, .
Let .
.
.
.
………..1.
…………2.
.
.
…………3.
……………….4.
Solving these 4 equations we can get .
.
Problem 1:Find currents I1, I2, and I3
Problem 2: Obtain Io
Problem 3:Obtain io
.
Problem 1On April 1, 20X4, Rojas purchased land by giving $100,000.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1On April 1, 20X4, Rojas purchased land by giving $100,000 in cash and executing a $400,000 note payable to the former owner. The note bears interest at 10% per annum, with interest being payable annually on March 31 of each year. Rojas is also required to make a $100,000 payment toward the note's principal on every March 31.(a)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the land purchase on April 1, 20X4.(b)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the year-end interest accrual on December 31, 20X4.(c)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the payment of interest and principal on March 31, 20X5.(d)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the year-end interest accrual on December 31, 20X5.(e)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the payment of interest and principal on March 31, 20X6.
&R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.01
B-13.01
Worksheet 1(a), (b), (c), (d), (e)GENERAL JOURNALDateAccountsDebitCredit04-01-X412-31-X403-31-X512-31-X503-31-X6
&L&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&12Name:
Date: Section: &R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.01
B-13.01
Problem 2Ace Brick company issued $100,000 of 5-year bonds. The bonds were issued at par on January 1, 20X1, and bear interest at a rate of 8% per annum, payable semiannually.(a)Prepare the journal entry to record the bond issue on January, 20X1.(b)Prepare the journal entry that Ace would record on each interest date.(c)Prepare the journal entry that Ace would record at maturity of the bonds.
&R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.06
B-13.06
Worksheet 2(a)(b)(c)GENERAL JOURNAL DateAccountsDebitCreditIssueInterestMaturity
&L&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&12Name:
Date: Section: &R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.06
B-13.06
Problem 3Erik Food Supply Company issued $100,000 of face amount of 4-year bonds on January 1, 20X1. The bonds were issued at 98, and bear interest at a stated rate of 8% per annum, payable semiannually. The discount is amortized by the straight-line method.(a)Prepare the journal entry to record the initial issuance on January, 20X1.(b)Prepare the journal entry that Erik would record on each interest date.(c)Prepare the journal entry that Erik would record at maturity of the bonds.
&R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.08
B-13.08
Worksheet 3(a)(b)(c)GENERAL JOURNAL DateAccountsDebitCreditIssueInterestMaturity
&L&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&12Name:
Date: Section: &R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.08
B-13.08
Problem 4Horton Micro Chip Company issued $100,000 of face amount of 6-year bonds on January 1, 20X1. The bonds were issed at 103, and bear interest at a stated rate of 8% per annum, payable semiannually. The premium is amortized by the straight-line method.(a)Prepare the journal entry to record the initial issue on January, 20X1.(b)Prepare the journal entry that Horton would record on each interest date.(c)Prepare the journal entry that Horton would record at maturity of the bonds.
&R&"Myriad We.
Problem 17-1 Dividends and Taxes [LO2]Dark Day, Inc., has declar.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 17-1 Dividends and Taxes [LO2]
Dark Day, Inc., has declared a $5.60 per share dividend. Suppose capital gains are not taxed, but dividends are taxed at 15 percent. New IRS regulations require that taxes be withheld at the time the dividend is paid. Dark Day sells for $94.10 per share, and the stock is about to go ex-dividend.
What do you think the ex-dividend price will be? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
Ex-dividend price
$
Problem 17-2 Stock Dividends [LO3]
The owners’ equity accounts for Alexander International are shown here:
Common stock ($0.60 par value)
$
45,000
Capital surplus
340,000
Retained earnings
748,120
Total owners’ equity
$
1,133,120
a-1
If Alexander stock currently sells for $30 per share and a 10 percent stock dividend is declared, how many new shares will be distributed?
New shares issued
a-2
Show how the equity accounts would change.
Common stock
$
Capital surplus
Retained earnings
Total owners’ equity
$
b-1
If instead Alexander declared a 20 percent stock dividend, how many new shares will be distributed?
New shares issued
b-2
Show how the equity accounts would change. (Negative amount should be indicated by a minus sign.)
Common stock
$
Capital surplus
Retained earnings
Total owners’ equity
$
Problem 17-3 Stock Splits [LO3]
The owners' equity accounts for Alexander International are shown here.
Common stock ($0.50 par value)
$
35,000
Capital surplus
320,000
Retained earnings
708,120
Total owners’ equity
$
1,063,120
a-1
If Alexander declares a five-for-one stock split, how many shares are outstanding now?
New shares outstanding
a-2
What is the new par value per share? (Round your answer to 3 decimal places. (e.g., 32.161))
New par value
$ per share
b-1
If Alexander declares a one-for-seven reverse stock split, how many shares are outstanding now?
New shares outstanding
b-2
What is the new par value per share? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New par value
$ per share
Problem 17-4 Stock Splits and Stock Dividends [LO3]
Red Rocks Corporation (RRC) currently has 485,000 shares of stock outstanding that sell for $40 per share. Assuming no market imperfections or tax effects exist, what will the share price be after:
a.
RRC has a four-for-three stock split? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New share price
$
b.
RRC has a 15 percent stock dividend? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New share price
$
c.
RRC has a 54.5 percent stock dividend? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New share price
$
d.
RRC has a two-for-seven reverse stock split? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New share price
$
Determine the new number of shares outstanding in parts (a) through (d).
a.
New shares outstanding
b.
New shares o.
Problem 1Problem 1 - Constant-Growth Common StockWhat is the value.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1Problem 1 - Constant-Growth Common StockWhat is the value of a common stock if the firm's earnings and dividends are growing annually at 10%, the current dividend is $1.32,and investors require a 15% return on investment?What is the stock's rate of return if the market price of the stock is $35?
Problem 2Problem 2 - Preferred Stock Price and ReturnA firm has preferred stock outstanding with a $1,000 par value and a $40 annual dividend with no maturity. If the required rate of return is 9%, what is the price of the preferred stock?The market price of a firm's preferred stock is $24 and pays an annual dividend of $2.50. If the stock's par value is $1,000 and it has no maturity, what is the return on the preferred stock?
Problem 3Problem 3 - Bond Valuation and YieldA bond has a par value of $1,000, pays $50 semiannually and has a maturity of 10 years.If the bond earns 12% per year, what is the price of the bond?RateNperPMTFVTypePVWhat is the yield to maturity for the bond?NperPMTPVFVTypeRateWhat would be the bond's price if the rate earned declined to 8% per year?RateNperPMTFVTypePVIf the maturity period is reduced to 5 years and the required rate of return is 8%, what would be the price of the bond?RateNperPMTFVTypePVWhat is the yield to maturity for the bond when the maturity is 5 years and the required rate of return is 8%?NperPMTPVFVTypeRateWhat generalizations about bond prices, interest rates and maturity periods can be made based on the calculations made above?
Problem 4Problem 4 - Callable BondsThe following bonds have a par value of $1,000 and the required rate of return is 10%.Bond XY: 5¼ percent coupon, with interest paid annually for 20 yearsBond AB: 14 percent coupon, with interest paid annually for 20 yearsWhat is each bond's current market price?Bond XYBond ABRateNperPMTFVTypePVIf current interest rates are 9%, which bond would you expect to be called? Explain.
Exercise 10-5
During the month of March, Olinger Company’s employees earned wages of $69,500. Withholdings related to these wages were $5,317 for Social Security (FICA), $8,145 for federal income tax, $3,366 for state income tax, and $434 for union dues. The company incurred no cost related to these earnings for federal unemployment tax but incurred $760 for state unemployment tax.
Prepare the necessary March 31 journal entry to record salaries and wages expense and salaries and wages payable. Assume that wages earned during March will be paid during April. (Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
Mar. 31
SHOW LIST OF ACCOUNTS
LINK TO TEXT
Prepare the entry to record the company’s payroll tax expense. (Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
Mar. 31
===========================================
E.
Problem 1Prescott, Inc., manufactures bookcases and uses an activi.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1Prescott, Inc., manufactures bookcases and uses an activity-based costing system. Prescott's activity areas and related data follows:ActivityBudgeted Cost
of ActivityAllocation BaseCost Allocation
RateMaterials handling$230,000Number of parts$0.50Assembly3,200,000Direct labor hours16.00Finishing180,000Number of finished
units4.50Prescott produced two styles of bookcases in October: the standard bookcase and an unfinished bookcase, which has fewer parts and requires no finishing. The totals for quantities, direct
materials costs, and other data follow:ProductTotal Units
ProducedTotal Direct
Materials CostsTotal Direct
Labor CostsTotal Number
of PartsTotal Assembling
Direct Labor HoursStandard bookcase3,000$36,000$45,0009,0004,500Unfinished bookcase3,50035,00035,0007,0003,500Requirements:1. Compute the manufacturing product cost per unit of each type of bookcase.2. Suppose that pre-manufacturing activities, such as product design, were assigned to the standard bookcases at $7 each, and to the unfinished bookcases at $2 each. Similar analyses
were conducted of post-manufacturing activities such as distribution, marketing, and customer service. The post-manufacturing costs were $22 per standard bookcase and $14 per
unfinished bookcase. Compute the full product costs per unit.3. Which product costs are reported in the external financial statements? Which costs are used for management decision making? Explain the difference.4. What price should Prescott's managers set for unfinished bookcases to earn $15 per bookcase?
Problem 2Corbertt Pharmaceuticals manufactures an over-the-counter allergy medication. The company sells both large commercial containers of 1,000 capsules to health-care facilities
and travel packs of 20 capsules to shops in airports, train stations, and hotels. The following information has been developed to determine if an activity-based costing system
would be beneficial:ActivityEstimated Indirect Activity
CostsAllocation BaseEstimated Quantity of
Allocation BaseMaterials handling$95,000Kilos19,000 kilosPackaging219,000Machine hours5,475 hoursQuality assurance124,500Samples2,075 samplesTotal indirect costs$438,500Other production information includes the following:Commercial ContainersTravel PacksUnits produced3,500 containers57,000 packsWeight in kilos14,0005,700Machine hours2,625570Number of samples700855Requirements:1. Compute the cost allocation rate for each activity.2. Use the activity-based cost allocation rates to compute the activity costs per unit of the commercial containers and the travel packs. (Hint: First compute the total activity
cost allocated to each product line, and then compute the cost per unit.)3. Corbertt's original single-allocation-base costing system allocated indirect costs to produce at $157 per machine hour. Compute the total indirect costs allocated to the
commercial containers and to the travel packs under the original system. Then compute the indirect cost per unit for ea.
