History, evolution and growth of the Tourism Industry in India. Plenty of pics and statistics released by MOT, GOI

1. History & Evolution of Tourism in India
(Part III of the ongoing presentation
series on History of Tourism)

2. Welcome to a
new learning
session!
Knowledge is Money.

3. Let us look at the positives of the
present time first, mostly,
transportation sector, to realize how
far India as a tourism destination has
travelled.

4. Bharatmala Pariyojana, 2018;
Extensive Road Network Project

6. By JND AMD - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?
curid=97542571

9. New Mangalore Port trust- Govt. Of India

11. India currently has 17 international
airports.

14. Now, journey back in time...

19. Tourism Philosophy In India
अतिथि देवो भवः …
Guest be God...

20. History of Tourism in India
No definite starting point can be confirmed, but,
credible evidences of tourism dates back to
Indus valley civilization era.
In olden times, the main reasons for travel was
trade, pilgrimage and studies.
The concept of “Char Dham Yatra” चार धाम
यात्रा shows the importance of pilgrimage in
our ancient Hindu society.

25. Famous Pilgrimage Centres
• Vaishno Devi (Jammu),
• Amarnath Cave, (Kashmir),
• Tirupati Balaji (Andhra Pradesh),
• Shirdi Sai Temple, (Maharashtra),
• Golden Temple, (Amritsar),
• Dilwara Jain Temple, (Mount Abu),
• Bodh Gaya, (Bihar),
• Ajmer Sharif, (Rajasthan),
• Haji Ali Tomb, (Mumbai),
• St. Franscis Church, (Goa) and, so many more.

26. Vaishno
Devi
(Jammu)

27. Amarnath Cave, (Kashmir),

28. Tirupati Balaji (Andhra Pradesh),

29. Shirdi Sai Temple,
(Maharashtra),

36. India has 39 sites on the
UNESCO's World Heritage List,
and Archaeological Survey of
India (ASI) is now the custodian
of 23 world heritage sites.

37. Hospitality as a tool of diplomacy in
the Great Indian Epic “Mahabharat”

38. King Shalya
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia
• In the epic Mahabharata, King Shalya
(Sanskrit: शल्य, lit. pointed weapon) was the
brother of Madri, wife of Pandu (mother
of Nakula and Sahadeva).
• Shalya was the ruler of the Madra kingdom.
• A powerful Spear and mace fighter and a
formidable charioteer, Shalya was tricked
by Duryodhana to fight the war on the side of
the Kauravas.
• Howzzaaaaaaaaaaatt!

40. Power of Hospitality
• When Shalya heard of the impending Kurukshetra War,
he marched forth with his army to join his nephews,
the Pandavas.
• On the way, Shalya was tricked by Duryodhana, who
arranged a huge feast for Shalya and his men,
entertaining him for hours.
• Impressed, Shalya is generous with his praise and asks
to see Yudhishthira, who Shalya thought was his host.
• When Duryodhana reveals the treachery, Shalya is
astounded but is compelled to grant a boon, due to the
hospitality.
• Unable to turn down Duryodhana's request to join
the Kauravas, Shalya fought against his own nephews.
• He died, along with most Kaurava warriors & both of
his sons.

42. Meet the host before you eat!!!!!

43. Don’t simply invite yourself to a wedding feast, either!

45. India’s Historical Significance
For the Golden Bird called India, Silk, spices, gold
and precious gems were the main trading
commodities and business was spread over Asia
and Europe, to countries like Greece, Italy,
Indonesia, Malaysia, China & Japan.
Two main modes of transport were animals and
ships or boats.

47. The commercial capital of India, that is Mumbai,
is also an old port city.

48. Civilizations on the river banks...
Since eternity!

52. Why Europe explored new sea route to
India, around Africa?
• Because the Arab traders became too
influential in the spice trade via historic land
route.
• To eliminate the powerful middleman, that is!

54. The Important Phases in Growth
of Tourism in India
Ancient & Medieval Era, from Indus
Valley Civilization era, to AD 1600.
Colonial, (British) Era, from AD 1601,
to AD 1947, (independence).
Modern Era, 1947 onwards.

57. Ancient Era
The lodging houses in this era were called
‘Dharmshala’(धममशाला).
Dharmshala originated from the village
“Chaupal”(चौपाल), the common meeting place.
With the support of the ruling elite, permanent
structures were created to house the tired
travellers.

