This document provides an overview of HIV/AIDS, including: - HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus and causes AIDS by weakening the immune system. AIDS is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. - HIV is believed to have transferred from chimpanzees to humans in Western Africa in the late 1800s. HIV is transmitted through certain body fluids and is not spread through casual contact. - As HIV progresses to AIDS, it damages the immune system, allowing opportunistic infections and cancers to threaten the body. While AIDS was often fatal before treatments, antiretroviral therapy now allows people to live decades with HIV before developing AIDS. - Prevention methods include safe sex practices,

1. Human
Immunodeficiency
Virus- HIV/AIDS
Presented by Dr Nadia Shams
Associate Professor - RIHS

2. OBJECTIVES
General Goal:
To know the characteristics of HIV
the development of AIDS
diagnostic tests
therapeutic management

3. What is HIV/AIDS?
HIV - Human immunodeficiency virus
AIDS means Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome
It’s a disease of the human immune system caused by the
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

4. ANALYSIS OF HIV
To understand what HIV is, let’s break it down:
H – Human – This particular virus can only infect human beings.
I – Immunodeficiency – HIV weakens your immune system by
destroying important cells that fight disease and infection. A "deficient"
immune system can't protect you.
V – Virus – A virus can only reproduce itself by taking over a cell in the
body of its host.

5. ANALYSIS OF AIDS
To understand what AIDS is, let’s break it down:
A – Acquired – AIDS is not something you inherit from your
parents. You acquire AIDS after birth.
I – Immuno – Your body's immune system includes all the
organs and cells that work to fight off infection or disease.
D – Deficiency – You get AIDS when your immune system is
"deficient," or isn't working the way it should.
S – Syndrome – A syndrome is a collection of symptoms and
signs of disease. AIDS is a syndrome, rather than a single
disease.
.

6. Where Did HIV Come From?
Scientists believe HIV came from a particular
kind of chimpanzee in Western Africa. Recent
studies indicate that HIV may have transferred
from monkeys to humans as far back as the late
1800s.

9. How Does One Get
HIV/AIDS?

10. How Does One Get HIV?

11. Which Body Fluids Contain HIV?
• Blood
• Semen
• Breast milk
• Vaginal fluids
• Rectal (anal) mucous
• Other body fluids and waste products— (feces, nasal fluid,
saliva, sweat, tears, urine or vomit)—don’t contain enough
HIV to infect you, unless they have blood mixed in them.
Healthcare workers may be exposed to some other
body fluids with high concentrations of HIV, including:
▫ Amniotic fluid
▫ Cerebrospinal fluid
▫ Synovial fluid

12. HIV/AIDS isn’t contacted by
HIV cannot reproduce outside the human body. It is NOT spread by:
• Air or drinking water from the same pot.
• Insects: including mosquitoes.
• Saliva, tears, or sweat.
• Casual contact like shaking hands or sharing
dishes.

13. Symptoms and Signs of HIV
Within weeks of infection, many people develop primary or acute
infection that ranges from fever, aches, and pains to severe symptoms.
• Fever
• Aching muscles and joints,
• Sore throat
• Lymphadenopathy
• Oral ulcers

15. OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS IN HIV
Bacterial infections Pneumocystosis
Tuberculosis Toxoplasmosis
Herpes simples/zoster Crypticoccosis
candidiasis Histplasmosis
Kaposi’s sarcoma CMV retinitis
Hairy leukoplakia CNS lymphoma
Micobacterium avium Coccidioiodomycosis

16. Oral Thrush- Candidiasis

17. Opportunistic infections –
Kaposi’s sarcoma

18. AIDS Vs HIV ?
• AIDS is the late stage of HIV infection
• When immune system is severely damaged and patient
has difficulty fighting diseases and certain cancers.
• Before the development of certain medications, people
with HIV could progress to AIDS in just few years.
• Currently, people can live much longer - even decades -
with HIV before they develop AIDS. This is because of
“highly active” combinations of medications
that were introduced in the mid 1990’s.

23. AIDS: Signs and Symptoms
When HIV infection progresses to AIDS, many
people begin to suffer from fatigue, diarrhea,
nausea, vomiting, fever, chills, night sweats, and
even wasting syndrome at late stages. Many of
the signs and symptoms of AIDS come from
opportunistic infections which occur in patients
with a damaged immune system.
http://jonnyboi.pininc.track.clicksure.com
http://jonnyboi.comcheat.track.clicksure.com
http://waystomakeeasymoneyonline.blogspot.com

24. Effects of HIV/AIDS

26. Management
Supportive – Nutrition, hydration, antipyretics, high calorie diet, antiemetics
PCP pneumonia: trimethoprim sulpha-methoxazole + corticosteroids
Toxoplasmosis: Pyrimethamine, clindamycicn
NHL: Chemotherapy
Cryptococcal meningitis: Amphotericine B
CMV retinitis: Gancyclovir
Oesophageal candidiasis: Fluconazole
Herpes: Acyclovir
Kaposi’s sarcoma: Chemotherapy

27. ART – Anti-retroviral therapy
NRTI’s: Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: Lamivudine,
zidovudine
NRTI’ nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors: Tenofovir
NNRTI’ s: Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors:
Efavinerz
Protease inhibitors: PI’s: Indinavir
Entry inhibitors: Enfuvirtide
Integrase inhibitors: Dolutagravir
COMBINATION PILLS
Atripla, Complera, Truvada

28. U.S. Statistics on HIV/AIDS

29. PREVENTION OF HIV/AIDS

37. • Hepatitis B:
• Wash, Report to authorities.
• Already vaccinated……
ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION: only booster dose of vaccine
to be given after checking antibody levels
• If not vaccinated earlier…..
• PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION: Give immunoglobulins
against Hep B + vaccinate
• Hep C:
• Wash/report/ anti viral therapy(ribavirin, tenofovir)
• HIV:
• Wash/report/ anti viral therapy (HAART)
PEP