Problem 1Preston Recliners manufactures leather recliners and uses.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1Preston Recliners manufactures leather recliners and uses flexible budgeting and a standard cost system. Preston allocates overhead based on yards of direct materials. The company's performance report includes the following selected data:Static Budget
(1,000 recliners)Actual Results
(980 recliners)Sales (1,000 recliners X $495)$495,000 (980 recliners X $475)$465,500Variable manufacturing costs: Direct materials (6,000 yds @ $8.80/yard)52,800 (6,150 yds @ $8.60/yard)52,890 Direct labor (10,000 hrs @ $9.20/hour)92,000 (9,600 hrs @ $9.30/hour)89,280Variable overhead (6,000 yds @ $5.00/yard)30,000 (6,510 yds @ $6.40/yard)39,360Fixed manufacturing costs: Fixed overhead60,00062,000Total cost of goods sold$234,800$243,530Gross profit$260,200$221,970Requirements:1. Prepare a flexible budget based on the actual number of recliners sold.2. Compute the price variance and the efficiency variance for direct materials and for direct labor. For manufacturing overhead, compute the variable overhead spending, variable overhead efficiency, fixed overhead spending, and fixed overhead volume variances.3. Have Preston's managers done a good job or a poor job controlling materials, labor, and overhead costs? Why?4. Describe how Preston's managers can benefit from the standard costing system.
Problem 2AllTalk Technologies manufactures capacitors for cellular base stations and other communications applications. The company's January 2012 flexible budget income statement shows output levels of 6,500, 8,000, and 10,000 units. The static budget was based on expected sales of 8,000 units.ALLTALK TECHNOLOGIES
Flexible Budget Income Statement
Month Ended January 31, 2012Per UnitBy Units (Capacitors)6,5008,00010,000Sales revenue$24$156,000$192,000$240,000Variable expenses$1065,00080,000100,000Contribution margin$91,000$112,000$140,000Fixed expenses53,00053,00053,000Operating income$38,000$59,000$87,000The company sold 10,000 units during January, and its actual operating income was as follows:ALLTALK TECHNOLOGIES
Income Statement
Month Ended January 31, 2012Sales revenue$246,000Variable expenses104,500Contribution margin$141,500Fixed expenses54,000Operating income$87,500Requirements:1. Prepare an income statement performance report for January.2. What was the effect on AllTalk's operating income of selling 2,000 units more than the static budget level of sales?3. What is AllTalk's static budget variance? Explain why the income statement performance report provides more useful information to AllTalk's managers than the simple static budget variance. What insights can AllTalk's managers draw from this performance report?
Problem 3Java manufacturers coffee mugs that it sells to other companies for customizing with their own logos. Java prepares flexible budgets and uses a standard cost system to control manufacturing costs. The standard unit.
Problem 1Pro Forma Income Statement and Balance SheetBelow is the .docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1Pro Forma Income Statement and Balance SheetBelow is the income statement and balance sheet for Blue Bill Corporation for 2013. Based on the historical statements and theadditional information provided, construct the firm's pro forma income statement and balance sheet for 2014.Blue Bill CorporationIncome StatementFor the year ended 2013Projected201220132014Revenue$60,000$63,000Cost of goods sold42,00044,100Gross margin18,00018,900SG&A expense6,0006,300Depreciation expense1,8002,000Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT)10,20010,600Interest expense1,5001,800Taxable income8,7008,800Income Tax Expense3,0453,080Net income5,6555,720Dividends750800To retained earnings$4,905$4,920Additional income statement information:Sales will increase by 5% in 2014 from 2013 levels.COGS and SG&A will be the average percent of sales for the last 2 years.Depreciation expense will increase to $2,200.Interest expense will be $1,900.The tax rate is 35%.Dividend payout will increase to $850.Blue Bill CorporationBalance SheetDecember 31, 2013Projected20132014Current assetsCash$8,000Accounts receivable3,150Inventory9,450Total current assets20,600Property, plant, and equipment (PP&E)28,500Accumulated depreciation16,400Net PP&E12,100Total assets$32,700Current liabilitesAccounts payable$3,780Bank loan (10%)3,200Other current liabilities1,250Total current liabilities8,230Long-term debt (12%)4,800Common stock1,250Retained earnings18,420Total liabilities and equity$32,700Additional balance sheet information:The minimum cash balance is 12% of sales.Working capital accounts (accounts receivable, accounts payable, and inventory) will be the same percent of sales in 2014 as they were in 2013.$8,350 of new PP&E will be purchased in 2014.Other current liabilities will be 3% of sales in 2014.There will be no changes in the common stock or long-term debt accounts.The plug figure (the last number entered that makes the balance sheet balance) is bank loan.
1
Rough Draft
Rough Draft
Rasmussen College
Metro Dental Care is a dental office that provides affordable, convenient, and high quality of care to patients. As a patient at Metro, I personally believe that Metro Dental Care is one of the best dental clinics around, and that’s why I have chosen this company. Metro Dental Care measures their results by recording patient satisfaction.
Managing financial reports, and the quality of service they provide to their customers. Furthermore, the dentists and staff at Metro Dental Care know how important your smile is. Their mission statement states “We pride ourselves in making your smile look great so you not only look good, but feel confident with your smile.”
Metro Dental Care offers convenience for their patients with more than 40 offices throughout the Minneapolis and St. Paul metro area offering flexible hours including early morning, evening and Saturday appointments. Whether you work or live Metro Dental Care has a location near you. Metro Dental .
Problem 2-1PROBLEM 2-1Solution Legend= Value given in problemGiven.docxChantellPantoja184
This document provides a solution to Problem 2-1. It begins by listing the values given in the problem statement. The document then likely shows the step-by-step work and calculations to arrive at the solution for Problem 2-1, ending with the final answer.
PROBLEM 14-6AProblem 14-6A Norwoods Borrowings1. Total amount of .docxChantellPantoja184
PROBLEM 14-6AProblem 14-6A: Norwoods Borrowings1. Total amount of each installment payment.Present value of an ordinary annuity$200,000Interest per period(i)0.08Number of periods(n)5Total amount of each installment payment($50,091.29)Therefore the total amount of each installment payment is $ 50,091.292.Norwoods Amortization TablePeriod Ending DateBeginning balance Interest expenseNotes PayableCash paymentEnding Balance10/31/15$200,000.00$16,000.00$34,091.29$50,091.29$165,908.7110/31/16$165,909.00$13,272.72$36,818.57$50,091.29$129,090.4310/31/17$129,090.43$10,327.23$39,764.06$50,091.29$89,326.3710/31/18$89,326.37$7,146.11$42,945.18$50,091.29$46,381.1910/31/19$46,381.19$3,710.50$46,380.79$50,091.29$0.403.a) Accrued interest as December 31st 2015Accrued interest expense = $200,000*8%*2/12= $2,666.67. Thus the journal entry is as shown below:DescriptionDr($)Cr($)interest expense $2,666.67 Interest payable $2,666.67b) The first annual payment on the note.Ten more months of interest has accrued $200,000*8%*10/12 =$13,333.33 accrued interest .Therefore the journal entry is as shown below:DescriptionDr($)Cr($)Notes payable$34,091.29interest expense$13,333.33interest payable$2,666.67 Cash$50,091.29
PROBLEM 14-7AProblem 14-7AQuestion 1a) Debt to equity ratiosPulaski CompanyScott Company Total liabilities$360,000.00$240,000.00Total Equity$500,000.00$200,000.00Debt-Equity Ratio0.721.2Question 2The debt to equity ratio measures the amount of debt a company uses has to finance its business for every dollar of equity it has. A higher debt to equity ratio implies that a company uses more debt than equity for financing. In this case, the debt to equity ratio for Pulaski Company is 0.72 which is less than 1 implying that the stockholder's equity exceeds the amount of debt borrowed. Thus Pulaski Company may not likely suffer from risks brought about by huge amount of debts in the capital structure. On the other hand, the debt to equity ratio of Scott Company is 1.2 which is greater than 1 implying that the debt exceeds the totalamount stockholders equity. Huge debts is associated with a lot of risks. First, there is the risk of defaulting whereby the company may be unable to repay its debt and therefore leading to bankruptcy. Second, a company may find it difficult to obtain additional funding from creditors.This is because the creditors prefer companies with low debt to equity ratio. Finally, there is the risks of violating the debt covenants. A covenant is an agreement that requires a company to maintain adequate financial ratio levels. Too much borrowings may violate this covenant. Since ScottCompany has a higher debt to equity ratio, it may experience these risks which may eventually lead to the company being declared bankrupt .
PROBLEM 14-6BProblem 14-6B: Gordon Enterprises Borrowings1. Total amount of each installment payment.Present value of an ordi.
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Institution Affiliation
Course Number
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Date
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.
Problem 20-1A Production cost flow and measurement; journal entrie.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 20-1A Production cost flow and measurement; journal entries L.O. P1, P2, P3, P4
[The following information applies to the questions displayed below.]
Edison Company manufactures wool blankets and accounts for product costs using process costing. The following information is available regarding its May inventories.
Beginning
Inventory
Ending
Inventory
Raw materials inventory
$
60,000
$
41,000
Goods in process inventory
449,000
521,500
Finished goods inventory
610,000
342,001
The following additional information describes the company's production activities for May.
Raw materials purchases (on credit)
$
250,000
Factory payroll cost (paid in cash)
1,850,300
Other overhead cost (Other Accounts credited)
82,000
Materials used
Direct
$
200,500
Indirect
50,000
Labor used
Direct
$
1,060,300
Indirect
790,000
Overhead rate as a percent of direct labor
115
%
Sales (on credit)
$
3,000,000
The predetermined overhead rate was computed at the beginning of the year as 115% of direct labor cost.
\\\\\
rev: 11_02_2011
references
1.
value:
2.00 points
Problem 20-1A Part 1
Required:
1(a)
Compute the cost of products transferred from production to finished goods. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Cost of products transferred
$
1(b)
Compute the cost of goods sold. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Cost of goods sold
$
rev: 10_31_2011
check my workeBook Links (4)references
2.
value:
5.00 points
Problem 20-1A Part 2
2(a)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the raw materials purchases. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(b)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the direct materials usage. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(c)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the indirect materials usage. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(d)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the payroll costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(e)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the direct labor costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(f)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the indirect labor costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(g)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the other overhead costs. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(h)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the overhead applied. (Omit the "$" sign in your response.)
Date
General Journal
Debit
Credit
May 31
2(i)
Prepare journal entry dated May 31 to record the goods transferred from production to finished goods.(Omit the "$" sign in yo.
Problem 2 Obtain Io.Let x be the current through j2, ..docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 2: Obtain Io.
Let x be the current through j2, .
Let .
.
.
.
………..1.
…………2.
.
.
…………3.
……………….4.
Solving these 4 equations we can get .
.
Problem 1:Find currents I1, I2, and I3
Problem 2: Obtain Io
Problem 3:Obtain io
.
Problem 1On April 1, 20X4, Rojas purchased land by giving $100,000.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1On April 1, 20X4, Rojas purchased land by giving $100,000 in cash and executing a $400,000 note payable to the former owner. The note bears interest at 10% per annum, with interest being payable annually on March 31 of each year. Rojas is also required to make a $100,000 payment toward the note's principal on every March 31.(a)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the land purchase on April 1, 20X4.(b)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the year-end interest accrual on December 31, 20X4.(c)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the payment of interest and principal on March 31, 20X5.(d)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the year-end interest accrual on December 31, 20X5.(e)Prepare the appropriate journal entry to record the payment of interest and principal on March 31, 20X6.