60. Other words in literature,….to show
that India cared for tourists and guests
अन्न क्षेत्र (grains area) , भोजनालय (house for
food), पाकशाला (Cooking House) , पन्िागार
(house for traveller), अवस्िागार (outer portion of
the house for visiting guests).
Chinese travellers, Fa Hien, (AD 399-414) and,
Huein Tsang, (AD 629-643), have also mentioned
about the shelters for travellers, under King
Chandragupt Vikramaditya.
Naland university served meals to 10,000 students,
daily.

61. Ruins of Nalanda University, Bihar

63. Hiuen
Tsang
Memorial
Hall, Rajgir,
Nalanda,
Bihar

64. Medieval Era-Muslim Rule
• Between 11th & 13th century, many Sarai (सराय) and
Musafirkhana (मुसाफिरखाना) were built, for
messengers of the postal system, built by the sultans
of Slave Dynasty, which was later refined by
Allauddin Khiljee.
• Mamluk Dynasty is also called the Slave Dynasty.
• According to historian Abbas Khan Sherwani, this
postal system, Deewaan-ei- Insaa, दीवान-ए-इंसा
employed 3400 horsemen, at 1700 relay stations,
located in these sarai.
• Sarai served as the post office, along with the shelter
for ordinary travellers.

67. Shershah Suri, The Pashtun King

69. Sher Shah Suri (1540-1545)
• Afghan leader who took over the Mughal Empire after defeating
Humayun in 1540.
• Sher Shah occupied the throne of Delhi for not more than five
years, but his reign proved to be a landmark in the Sub-
continent.
• As a king, he has several achievements to his credit.
• He established an efficient public administration. He set up a
revenue collection system based on the measurement of land.
• Justice was provided to the common man.
• Numerous civil works were carried out during his short reign;
planting of trees, wells and building of Sarai (inns) for travellers
was done.
• Roads were laid; it was under his rule that the Grand Trunk
road from Delhi to Kabul was built. Some say, renovated!
• The currency was also changed to finely minted silver coins
called Dam.

70. The contribution of Sher Shah Suri to
the development of tourism in Indian
sub-continent is mention worthy.
GT road is still a major route in
commercial operation.

72. Sher Shah named the road “Sadak-e-Azam”

73. The Mughal period
Mughals bettered the postal system and, developed
a procedure, where message from any part of the
kingdom could reach Delhi within 48 hours.
Sarai also offered a place of worship, apart from
water, room, stable and fodder for animals.
Several localities in Delhi still carry the names of
that bygone era, like Lado Sarai, Katwaria sarai, &
Sarai kale Khan. The building structure is not
there anymore, though.

74. Akbari Sarai, Lahore (Pakistan)

78. Colonial Era, East India Company,
British Rule
17th century was he beginning of many European
style Taverns (inns), for the European, by the
Europeans.
First of such properties were opened in Bombay,
between 1837 & 1840.
For example, Portuguese Georges, Paddy Goose,
Racquent Court.
Within 10 years of start, these properties
disappeared, but only to be replaced with
better ones.

81. Colonization, Hotels & Trade
Connection
• During the period 1870-1930, from the
opening of the Suez Canal to the Great
Depression, “European” hotels became a
common fixture of the built and social
landscapes of many colonial cities, and in
particular of Colombo and Singapore, the two
main ports-of-call along the Indian Ocean's
navigational routes.

85. Next Batch of Hotels, Taverns, & Inns
Hope Hall Family, Victoria Hotel, also known as,
British Hotel, by Pallanjee Pestonjee, (1840),
Esplanade Hotel, (1871), Watson’s, (only for
Europeans), Auckland Hotel, (1841), in
Calcutta, which became Great Eastern Hotel,
after India’s independence.

88. Railway Catering

89. British memoirs of the Raj, and of older
Indians who experienced its lingering
institutions, often extol the quality of dining
on Indian Railways. Across the length and
breadth of India you could get the same
multicourse British menu, at tables laid with
white cloths and gleaming cutlery, and served
by waiters in uniforms.
With restaurants rare outside the main cities,
children often had their first experience of
formal dining in railway dining cars and it
could leave quite an impression.