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B-13.01
Worksheet 1(a), (b), (c), (d), (e)GENERAL JOURNALDateAccountsDebitCredit04-01-X412-31-X403-31-X512-31-X503-31-X6
&L&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&12Name:
Date: Section: &R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.01
B-13.01
Problem 2Ace Brick company issued $100,000 of 5-year bonds. The bonds were issued at par on January 1, 20X1, and bear interest at a rate of 8% per annum, payable semiannually.(a)Prepare the journal entry to record the bond issue on January, 20X1.(b)Prepare the journal entry that Ace would record on each interest date.(c)Prepare the journal entry that Ace would record at maturity of the bonds.
&R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.06
B-13.06
Worksheet 2(a)(b)(c)GENERAL JOURNAL DateAccountsDebitCreditIssueInterestMaturity
&L&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&12Name:
Date: Section: &R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.06
B-13.06
Problem 3Erik Food Supply Company issued $100,000 of face amount of 4-year bonds on January 1, 20X1. The bonds were issued at 98, and bear interest at a stated rate of 8% per annum, payable semiannually. The discount is amortized by the straight-line method.(a)Prepare the journal entry to record the initial issuance on January, 20X1.(b)Prepare the journal entry that Erik would record on each interest date.(c)Prepare the journal entry that Erik would record at maturity of the bonds.
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B-13.08
Worksheet 3(a)(b)(c)GENERAL JOURNAL DateAccountsDebitCreditIssueInterestMaturity
&L&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&12Name:
Date: Section: &R&"Myriad Web Pro,Bold"&20B-13.08
B-13.08
Problem 4Horton Micro Chip Company issued $100,000 of face amount of 6-year bonds on January 1, 20X1. The bonds were issed at 103, and bear interest at a stated rate of 8% per annum, payable semiannually. The premium is amortized by the straight-line method.(a)Prepare the journal entry to record the initial issue on January, 20X1.(b)Prepare the journal entry that Horton would record on each interest date.(c)Prepare the journal entry that Horton would record at maturity of the bonds.
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Problem 17-1 Dividends and Taxes [LO2]Dark Day, Inc., has declar.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 17-1 Dividends and Taxes [LO2]
Dark Day, Inc., has declared a $5.60 per share dividend. Suppose capital gains are not taxed, but dividends are taxed at 15 percent. New IRS regulations require that taxes be withheld at the time the dividend is paid. Dark Day sells for $94.10 per share, and the stock is about to go ex-dividend.
What do you think the ex-dividend price will be? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
Ex-dividend price
$
Problem 17-2 Stock Dividends [LO3]
The owners’ equity accounts for Alexander International are shown here:
Common stock ($0.60 par value)
$
45,000
Capital surplus
340,000
Retained earnings
748,120
Total owners’ equity
$
1,133,120
a-1
If Alexander stock currently sells for $30 per share and a 10 percent stock dividend is declared, how many new shares will be distributed?
New shares issued
a-2
Show how the equity accounts would change.
Common stock
$
Capital surplus
Retained earnings
Total owners’ equity
$
b-1
If instead Alexander declared a 20 percent stock dividend, how many new shares will be distributed?
New shares issued
b-2
Show how the equity accounts would change. (Negative amount should be indicated by a minus sign.)
Common stock
$
Capital surplus
Retained earnings
Total owners’ equity
$
Problem 17-3 Stock Splits [LO3]
The owners' equity accounts for Alexander International are shown here.
Common stock ($0.50 par value)
$
35,000
Capital surplus
320,000
Retained earnings
708,120
Total owners’ equity
$
1,063,120
a-1
If Alexander declares a five-for-one stock split, how many shares are outstanding now?
New shares outstanding
a-2
What is the new par value per share? (Round your answer to 3 decimal places. (e.g., 32.161))
New par value
$ per share
b-1
If Alexander declares a one-for-seven reverse stock split, how many shares are outstanding now?
New shares outstanding
b-2
What is the new par value per share? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New par value
$ per share
Problem 17-4 Stock Splits and Stock Dividends [LO3]
Red Rocks Corporation (RRC) currently has 485,000 shares of stock outstanding that sell for $40 per share. Assuming no market imperfections or tax effects exist, what will the share price be after:
a.
RRC has a four-for-three stock split? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New share price
$
b.
RRC has a 15 percent stock dividend? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New share price
$
c.
RRC has a 54.5 percent stock dividend? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New share price
$
d.
RRC has a two-for-seven reverse stock split? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
New share price
$
Determine the new number of shares outstanding in parts (a) through (d).
a.
New shares outstanding
b.
New shares o.
Problem 1Problem 1 - Constant-Growth Common StockWhat is the value.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1Problem 1 - Constant-Growth Common StockWhat is the value of a common stock if the firm's earnings and dividends are growing annually at 10%, the current dividend is $1.32,and investors require a 15% return on investment?What is the stock's rate of return if the market price of the stock is $35?
Problem 2Problem 2 - Preferred Stock Price and ReturnA firm has preferred stock outstanding with a $1,000 par value and a $40 annual dividend with no maturity. If the required rate of return is 9%, what is the price of the preferred stock?The market price of a firm's preferred stock is $24 and pays an annual dividend of $2.50. If the stock's par value is $1,000 and it has no maturity, what is the return on the preferred stock?
Problem 3Problem 3 - Bond Valuation and YieldA bond has a par value of $1,000, pays $50 semiannually and has a maturity of 10 years.If the bond earns 12% per year, what is the price of the bond?RateNperPMTFVTypePVWhat is the yield to maturity for the bond?NperPMTPVFVTypeRateWhat would be the bond's price if the rate earned declined to 8% per year?RateNperPMTFVTypePVIf the maturity period is reduced to 5 years and the required rate of return is 8%, what would be the price of the bond?RateNperPMTFVTypePVWhat is the yield to maturity for the bond when the maturity is 5 years and the required rate of return is 8%?NperPMTPVFVTypeRateWhat generalizations about bond prices, interest rates and maturity periods can be made based on the calculations made above?
Problem 4Problem 4 - Callable BondsThe following bonds have a par value of $1,000 and the required rate of return is 10%.Bond XY: 5¼ percent coupon, with interest paid annually for 20 yearsBond AB: 14 percent coupon, with interest paid annually for 20 yearsWhat is each bond's current market price?Bond XYBond ABRateNperPMTFVTypePVIf current interest rates are 9%, which bond would you expect to be called? Explain.
Exercise 10-5
During the month of March, Olinger Company’s employees earned wages of $69,500. Withholdings related to these wages were $5,317 for Social Security (FICA), $8,145 for federal income tax, $3,366 for state income tax, and $434 for union dues. The company incurred no cost related to these earnings for federal unemployment tax but incurred $760 for state unemployment tax.
Prepare the necessary March 31 journal entry to record salaries and wages expense and salaries and wages payable. Assume that wages earned during March will be paid during April. (Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
Mar. 31
SHOW LIST OF ACCOUNTS
LINK TO TEXT
Prepare the entry to record the company’s payroll tax expense. (Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
Mar. 31
===========================================
E.
Problem 1Prescott, Inc., manufactures bookcases and uses an activi.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1Prescott, Inc., manufactures bookcases and uses an activity-based costing system. Prescott's activity areas and related data follows:ActivityBudgeted Cost
of ActivityAllocation BaseCost Allocation
RateMaterials handling$230,000Number of parts$0.50Assembly3,200,000Direct labor hours16.00Finishing180,000Number of finished
units4.50Prescott produced two styles of bookcases in October: the standard bookcase and an unfinished bookcase, which has fewer parts and requires no finishing. The totals for quantities, direct
materials costs, and other data follow:ProductTotal Units
ProducedTotal Direct
Materials CostsTotal Direct
Labor CostsTotal Number
of PartsTotal Assembling
Direct Labor HoursStandard bookcase3,000$36,000$45,0009,0004,500Unfinished bookcase3,50035,00035,0007,0003,500Requirements:1. Compute the manufacturing product cost per unit of each type of bookcase.2. Suppose that pre-manufacturing activities, such as product design, were assigned to the standard bookcases at $7 each, and to the unfinished bookcases at $2 each. Similar analyses
were conducted of post-manufacturing activities such as distribution, marketing, and customer service. The post-manufacturing costs were $22 per standard bookcase and $14 per
unfinished bookcase. Compute the full product costs per unit.3. Which product costs are reported in the external financial statements? Which costs are used for management decision making? Explain the difference.4. What price should Prescott's managers set for unfinished bookcases to earn $15 per bookcase?
Problem 2Corbertt Pharmaceuticals manufactures an over-the-counter allergy medication. The company sells both large commercial containers of 1,000 capsules to health-care facilities
and travel packs of 20 capsules to shops in airports, train stations, and hotels. The following information has been developed to determine if an activity-based costing system
would be beneficial:ActivityEstimated Indirect Activity
CostsAllocation BaseEstimated Quantity of
Allocation BaseMaterials handling$95,000Kilos19,000 kilosPackaging219,000Machine hours5,475 hoursQuality assurance124,500Samples2,075 samplesTotal indirect costs$438,500Other production information includes the following:Commercial ContainersTravel PacksUnits produced3,500 containers57,000 packsWeight in kilos14,0005,700Machine hours2,625570Number of samples700855Requirements:1. Compute the cost allocation rate for each activity.2. Use the activity-based cost allocation rates to compute the activity costs per unit of the commercial containers and the travel packs. (Hint: First compute the total activity
cost allocated to each product line, and then compute the cost per unit.)3. Corbertt's original single-allocation-base costing system allocated indirect costs to produce at $157 per machine hour. Compute the total indirect costs allocated to the
commercial containers and to the travel packs under the original system. Then compute the indirect cost per unit for ea.
Problem 1Preston Recliners manufactures leather recliners and uses.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1Preston Recliners manufactures leather recliners and uses flexible budgeting and a standard cost system. Preston allocates overhead based on yards of direct materials. The company's performance report includes the following selected data:Static Budget
(1,000 recliners)Actual Results
(980 recliners)Sales (1,000 recliners X $495)$495,000 (980 recliners X $475)$465,500Variable manufacturing costs: Direct materials (6,000 yds @ $8.80/yard)52,800 (6,150 yds @ $8.60/yard)52,890 Direct labor (10,000 hrs @ $9.20/hour)92,000 (9,600 hrs @ $9.30/hour)89,280Variable overhead (6,000 yds @ $5.00/yard)30,000 (6,510 yds @ $6.40/yard)39,360Fixed manufacturing costs: Fixed overhead60,00062,000Total cost of goods sold$234,800$243,530Gross profit$260,200$221,970Requirements:1. Prepare a flexible budget based on the actual number of recliners sold.2. Compute the price variance and the efficiency variance for direct materials and for direct labor. For manufacturing overhead, compute the variable overhead spending, variable overhead efficiency, fixed overhead spending, and fixed overhead volume variances.3. Have Preston's managers done a good job or a poor job controlling materials, labor, and overhead costs? Why?4. Describe how Preston's managers can benefit from the standard costing system.
Problem 2AllTalk Technologies manufactures capacitors for cellular base stations and other communications applications. The company's January 2012 flexible budget income statement shows output levels of 6,500, 8,000, and 10,000 units. The static budget was based on expected sales of 8,000 units.ALLTALK TECHNOLOGIES
Flexible Budget Income Statement
Month Ended January 31, 2012Per UnitBy Units (Capacitors)6,5008,00010,000Sales revenue$24$156,000$192,000$240,000Variable expenses$1065,00080,000100,000Contribution margin$91,000$112,000$140,000Fixed expenses53,00053,00053,000Operating income$38,000$59,000$87,000The company sold 10,000 units during January, and its actual operating income was as follows:ALLTALK TECHNOLOGIES
Income Statement
Month Ended January 31, 2012Sales revenue$246,000Variable expenses104,500Contribution margin$141,500Fixed expenses54,000Operating income$87,500Requirements:1. Prepare an income statement performance report for January.2. What was the effect on AllTalk's operating income of selling 2,000 units more than the static budget level of sales?3. What is AllTalk's static budget variance? Explain why the income statement performance report provides more useful information to AllTalk's managers than the simple static budget variance. What insights can AllTalk's managers draw from this performance report?
Problem 3Java manufacturers coffee mugs that it sells to other companies for customizing with their own logos. Java prepares flexible budgets and uses a standard cost system to control manufacturing costs. The standard unit.
Problem 1Pro Forma Income Statement and Balance SheetBelow is the .docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1Pro Forma Income Statement and Balance SheetBelow is the income statement and balance sheet for Blue Bill Corporation for 2013. Based on the historical statements and theadditional information provided, construct the firm's pro forma income statement and balance sheet for 2014.Blue Bill CorporationIncome StatementFor the year ended 2013Projected201220132014Revenue$60,000$63,000Cost of goods sold42,00044,100Gross margin18,00018,900SG&A expense6,0006,300Depreciation expense1,8002,000Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT)10,20010,600Interest expense1,5001,800Taxable income8,7008,800Income Tax Expense3,0453,080Net income5,6555,720Dividends750800To retained earnings$4,905$4,920Additional income statement information:Sales will increase by 5% in 2014 from 2013 levels.COGS and SG&A will be the average percent of sales for the last 2 years.Depreciation expense will increase to $2,200.Interest expense will be $1,900.The tax rate is 35%.Dividend payout will increase to $850.Blue Bill CorporationBalance SheetDecember 31, 2013Projected20132014Current assetsCash$8,000Accounts receivable3,150Inventory9,450Total current assets20,600Property, plant, and equipment (PP&E)28,500Accumulated depreciation16,400Net PP&E12,100Total assets$32,700Current liabilitesAccounts payable$3,780Bank loan (10%)3,200Other current liabilities1,250Total current liabilities8,230Long-term debt (12%)4,800Common stock1,250Retained earnings18,420Total liabilities and equity$32,700Additional balance sheet information:The minimum cash balance is 12% of sales.Working capital accounts (accounts receivable, accounts payable, and inventory) will be the same percent of sales in 2014 as they were in 2013.$8,350 of new PP&E will be purchased in 2014.Other current liabilities will be 3% of sales in 2014.There will be no changes in the common stock or long-term debt accounts.The plug figure (the last number entered that makes the balance sheet balance) is bank loan.
1
Rough Draft
Rough Draft
Rasmussen College
Metro Dental Care is a dental office that provides affordable, convenient, and high quality of care to patients. As a patient at Metro, I personally believe that Metro Dental Care is one of the best dental clinics around, and that’s why I have chosen this company. Metro Dental Care measures their results by recording patient satisfaction.
Managing financial reports, and the quality of service they provide to their customers. Furthermore, the dentists and staff at Metro Dental Care know how important your smile is. Their mission statement states “We pride ourselves in making your smile look great so you not only look good, but feel confident with your smile.”
Metro Dental Care offers convenience for their patients with more than 40 offices throughout the Minneapolis and St. Paul metro area offering flexible hours including early morning, evening and Saturday appointments. Whether you work or live Metro Dental Care has a location near you. Metro Dental .
Problem 2-1PROBLEM 2-1Solution Legend= Value given in problemGiven.docxChantellPantoja184
This document provides a solution to Problem 2-1. It begins by listing the values given in the problem statement. The document then likely shows the step-by-step work and calculations to arrive at the solution for Problem 2-1, ending with the final answer.
PROBLEM 14-6AProblem 14-6A Norwoods Borrowings1. Total amount of .docxChantellPantoja184
PROBLEM 14-6AProblem 14-6A: Norwoods Borrowings1. Total amount of each installment payment.Present value of an ordinary annuity$200,000Interest per period(i)0.08Number of periods(n)5Total amount of each installment payment($50,091.29)Therefore the total amount of each installment payment is $ 50,091.292.Norwoods Amortization TablePeriod Ending DateBeginning balance Interest expenseNotes PayableCash paymentEnding Balance10/31/15$200,000.00$16,000.00$34,091.29$50,091.29$165,908.7110/31/16$165,909.00$13,272.72$36,818.57$50,091.29$129,090.4310/31/17$129,090.43$10,327.23$39,764.06$50,091.29$89,326.3710/31/18$89,326.37$7,146.11$42,945.18$50,091.29$46,381.1910/31/19$46,381.19$3,710.50$46,380.79$50,091.29$0.403.a) Accrued interest as December 31st 2015Accrued interest expense = $200,000*8%*2/12= $2,666.67. Thus the journal entry is as shown below:DescriptionDr($)Cr($)interest expense $2,666.67 Interest payable $2,666.67b) The first annual payment on the note.Ten more months of interest has accrued $200,000*8%*10/12 =$13,333.33 accrued interest .Therefore the journal entry is as shown below:DescriptionDr($)Cr($)Notes payable$34,091.29interest expense$13,333.33interest payable$2,666.67 Cash$50,091.29
PROBLEM 14-7AProblem 14-7AQuestion 1a) Debt to equity ratiosPulaski CompanyScott Company Total liabilities$360,000.00$240,000.00Total Equity$500,000.00$200,000.00Debt-Equity Ratio0.721.2Question 2The debt to equity ratio measures the amount of debt a company uses has to finance its business for every dollar of equity it has. A higher debt to equity ratio implies that a company uses more debt than equity for financing. In this case, the debt to equity ratio for Pulaski Company is 0.72 which is less than 1 implying that the stockholder's equity exceeds the amount of debt borrowed. Thus Pulaski Company may not likely suffer from risks brought about by huge amount of debts in the capital structure. On the other hand, the debt to equity ratio of Scott Company is 1.2 which is greater than 1 implying that the debt exceeds the totalamount stockholders equity. Huge debts is associated with a lot of risks. First, there is the risk of defaulting whereby the company may be unable to repay its debt and therefore leading to bankruptcy. Second, a company may find it difficult to obtain additional funding from creditors.This is because the creditors prefer companies with low debt to equity ratio. Finally, there is the risks of violating the debt covenants. A covenant is an agreement that requires a company to maintain adequate financial ratio levels. Too much borrowings may violate this covenant. Since ScottCompany has a higher debt to equity ratio, it may experience these risks which may eventually lead to the company being declared bankrupt .
PROBLEM 14-6BProblem 14-6B: Gordon Enterprises Borrowings1. Total amount of each installment payment.Present value of an ordi.
Problem 13-3AThe stockholders’ equity accounts of Ashley Corpo.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 13-3A
The stockholders’ equity accounts of Ashley Corporation on January 1, 2012, were as follows.
Preferred Stock (8%, $49 par, cumulative, 10,200 shares authorized)
$ 387,100
Common Stock ($1 stated value, 1,937,100 shares authorized)
1,408,700
Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par—Preferred Stock
123,200
Paid-in Capital in Excess of Stated Value—Common Stock
1,496,800
Retained Earnings
1,814,400
Treasury Stock (10,300 common shares)
51,500
During 2012, the corporation had the following transactions and events pertaining to its stockholders’ equity.
Feb. 1
Issued 24,100 shares of common stock for $123,900.
Apr. 14
Sold 6,000 shares of treasury stock—common for $33,800.
Sept. 3
Issued 5,100 shares of common stock for a patent valued at $35,700.
Nov. 10
Purchased 1,100 shares of common stock for the treasury at a cost of $5,700.
Dec. 31
Determined that net income for the year was $456,600.
No dividends were declared during the year.
(a)
Journalize the transactions and the closing entry for net income. (Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
Feb. 1
Apr. 14
Sept. 3
Nov. 10
Dec. 31
Click if you would like to Show Work for this question:
Open Show Work
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Problem 12-9AYour answer is partially correct. Try again..docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 12-9A
Your answer is partially correct. Try again.
Condensed financial data of Odgers Inc. follow.
ODGERS INC.Comparative Balance Sheets
December 31
Assets
2014
2013
Cash
$ 131,704
$ 78,892
Accounts receivable
143,114
61,940
Inventory
183,375
167,646
Prepaid expenses
46,292
42,380
Long-term investments
224,940
177,670
Plant assets
464,550
395,275
Accumulated depreciation
(81,500
)
(84,760
)
Total
$1,112,475
$839,043
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Accounts payable
$ 166,260
$ 109,699
Accrued expenses payable
26,895
34,230
Bonds payable
179,300
237,980
Common stock
358,600
285,250
Retained earnings
381,420
171,884
Total
$1,112,475
$839,043
ODGERS INC.Income Statement Data
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014
Sales revenue
$633,190
Less:
Cost of goods sold
$220,800
Operating expenses, excluding depreciation
20,228
Depreciation expense
75,795
Income tax expense
44,466
Interest expense
7,710
Loss on disposal of plant assets
12,225
381,224
Net income
$ 251,966
Additional information:
1.
New plant assets costing $163,000 were purchased for cash during the year.
2.
Old plant assets having an original cost of $93,725 and accumulated depreciation of $79,055 were sold for $2,445 cash.
3.
Bonds payable matured and were paid off at face value for cash.
4.
A cash dividend of $42,430 was declared and paid during the year.
Prepare a statement of cash flows using the indirect method. (Show amounts that decrease cash flow with either a - sign e.g. -15,000 or in parenthesis e.g. (15,000).)
ODGERS INC.Statement of Cash Flows
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014
$
Adjustments to reconcile net income to
$
$
Problem 12-10A
Condensed financial data of Odgers Inc. follow.
ODGERS INC.Comparative Balance Sheets
December 31
Assets
2014
2013
Cash
$ 151,904
$ 90,992
Accounts receivable
165,064
71,440
Inventory
211,500
193,358
Prepaid expenses
53,392
48,880
Long-term investments
259,440
204,920
Plant assets
535,800
455,900
Accumulated depreciation
(94,000
)
(97,760
)
Total
$1,283,100
$967,730
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Accounts payable
$ 191,760
$ 126,524
Accrued expenses payable
31,020
39,480
Bonds payable
206,800
274,480
Common stock
413,600
329,000
Retained earnings
439,920
198,246
Total
$1,283,100
$967,730
ODGERS INC.Income Statement Data
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014
Sales revenue
$730,305
Less:
Cost of goods sold
$254,665
Operating expenses, excluding depreciation
23,331
Depreciation expense
87,420
Income taxes
51,286
Interest expense
8,892
Loss on disposal of plant assets
14,100
439,694
Net income
$ 290,611
Additional information:
1.
New plant assets costing $188,000 were purchased for c.
Problem 1123456Xf122437455763715813910106Name DateTopic.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1123456Xf122437455763715813910106
Name: Date:
Topic One: Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation
Please type your answer in the cell beside the question.
5. The following is the heart rate for 10 randomly selected patients on the unit. Find the mean, variance, and standard deviation of the data using the descriptive statistics option in the data analysis toolpak.
75, 80, 62, 97, 107, 59, 76, 83, 84, 69
6. The following is a frequency distribution fo the number of times patience use the call light in a days time. X is the number of times the call light is used and f is the frequency (meaning the number of patients). Create a histogram of the data.
Sheet2
Sheet3
EXERCISE 11 USING STATISTICS TO DESCRIBE A STUDY SAMPLE
STATISTICAL TECHNIQUE IN REVIEW
Most studies describe the subjects that comprise the study sample. This description of the sample is called the sample characteristics which may be presented in a table or the narrative of the article. The sample characteristics are often presented for each of the groups in a study (i.e. experimental and control groups). Descriptive statistics are used to generate sample characteristics, and the type of statistic used depends on the level of measurement of the demographic variables included in a study (Burns & Grove, 2007). For example, measuring gender produces nominal level data that can be described using frequencies, percentages, and mode. Measuring educational level usually produces ordinal data that can be described using frequencies, percentages, mode, median, and range. Obtaining each subject's specific age is an example of ratio data that can be described using mean, range, and standard deviation. Interval and ratio data are analyzed with the same type of statistics and are usually referred to as interval/ratio level data in this text.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Source: Troy, N. W., & Dalgas-Pelish, P. (2003). The effectiveness of a self-care intervention for the management of postpartum fatigue. Applied Nursing Research, 16 (1), 38–45.
Introduction
Troy and Dalgas-Pelish (2003) conducted a quasi-experimental study to determine the effectiveness of a self-care intervention (Tiredness Management Guide [TMG]) on postpartum fatigue. The study subjects included 68 primiparous mothers, who were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (32 subjects) or the control group (36 subjects) using a computer program. The results of the study indicated that the TMG was effective in reducing levels of morning postpartum fatigue from the 2nd to 4th weeks postpartum. These researchers recommend that “mothers need to be informed that they will probably experience postpartum fatigue and be taught to assess and manage this phenomenon” (Troy & Dalgas-Pelish, 2003, pp. 44-5).
Relevant Study Results
“A total of 80 women were initially enrolled [in the study] … twelve of these women dropped out of the study resulting in a final sample of 68.” (Troy & Dalgas-Pelish, 2003, p. 39). The researchers presen.
Problem 1. For the truss and loading shown below, calculate th.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1. For the truss and loading shown below, calculate the horizontal
displacement of point "D" using the method of virtual work. Show ALL your work!
HW No. 8 - Part 1
Solution
HW FA15 2 Page 1
Problem 1 Continued
Member L (in.) N (lb) N (in) NnL
HW No. 8 - Part 1
.
Problem 1 (30 marks)Review enough information about .docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1 (30 marks)
Review enough information about Trinidad Drilling Ltd. to propose a vision and strategic objectives for the company. Develop a balanced scorecard that will help the company achieve this vision and monitor how well it is accomplishing its strategic objectives. Include a strategy map in table format that shows objectives and performance measures, with arrows illustrating hypothesized cause-and -effect relationships. Provide rationale for your strategy map. The body of your report should not exceed 1,000 words. Cite material you used to prepare the response and provide references in an appendix.
Problem 2 (20 marks)
Ajax Auto Upholstery Ltd. manufactures upholstered products for automobiles, vans, and trucks. Among the various Ajax plants around Canada is the Owlseye plant located in rural Alberta.
The chief financial officer has just received a report indicating that Ajax could purchase the entire annual output of the Owlseye plant from a foreign supplier for $37 million per year.
The budgeted operating costs (in thousands) for the Owlseye plant’s for the coming year is as follows:
Materials $15,000
Labor
Direct $12,000
Supervision 4,000
Indirect plant 5,000 19,000
Overhead
Depreciation – plant 6,000
Utilities, property tax, maintenance 2,000
Pension expense 4,500
Plant manager and staff 2,500
Corporate headquarters overhead allocation 3,000 18,000
Total budgeted costs $52,000
If material purchase orders are cancelled as a consequence of the plant closing, termination charges would amount to 10 percent of the annual cost of direct materials in the first year (zero thereafter).
A clause in the Ajax union contract requires the company to provide employment assistance to its former employees for 12 months after a plant closes. The estimated cost to administer this service if the Owlseye plant closes would be $2 million. $3.6 million of next year’s pension expense would continue indefinitely whether or not the plant remains open. About $900,000 of labour would still be required in the first year after closure to decommission the plant. After that, the plant would be sold for an estimated $1 million. Utilities, property taxes, and maintenance costs would remain unchanged in the first year after closure, but disappear when the plant is sold.
The plant manager and her staff would be somewhat affected by the closing of the Owlseye plant. Some managers would still be responsible for managing three other plants. As a result, total management salaries would be about 50% of the current level, starting at closure and remaining into the future.
Required:
Assume you are the company’s chief financial officer. Perform a five-year financial analysis and make a recommendation whether to close the Owlseye plant on this basis. Provide support for and cautions about your recommendation with organized, clearly-labeled data. Use bullet points where appropriate.
Problem 3 (16 marks)
Br.
Problem 1 (10 points) Note that an eigenvector cannot be zero.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1 (10 points): Note that an eigenvector cannot be zero, but an eigenvalue can
be 0. Suppose that 0 is an eigenvalue of A. What does it say about A? (Hint: One of the
most important properties of a matrix is whether or not it is invertible. Think about the
Invertible Matrix Theorem and all the ‘good things’ of dealing with invertible matrices)
Problem 5: (20 points): The figure below shows a network of one-way streets with
traffic flowing in the directions indicated. The flow rate along the streets are measured
as the average number of vehicles per hour.
a) Set up a mathematical model whose solution provides the unknown flow rates
b) Solve the model for the unknown flow rates
c) If the flow rates along the road A to B must be reduced for construction, what is
the minimum flow that is required to keep traffic flowing on all roads?
Problem 6 (20 points): Problem 7 (9 points): Prove that if A and B are matrices of the same
size, then tr(A+B)=tr(A)+tr(B)
Given:
Goal:
Proof:
Problem 7 (20 points)*: In the 1990, the northern spotted owl became the center of a
nationwide controversy over the use and misuse of the majestic forests in the Pacific
Northwest. Environmentalists convinced the federal government that the owl was
threatened with extinction if logging continued in the old-growth forests (with trees over
200 years old), where the owls prefer to live. The timber industry, anticipating the loss of
30,000 to 100,000 jobs as a result of new government restrictions on logging, argued that
the owl should not be classified as a “threatened species” and cited a number of published
scientific reports to support its case.
Caught in the crossfire of the two lobbying groups, mathematical ecologists
intensified their drive to understand the population dynamics of the spotted owl. The life
cycle of a spotted owl divides naturally into three stages: juvenile (up to 1 year old),
subadult (1 to 2 years), and adult (over 2 years). The owls mate for life during the subadult
and adult stages, begin to breed as adults, and live for up to 20 years. Each owl pair
requires about 1,000 hectares (4 square miles) for its own home territory. A critical time in
the life cycle is when the juveniles leave the nest. To survive and become a subadult, a
juvenile must successfully find a new home range (and usually a mate).
A first step in studying the population dynamics is to model the population at yearly
intervals, at times denoted by 𝑘𝑘 = 0,1,2, …. Usually, one assumes that there is a 1:1 ratio of
males to females in each life stage and counts only the females. The population at year 𝑘𝑘
can be described by a vector 𝒙𝒙𝒌𝒌 = (𝑗𝑗𝑘𝑘 , 𝑠𝑠𝑘𝑘 , 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 ), where 𝑗𝑗𝑘𝑘 , 𝑠𝑠𝑘𝑘 , and 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 are the numbers of
females in the juvenile, subadult, and adult stages, respectively. Using actual field data from
demographic studies, a rese
Probation and Parole 3Running head Probation and Parole.docxChantellPantoja184
Probation and Parole 3
Running head: Probation and Parole
Probation and Parole
Student Name
Allied American University
Author Note
This paper was prepared for Probation and Parole, Module 8 Check Your Understanding taught by [INSERT INSTRUCTOR’S NAME].
Directions: Respond to the following questions using complete sentences. Your answer should be at least 1 paragraph in length, which must be composed of three to five sentences.
1. What is meant by intermediate punishments and what programs are included in this category?
2. How do intermediate punishments serve to keep down prison populations?
3. Why has electronic monitoring proven so popular?
4. What is meant by shock probation/parole?
5. What are the essential features of the boot camp program?
6. Why has intensive supervision been a public relations success?
7. What are the criticisms of boot camp programs?
8. What has research revealed with respect to intensive supervision?
9. What are the criticisms of electronic monitoring in probation and parole?
10. What are the criticisms leveled at intensive supervision?
11. What are the purposes of and services offered by a day reporting center?
12. Why would heroin addicts who have no intention of giving up drug use voluntarily enter a drug treatment program? What are the advantages of using methadone to treat heroin addicts?
13. Why is behavior modification difficult to use in treating drug abusers?
14. What are the characteristics of chemical dependency (CD) programs?
15. What are the primary characteristics of the therapeutic community (TC) approach for treating drug abusers?
16. What are criticisms of the Alcoholics Anonymous approach?
17. What are the problems inherent in drug testing?
18. What are the typical characteristics of sex offenders? How have sex offender laws affected P/P supervision?
19. What are the pros and cons of restitution and charging offenders fees in probation or parole?
20. What are the problems encountered in using the interstate compact?
.
Problem 1(a) Complete the following ANOVA table based on 20 obs.docxChantellPantoja184
Problem 1:
(a) Complete the following ANOVA table based on 20 observations for the regression equation
(a) Is the overall regression significant? Fill in the missing values in the table.
Source DF SS MS F
Regression ___ 350 ____ ____
Error ___ _____
Total 500
(b) Suppose that you have computed the following sequential sums of squares due to regression:
Regressor Variables in Model SS Regression
………………………………………. 300
……………………………………… 250
…………………………………….. 340
……………………………………. 325
Fill in the missing values in the following “computer output”:
Source DF Partial SS F-value Pr>F
……………………………………………………………………………………….. 0.1245
………………………………………………………………………………………. 0.3841
………………………………………………………………………………………. 0.0042
………………………………………………………………………………………. 0.0401
Problem 2:
The time required for a merchandise to stock a grocery store shelf with a soft drink product as well as the number of cases of product stocked are given below. Consider a linear regression of delivery time against number of cases.
X=number of cases
Y=delivery time
Delivery time number of cases Hat diagonals
1.41 4 0.5077
2.96 6 0.3907
6.04 14 0.2013
7.57 19 0.3092
9.38 24 0.5912
Observations used L.S. Model
4,6,14,19,24
6,14,19,24
4,14,19,24
4,14,19,24
4,6,14,24
4,6,14,19
(a)
Calculate the PRESS statistic for the model .
(b) Calculate the regular residual for the model above. Then, compare these residuals with the PRESS residuals for this model.
Exercises from the Text
Use SAS whenever possible to do these exercises:
# 3.4 on p 122
# 3.5
# 3.8
# 3.15
# 3.21
# 3.27
# 3.28
# 3.31
# 3.38
# 3.39
Example with SAS on Sequential and Partial Sum of Squares
Data Weather;
Title 'Lows and Highs from N&O Jan 28,29,30 1992';
Title2 'using actual numbers (yesterday values)';
input city $ hi2 lo2 yhi ylo thi tlo;
* Mon Tues Wed ;
cards;
seattle 51 44 52 44 59 47
.
.
.
;
proc reg; model thi = yhi hi2 tlo ylo lo2/ss1 ss2;
test tlo=0, ylo=0, lo2=0;
/*-----------------------------------------------
| Showing sequential and partial sums of squares|
| Note t**2 = F relationship for partial F. By |
| hand, construct F to leave out .
Probe 140 SPrecipitation in inchesTemperature in F.docxChantellPantoja184
Probe 1
40 S
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 26.8
Precip 27.1
MAT(F) 59.8
Probe 2
6 S
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 69.2
Precip 124.6
MAT(F) 77.9
Probe 3
57 S
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 21.5
Precip 38.7
MAT(F) 43.5
Probe 4
38 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 30.3
Precip 16.5
MAT(F) 53.6
Probe 5
55 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 21.3
Precip 28.1
MAT(F) 40.6
Probe 6
43 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 25.4
Precip 14.4
MAT(F) 47.2
Probe 7
42 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 17.3
Precip 31.2
MAT(F) 26.0
Probe 8
42 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 29.6
Precip 38.8
MAT(F) 51.6
Probe 9
18 S
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 66.1
Precip 74.8
MAT(F) 77.7
Probe 10
58 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 16.5
Precip 24.8
MAT(F) 36.9
Probe 11
26 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 47.6
Precip 3.8
MAT(F) 70.1
Probe 12
29 N
Precipitation in inches
Temperature in F
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
POTET 44.0
Precip 47.3
MAT(F) 63.2
Probe 4
Probe 2
Probe 10
Probe 5
Probe 6
Probe 7
Probe 11
Probe 12
Probe 8
Probe 9
Probe 3
Probe 1
Map 1
20 N
40 N
60 N
80 N
0
20 S
40 S
60 S
0
1000
miles
Geography 204
Koppen Climate Classification Guidelines
If POTET exceeds Precip then B
BW = POTET more than 2x Precip
(desert)
h = mean annual temp > 18 C (64.4 F)
k = mean annual temp < 18 C (64.4 F)
BS = POTET less than 2x Precip
(steppe)
h = mean annual t.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
1. 13
Importance of Preventing Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Daniela Montalvo
Miami Regional University
ENC2201: Report Writing and Research Methods
Dr. Uliana Gancea
April 11, 2022
Abstract
While research shows that no one preventative measure can curb
cases of HIV prevalence, high rates of infertility, and pelvic
inflammatory diseases, STIs prevention has shown to be an
effective way of drastically reducing these cases. This is
because most STIs are the leading causes of these conditions.
Therefore, reducing the rates of STIs is an essential aspect of
reducing these cases worldwide. We shall look into the
relationship between STIs and HIV prevalence, high infertility
rates, and pelvic inflammatory diseases. Using a systematic
review of previous research papers, we shall seek to show the
importance of preventing STIs.
2. Keywords: preventing STIs, curbing HIV prevalence, infertility
rates, pelvic inflammatory diseases, reproductive health.
Importance of Preventing Sexually Transmitted Diseases
An astounding 376 million sexually transmitted (STI) curable
infections emerge annually across the globe. Sexual
transmission accounts for more than 80% of all new HIV
diagnoses (WHO, 2019). The immense strain of STI morbidity
and death has a significant effect on the quality of life, sexual
and reproductive health (SRH), and infant health, and as co-
components for the transmission of HIV subsequently (Mayaud
& McCormick, 2001). The risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV
is significantly increased by sexually transmissible diseases like
syphilis, chancroid ulcer, and genital herpes simplex virus
ulcer. In some instances, they represent over 40% or more HIV
transmissions (WHO, 2019).
In the evolution of sexually transmitted infection (STI)
management, as with other infectious diseases, the pendulum
moves around vertical disease-specific and broader horizontal
interventions, from a focused emphasis on conditions and their
care to people's more extensive interests that harbor and spread
them. STI prevention efforts have been more and more
established with respect to the goals of HIV programs since the
introduction of HIV in the 1980s. While HIV itself is an STI,
attempts to deter its transmission are primarily controlled by
funding, execution, and evaluation programs, regardless of
other STI management efforts.
Such a broken model has a harmful effect. Too frequently, the
3. overlooked STI programs - the basis on which attempts were
made to avoid HIV - fail when funding is limited. As a result,
STI hospitals and programs are under-personalized, overlooked,
or entirely lost (Steen et al., 2009). HIV testing may be
provided for pregnant mothers, but STIs such as syphilis are no
longer being thoroughly checked. Furthermore, STI reporting, a
vital indicator for sexually transmitted infection inclinations,
has withered away. This paper seeks to evaluate the need for
putting more emphasis on the prevention of sexually transmitted
diseases.
Background Information
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are sexually propagated
diseases. There is a universally known transmission of more
than 30 different bacteria, viruses, and parasites via sexual
intercourse (Mayaud & McCormick, 2001). The higher
prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases lies in 8 of these
viruses. 4 of these eight diseases are syphilis, gonorrhea, and
chlamydia, and trichomoniasis is treatable. The remaining 4 are
untreatable viral infections: hepatitis B, herpes simplex (HSV),
HIV, and human papillomavirus (HPV). Medication may lessen
or modify the complications or illness caused by untreatable
infectious diseases. STIs are predominantly transmitted through
sex, including vaginal, anal, and oral intercourse. Some STIs
can also be transmitted by non-sexual methods, for example, by
blood (Mayaud & McCormick, 2001).
Several STIs – including syphilis, hepatitis B, HIV, chlamydia,
gonorrhea, herpes, and HPV – can also be spread from mother
to infant during pregnancy and breastfeeding (CDC, 1998). Any
person may have STI without apparent disease signs. STIs
commonly involve vaginal release, urethral fluid or male
burning, genital ulcers, and stomach discomfort (WHO, 2019).
While in recent decades in the United States, the number of
confirmed STIs has decreased slightly, the number of such
infections is still very high in children and teenagers. Roughly
25% of teens can get STIs before high school graduation. About
376 million cases of STIs are recorded every year (WHO, 2019).
4. Bacteria or viruses cause STIs. Anyone who has sex with
someone else will have it.
While STI manifestations can range from moderate discomfort,
soreness to the extreme pain, signs sometimes do not occur. For
instance, a sexually transmitted infection known as chlamydia
usually has no symptoms, or when they appear, they are just
moderate. The diagnosis is often not made until there are
problems. Young adults and teenagers are more likely to
experience STIs than any other age group (WHO, 2019). One of
the principal factors being that they often have sexual
intercourse. They are much more likely to get infected
genetically. Furthermore, health care facilities may be less used
to provide them with knowledge about how to defend
themselves from STIs (WHO, 2019).
Problem Statement
STIs are deeply affected globally by sexual and reproductive
health. Per day, there are over 1 million recorded cases of STIs
(WHO, 2019). In 2016, the World Health Organization reported
376 million new cases with 1 out of 4 STIs: chlamydia (127
million), gonorrhea (87 million), Syphilis (6.3 million), and
Trichomoniasis (156 million). Over 300 million women have an
HPV infection, which is believed to be the most significant
cause of cervical cancer. More than 500 million are diagnosed
with HPV (herpes) infection worldwide (WHO, 2019). In
addition to the acute effect of the infection itself, STIs may
have more significant effects.
For instance, the risk of HIV acquisition can be three times or
more increased by STIs such as herpes or syphilis (Mayaud &
McCormick, 2001). The transfer of STI from mother to infant
will lead to mortality, neonatal death, reduced weight,
premature delivery, sepsis, neonatal connectivity, pneumonia,
and congenital abnormalities. Also, it has been estimated that
over 1 million pregnant women had active syphilis in 2016 and
that more than 350 000 adverse birth results, of which 200 000
were fatal or neonatal, were presented (WHO, 2019). HPV
infection causes a total of 570 000 estimated incidence and over
5. 300 000 deaths per year from cervical cancer. Pelvic
inflammatory conditions (PID) and female infertility are mainly
caused by STIs such as gonorrhea or chlamydia.
Research Question
The research was necessitated by the reduced emphasis on STI
reduction programs since the inception of HIV. This has seen
the number of STIs increase. With reduced screening, it is
assumed that many more cases go unrecorded each year. With
over 1 million cases recorded each day worldwide, there is a
need to address this global problem. This research sought to
answer the following questions.
1. Is there any relationship between STIs and HIV transmission?
Does reducing STIs reduce HIV prevalence?
2. Does preventing STIs reduce the infertility rate? And
3. Does preventing STIs reduce the significant health issues
brought by pelvic inflammatory diseases?
Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
· Preventing STIs reduces the prevalence of HIV disease
· Preventing STIs reduces the infertility rate
· Preventing STIs reduces the complications from pelvic
inflammatory diseases
Alternative Hypothesis
· There is no connection between STIs and the prevalence of
HIV. Preventing STIs does not reduce the HIV prevalence rate.
· Preventing STIs does not reduce infertility rates.
· Preventing STIs does not reduce the complications of pelvic
inflammatory diseases.
Thesis Statement
In order to curb the rising rates of HIV prevalence, infertility,
and pelvic inflammatory diseases, there is a need to rethink the
importance of preventing STIs, which are the major causes of
these problems.
Literature Review
Over time, prevention of STIs has taken place to HIV
prevention. This is has led to reduced funding for STIs
6. prevention. Notably, research has shown a direct link between
STIs and the high risk of HIV infections (Mayaud &
McCormick, 2001). There is also a link between STIs and
infertility, as well as complications from pelvic inflammatory
diseases. We reviewed several previous research articles to
answer our research questions; whether preventing STIs directly
impacts HIV prevalence; whether preventing STIs reduces
infertility rates; and, whether preventing STIs reduces
complications emanating from pelvic inflammatory diseases.
Kurth et al. (2010) note that no one prevention measure can lead
to curbing HIV prevalence. However, research has shown that
preventing STIs will significantly reduce HIV prevalence
(Grosskurth et al., 2000, Steen et al., 2009). Steen et al. (2009)
asserted that curbing STI prevalence reduces cofactors that
reduce the effectiveness of HIV transmission. HIV epidemics
have become increasingly susceptible to countries with
inadequate STI regulation, although STI control changes have
occurred simultaneous or proceeded a decrease in HIV
incidence and prevalence (CDC, 1998, Grosskurth et al., 2000,
Steen et al., 2009). Countries controlling STIs are more likely
to stop and cure their HIV epidemics than governments
preventing STIs. Significant HIV epidemics have developed and
expanded quickly under inadequate STI regulation (Steen et al.,
2009).
Consequently, further deteriorating STI reduction measures may
well hinder additional attempts to prevent HIV (Grosskurth et
al., 2000). According to CDC (1998), in 1997, ACHSP found
evidence that the early diagnosis and treatment of other STDs is
an important HIV infection prevention technique. The approach
has not been well defined or enforced in the United States as a
vital tool for preventing HIV. With STDs in many areas of the
United States continuing to be high and evidence emerges of a
growing U.S. HIV and AIDS outbreak, demographic populations
with the highest incidence of curable STDs are rapidly affected
(CDC, 1998). According to Brady (2003), there is a close
interrelation between infertility and STIs.
7. Method
In this research, we used the systematic review research
method. We used databases such as Springer, Science Direct,
and PubMed to develop several articles that were used for the
research. Some of the keywords used in the search were STI
prevention, the relationship between STIs and HIV, infertility,
and PIDs. Over 25 articles published for the last three decades
were analyzed. However, we used only 7 of the articles plus the
CDC's information to come up with the results provided here.
These articles are "Preventing Sexually Transmitted Infections
and Unintended Pregnancy, and Safeguarding Fertility: Triple
Protection Needs of Young Women” by Brady, M. (2003),
“Control of sexually transmitted diseases for HIV-1 prevention:
understanding the implications of the Mwanza and Rakai trials”
by Grosskurth et al. (2000), “Combination HIV Prevention:
Significance, Challenges, and Opportunities” by Kurth et al.
(2010), “Importance of sexually transmitted infections in
funding for HIV within proposals to the Global Fund” by Lusti -
Narasimhan et al. (2011), “Control of sexually transmitted
infections and prevention of HIV transmission: mending a
fractured paradigm” by Steen et al. (2009), “Global burden of
maternal and congenital syphilis and associated adverse birth
outcomes—Estimates for 2016 and progress since 2012” by
Korenromp et al. (2019) and, “Interventions against sexually
transmitted infections (STI) to prevent HIV infection” by
Mayaud, & McCormick. (2001).
Results
Cases of HIV infections significantly reduce when the infection
rates of STIs reduce. This is because most of these STIs, such
as syphilis, chancroid ulcer, and genital herpes simplex virus
ulcer, increase the probability of HIV transmission. Likewise,
using preventative measures to curb sexually transmitted
infections/diseases leads to reduced infertility rates and
unintended pregnancies. There is a reduced number of
conditions such as pre-natal deaths and other maternal-related
problems due to STIs prevention such as syphilis.
8. Discussion
Methods of STI prevention include the use of condoms,
avoiding the sharing of towels and undergarments, vaccination,
and screening. Cases of HIV infections significantly reduce
when the infection rates of STIs reduce. This is because most of
these STIs, such as syphilis, chancroid ulcer, and genital herpes
simplex virus ulcer, increase the probability of HIV
transmission (Grosskurth et al., 2000, Kurth et al., 2010, Steen
et al.,2009, Mayaud. & McCormick., 2001). Likewise, using
preventative measures to curb sexually transmitted
infections/diseases leads to a reduced number of infertility
rates, as well as unintended pregnancies (Brady, 2003).
There is a reduced number of conditions such as pre-natal
deaths and other maternal-related problems due to STIs
prevention, such as syphilis (Korenromp et al.,2019). Given that
prior research has shown the interrelationship between STIs and
HIV, infertility, and PIDs, there is a need for more emphasis on
STI prevention. As Kurth et al. (2010) note, there is a need to
focus on multi-preventative measures to curb HIV prevalence.
Limitations and Implications
Some of the limitations of this research include lack of static
data due to overlooking prevention of STIs, time constraints,
ethical issues such as people not talking freely about their
struggle with STIs, among others. This study implies a need for
an emphasis on the prevention of STIs to achieve low HIV
prevalence and few or no cases of infertility and conditions
arising from pelvic inflammatory diseases.
Conclusion
An astounding 376 million sexually transmitted (STI) curable
infections emerge annually across the globe. Sexual
transmission accounts for more than 80% of all new HIV
diagnoses. The immense strain of STI morbidity and death has a
significant effect on the quality of life, sexual and reproductive
health (SRH), and infant health, and as co-components for the
transmission of HIV subsequently. The risk of acquiring or
9. transmitting HIV is significantly increased by sexually
transmissible diseases like syphilis, chancroid ulcer, and genital
herpes simplex virus ulcers. Therefore, there is a need to
emphasize curbing the transmission of STIs as it reduces HIV
prevalence rate, infertility rates, and pelvic inflammatory
diseases.
References
Brady, M. (2003). Preventing Sexually Transmitted Infections
and Unintended Pregnancy, and Safeguarding Fertility: Triple
Protection Needs of Young Women. Reproductive Health
Matters, 11(22), 134–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0968-
8080(03)02289-4
CDC. (1998, July 31). HIV Prevention Through Early Detection
and Treatment of Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases -- United
States Recommendations of the Advisory Committee for HIV
and STD Prevention. CDC.Gov.
https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/PrevGuid/m0054174/m0054174.
asp
Grosskurth, H., Gray, R., Hayes, R., Mabey, D., & Wawer, M.
(2000). Control of sexually transmitted diseases for HIV-1
prevention: understanding the implications of the Mwanza and
Rakai trials. The Lancet, 355(9219), 1981–1987.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02336-9
Korenromp, E. L., Rowley, J., Alonso, M., Mello, M. B.,
Wijesooriya, N. S., Mahiané, S. G., Ishikawa, N., Le, L. V.,
Newman-Owiredu, M., Nagelkerke, N., Newman, L., Kamb, M.,
Broutet, N., & Taylor, M. M. (2019). Global burden of maternal
10. and congenital syphilis and associated adverse birth outcomes —
Estimates for 2016 and progress since 2012. PLOS ONE, 14(2),
e0211720. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211720
Kurth, A. E., Celum, C., Baeten, J. M., Vermund, S. H., &
Wasserheit, J. N. (2010). Combination HIV Prevention:
Significance, Challenges, and Opportunities. Current HIV/AIDS
Reports, 8(1), 62–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-010-0063-
3
Lusti-Narasimhan, M., Ndowa, F., & Pires, S. S. (2011).
Importance of sexually transmitted infections in funding for
HIV within proposals to the Global Fund. Sexually Transmitted
Infections, 87(Suppl 2), ii19–ii22.
https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2011-050183
Mayaud, P., & McCormick, D. (2001). Interventions against
sexually transmitted infections (STI) to prevent HIV infection.
British Medical Bulletin, 58(1), 129–153.
https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/58.1.129
Steen, R., Elvira Wi, T., Kamali, A., & Ndowa, F. (2009).
Control of sexually transmitted infections and prevention of
HIV transmission: mending a fractured paradigm. Bulletin of
the World Health Organization, 87(11), 858–865.
https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.08.059212
WHO. (2019, June 14). Sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-
room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis)
7
Ethics in Abortion and Annotated Bibliography
Georgina Owusu-Appiah
Chamberlain University College of
11. Nursing
ETHC445N
Professor Geth Allison
04/02/2021.
Abortion can be described as the process of removing a fetus
from the womb of a woman. This act automatically leads to the
death of the fetus. At first, Abortion was a personal issue, but
as time goes, it is becoming a public concern since it involves
killing the human fetus. Therefore, this topic will air out the
suggestion of Ethical Egoists about their concern on the topic. I
will point out the Ethical side egoists shall take and what they
would say to justify their moral position. I will analyze the
conflict between loyalty to self and community relevant to this
abortion topic (Clipsham et al., 2021). I will determine whether
the topic involves a collision between personal obligations and
national ones through the discussion.
The Abortion Ethical Egoist, in general, are opposed to any
ethical or moral proscriptions that lack the basic foundation in
regard to self-interest. According to ethics, the debate here does
not end with Abortion but the terms of Abortion basing on
ethical factors. Ethical egoism is forced to consider different
specific Abortion rated cases; in most cases, it is hard to find
people who consider killing due to self-defense to be unethical
12. behavior. Therefore, the ethical egoist would justify an abortion
case whereby the person is advised to procure an abortion to
save their lives. An example of an ectopic pregnancy, the fetus
has to determine to save the mother's life, and that case is
justified. Another case is an economic view. Ethical egoism is
justifying an abortion where the person is performing such an
act because it would not be economically feasible for a home to
have an extra child. The ethical egoism, which delights in
regards with economic view on the ethical matters, is that such
an excuse is justified. They have no problem seeing a woman
who seeks an abortion.
There is an apparent conflict between loyalty to self and
community relevant to Abortion. The act is becoming very
common in most countries worldwide, with many lawmakers
trying to implement laws to make it legal. Abortion is being
regarded in many situations when the child becomes unwanted
by the parents, depending on the circumstance. As time passes,
the community is experiencing a cultural shift in people's
attitudes towards Abortion. Many People are now raising
concern and pushing the government’s agencies to become more
liberal and treat the abortion issue as a personal one since they
consider Abortion as morally and ethically wrong because it
involves the killing of a human fetus (McDonough et al. 2020).
However, when it comes to self-loyalty, one would justify an
abortion case whereby she is advised to procure an abortion
basing on medical grounds aimed at saving their own life.
The best action to be taken from the abortion case is to drown
from Kantian Ethics, where an author named Susan argues that
Abortion should be defended. The author made a proposal that
every woman should be treated as a dignified autonomous
person, having complete control over their own body, as Kant
earlier suggested. The author was a stronger believer in
democracy and gave women a free choice, which was rated
paramount in Kantian ethics. It required that an act of Abortion
is supposed to be the mother's decision ( Rachels &
Rachels,2019).
13. Dean Harris noted that if Kantian ethics is set to be used in the
ongoing discussion about Abortion, then it is necessary to
decide whether a fetus is acknowledged as an autonomous
person. Kantian ethicist Carl Cohen came up with an argument
about the potentiality of rational or active participation in a
general rational species that is a relevant distinction between
humans and inanimate objects or irrational animals. It clear that
Cohen, the author, believes when a human being lacks
rationality because of the age of a baby or fetus or the mental
disability, agents of these are morally obligated to treat them as
an end in themselves, which is equivalent to a rational adult
mother seeking an abortion.
The Social Contract Ethicist views regarding Abortion is it
supports Abortion just in case the mother of the unborn fetus is
undergoing challenges associated with her health. on Legal
grounds, a fetus is regarded as not a fully developed human
being. It tells us that no way can Abortion be treated as a
murder case in law. Nonetheless, even if the fetus is assumed as
a normal human being, it is still not enough reason for a
pregnant mother to justify the same pregnancy's continuity if it
causes inconvenience or rather endangers her life. With the
many avenues in the corridors of justice in support of Abortion,
no law can force a woman to complete the term of her
pregnancy and give birth to a child. Though it evident in most
cases, an argument is thrown in favor of completing the
pregnancy by saying that it is an ethical and moral choice that is
acceptable and emulated.
The abortion topic has succeeded in creating a collision between
personal obligations and the national. Public members are now
raising concern and pushing the necessary government agencies
to become more liberal and treat the abortion issue as a personal
one since they consider Abortion as morally and ethically wrong
because it involves the killing of a human fetus. However, it is
the opposite when it comes to self-loyalty. One has a right in
law to justify an abortion case whereby she is advised to
procure an abortion based on medical grounds to save their own
14. life. If a woman accidentally becomes pregnant due to the
reason, she fails to consume pills or either her partner ignored
the use of a contraceptive, it is not fair for the public to ask her
to complete her pregnancy and give birth to a child. Supporters
of Abortion say that it is unethical to force a woman to give
birth to a child whenever she becomes pregnant.
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY.
MCDONAGH, P. (2020). ABORTION, GAY RIGHTS, AND
THE NATIONAL GAY FEDERATION IN IRELAND, 1982–
1983. JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF SEXUALITY, 29(1),
1-27.
In this article (Mcdonagh.2020), the author talks about an
analysis of the impacts of liberalization of abortion laws and
development on legal barriers to access to Abortion to public
health outcomes. These authors consider a legal framework
witnessed in various countries in comparison with the public
health outcomes on women. From their analysis, the outcome
shows that the public health outcomes support the legalization
of Abortion and the removal of barriers to access to abortion
services. I love the article because it will help in writing my
essay on abortion
MACKAY, E. (2021). INTRODUCTION TO LAW AND
ECONOMICS FOR CIVIL LAW SYSTEMS. AVAILABLE AT
SSRN 3804995.
In this article (Mackay,2021), the author of this article is based
on the findings showing a direct relationship between the
legalization of Abortion and the decline in crime rates. The
study was sponsored by a learning institution and provided vital
statistics supporting the sociological view that Abortion reduces
social issues which contribute to crime.
MUÑOZ, D. (2021). THE REJECTION OF CONSEQUENTIAL
ZING. THE JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY, 118(2), 79-96.
In this article (Munoz,2021). The author accepts the fact that
Abortion is morally wrong except in a few situations. However,
Abortion is justified in rare situations, such as when pregnancy
15. is a result of rape or not taking your pill. And or mother’s
health is at risk. I love this article because it will help me in
writing my abortion essay because situations that makes
abortion right are discussed.
Ralph, L. J., Schwarz, E. B., Grossman, D., & Foster, D. G.
(2019). SELF-self-reported physical Health
women who did not terminate pregnancy after seeking abortion
services: A cohort study. Animal of internal medicine,171(4),
238-247.
The author in this article talks about the implications of the
various opinion others hold regarding their consistency on being
anti-abortion. He went ahead to reflect on the recent personhood
legislation and heartbeat bills.
SETTERSTEN JR, R. A., ELDER JR, G. H., & PEARCE, L. D.
(2021). 8. HAVING CHILDREN IN TROUBLED TIMES.
IN LIVING ON THE EDGE (PP. 127-141). UNIVERSITY OF
CHICAGO PRESS.
The author talks about Protestantism which is publicly divided
around election season around what we call “social issues” such
as abortion. Abortion is always at the forefront of the election,
and in political ads for not only national elections, but also
statewide elections. Both the earthly citizenship and our
heavenly citizenship fall under the sovereignty of God.
Conclusion
In conclusion, people are now raising concerns and
pushing the government’s agencies to become more liberal and
treat the abortion issue as a personal one since they consider
Abortion as morally and ethically wrong because it involves
killing a human fetus. I am afraid I have to disagree with such
statements. In the modern democracy and gives women a free
choice, which was rated paramount in Kantian ethics, it required
that an act of Abortion is supposed to be the mother's decision.
Furthermore, this topic on ethical issues is more critical, such
16. as inter-colleague and teacher-student relationships. Even the
medical establishment also recognizes the importance of ethics.
However, its recommendations in various themes seem to be
detached from the de-facto conditions in clinical practice,
considering the terms in which the medical system functions.
Therefore, an adaptation of honest recommendations to the true
nature of clinical "field" medicine is required.
References
Clipsham, P. (2021). The Limits of Self-Effacement: A Reply to
Wittwer. Philosophical Studies, 1-20.
Higgins, J. A., Schmuhl, N. B., Wautlet, C. K., & Rice, L. W.
(2021). The Importance of Physician Concern and Expertise in
Increasing Abortion Health Care Access in Local Contexts
Mackay, e. (2021). Introduction to law and economics for civil
law systems. Available at 3804995.
McDonough, p. (2020). abortion, gay rights, and the national
gay federation in Ireland, 1982–1983. Journal of the history
of sexuality, 29(1), 1-
Muñoz, d. (2021). The rejection of consequential zing. The
journal of philosophy, 118(2), 79-96
Rachels, J., & Rachels, S. (2019). The Elements of Moral
Philosophy (9th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
17. 2
Georgina Owusu-Appiah
Chamberlain University College of
Nursing
ETHC445 Principles of Ethics
Professor Geth Allison
04/10/2021.
Role of ethics in health care
Some main solutions can be fruitful in solving the problems
faced by healthcare. First, favor the moral principles of
treatment. There should be a plan on ethics and nurses should
be aware to adopt these principles in their daily routine to
perform their duty well. Second, recommendcontinuing
schooling. The study consists of ethical content and education is
the thing that gives thoughts to nurses for decision making.
18. Orientation for new health workers and nurses should include
the decision about ethical principles and their implementation
when doing a job. Third, Develop a progressive domain for
health workers. Create an environment in clinics or in hospitals
where nurses can easily discuss the problem of the patients and
how these problems can be solved. Because everybody wants to
do his work effectively. However, these ethical issues are
complicated what with talking with concerned people can find
solutions. Also, Collect various departments in one place.
Doctors and nurses are the people who can take out the patient
from disappointment. So, both can understand the condition of
the patient and with their strong intention, the importance of
ethical principles can be appreciated. Lastly, Arrange specialists
of ethics. Sometimes the specialists or consultants are very
helpful. The talk about different ideas and perspectives and
discussed to resolve the problems related to patients. With their
attention and interest, a big issue can be sorted out more easily
(Wood, RN, & contributor, 2014).
The support from the head of the organization or the hospital is
very essential. Without their attention, we can do nothing. So,
the implementation of ethical principles and rights of the
patients is impossible if there is no support from the leaders.
These solutions are very effective in the fast recovery of the
patient. They give confidence to the patient which motivates an
ill person to fight against the disease. Adopting these ethical
solutions in daily life a health worker can get very progressive
results.
Digital health technologies like VR/AR, 3d printing, or
nanotechnology are using to diagnose the disease and its
treatment. The use of digital technology has a positive impact in
the field of medicine. A patient who is suffering from poverty
and has not enough money for the treatment. Here are some
guidelines which are beneficial for the treatment of the patient.
For example, a rural poor have to travel far away distances to
go to hospitals and he has no transport often the poor are
disabled and they can't go to a doctor. Health care workers
19. bring mobile dispensaries to their areas to facilitate them.
Despite this, telemedicine and m-health technology help to visit
the doctor to a patient who lives far away from the clinic. Both
sources are useful in connecting the doctors with their patients.
Through email, a patient can send information about the disease
to a doctor and he can respond positively. The poorest people
live in such conditions as asthma or obesity so m-health is very
useful to keep a link with people. The services nearly always on
m-health technology is designed for the people who are facing
mental illness and substance abuse. So being accompanied with
patients at all time it is very useful for reporting symptoms and
forgetting therapeutic guidance (Aventor, APR 09, 2021).
Health care worker has an opportunity to improve
access to health care for the poor's using social technology. It is
useful for all. The three main technologies of social media can
play a vital role to help people. The first one is crowdfunding.
A public appeal can be done for funding of medical care
activities or arrange of money for the expenses related to
medical care like travel, operation, adoption, and many others
(Snyder, 2016). The next one is medical blogging. It is a source
of information about health care workers, you can raise
awareness medical practice is to keep going and the patience
can content you treat the disease (Gelbolingo,2019). The online
encyclopedia is another useful source for providing free health
information for all. It is easy to access and updated day by day.
In the current situation like Covid-19. Everyone can take help to
recover from illness. We are facing a pandemic situation so
these social technologies help people to keep informed and
guide them.
Philosopher approaches which are Utilitarianism, Kantian
deontology, ethical egoism, and social contract are the areas or
the method of considering and determining ethical behaviors
(Rachels & Rachels, 2019). This ethic is sometimes compared
with the idea of “the greatest good for the greatest number" and
it proves helpful for doing something great in the field of health
care. This ethics helps us to understand the point that all
20. humans are respectful and should be treated with nobility
because they have rights. So, in health care departments patients
should be treated with full attention. The health care workers
played the role of public relations officers also when they meet
their patients till they recover from the disease. In the medical
or in health care unit we should avoid ethical egoism. We
should work from humanity and the behavior of a worker should
be kind and understanding to solve the problems of a patient
(Center, 2013). Social contract means people living in society it
means all people help each other in the hours of need.
References
Dabbs, A. D. V., Myers, B. A., Mc Curry, K. R., Dunbar-Jacob,
J., Hawkins, R. P., Begey, A., & Dew, M. A. (2009). User-
centered design and interactive health technologies for
patients. Computers, informatics, nursing: CIN, 27(3), 175.
Gruenbaum, R. (2015). Making Social Technologies Work.
Ronan Gruenbaum.
Kao, Y. Y. S. (2019). What’s in it for Me? On Egoism and
Social Contract Theory. Introduction to Philosophy:
Ethics.
Rachels, J., & Rachels, S. (2019). The Elements of Moral
Philosophy (9th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.