92. Railway Catering in the past
• “All the major trains, like the Grand Trunk
Express, the Frontier Mail and the Deccan Queen,
to mention a few, had luxurious dining cars
attached,” recalled Malcolm Murphy in The Last
Children of the Raj. “
• The caterers were British companies.
• Spencer’s served the Madras and Southern
Mahratta Railway and the North Western Railway.
• Kellner’s the East India Railway and Brandon’s
the Great Indian Peninsular Railway and the
Bombay, Baroda and Central India.
• Only the BNR, the Bengal Nagpur Railway, did its
own catering.”

95. Taj Hotel & Tata Group
The founder of Tata Group, Jamshetji Nusserwanji
Tata, was once refused entry into the Watson
Hotel, (Dogs and Indians are not allowed!!!).
In reply, he constructed an architectural marvel,
the Taj Mahal Hotel & Tower, regally overlooking
the Gateway of India in Mumbai. The year was
1903.

100. Pioneers Of Indian Hotel Industry
• In 1923, Shapurji Sorabji built Grand hotel, in
Mumbai.

101. A few years later, the
Majestic Hotel was opened.

102. India has a splendid heritage that is reflected in its architecture,
monuments, arts, crafts, cultures and even religions.

103. Old Indian Style Hotels
‘Sardar Griha,’ (सरदारगृह) in 1900, and
Madhavashram, (माधवाश्रम) in 1908, were
the first Indian style hotels in India.

104. “War Babies” Hotels
Between the two World Wars, (1914-18 &
1939-45), Bombay saw opening of many new
hotels, like, The Ritz, The Ambassador, West
End, & Airlines.
It is quite interesting to note that even war can
help promote travelling and hotel business.
Someone said that “War is the biggest
business!”

105. Modern Era, 1947 Onwards
The Oberoi Group, (Founder, Rai Bahadur Mohan
Singh Oberoi), and, Taj Group, took over several
British owned properties. With this, the first two
Indian Chain of Hotels were born. They expanded
overseas, and are now competing with the best
of International brands today.
Indian Tobacco Company (ITC), was the third
prominent chain to operate a little later (1975),
under Welcome Group brand.

108. Arjun Oberoi & Vikram Oberoi

112. Imperial Tobacco Company of India
Limited, 1910
India Tobacco Company Limited,
1970
I.T.C. Limited, 1974
ITC Limited, September 18, 2001

115. Nakul Anand,
Executive Director
ITC Limited;
In-charge of
Hospitality Business

116. ITC Hotels
• In 1975, the Company launched its Hotels
business with the acquisition of a hotel in
Chennai which was rechristened 'ITC-
Welcomgroup Hotel Chola' (now renamed My
Fortune, Chennai).

120. Federation of Hotels & Restaurants
Associations of India
1949 saw the formation of four regional Hotels & Restaurants
Associations, headquartered at Delhi, Calcutta, (Kolkata),
Bombay, (Mumbai) & Madras, (Chennai).
On 15th April,1955, these four associations came together, to
form FHRAI, a lobbying body to preserve the interests of
Hotel & Restaurant fraternity, in their interactions with
Government, Politicians, International associations,
suppliers and other stakeholders.

124. Government in Hotel Business
The Ashok Hotel in Delhi was the first luxury hotel,
to be built by Govt. Of India, in 1956.
To promote and protect tourism, India Tourism
Development Corporation was established, in
1966.
However, for many reasons, many of the ITDC run
hotels have now been privatized and someday,
Government may completely exit from running
hotels business.
Government basically opens a hotel, to develop a
new destination, which may not be commercially
attractive to private sector.

126. International Brands Present in India
• Hyatt Hotels & Resorts,
• InterContinental Hotels
& Resorts,
• Marriott International,
• Hilton Worldwide,
• Best Western
International,
• Shangri-La Hotels &
Resorts,
• Four Seasons Hotels &
Resorts,
• Carlson Hotels
Worldwide,
• Aman Resorts.

127. Current Scenario, Tourism Industry
In India
• The Travel and Tourism Competitiveness
Report 2019 ranked India 34th out of 140
countries overall.
• Condé Nast ranked India amongst the top 10
tourist destinations.
• Travel and tourism industry, is the second
highest foreign exchange earner, for India.

135. Foreign Exchange Earnings
Ministry of Tourism estimates, monthly Foreign
Exchange Earnings (F E E) through tourism in
India, both in rupee and dollar terms, based on
the credit data of Travel Head, from Balance of
Payments of R B I.
Foreign Exchange Earnings , (F E E), through
Tourism, (in Rs. terms)
FEEs during the month of December 2017
were Rs. 19,514 crore as compared to Rs.
16,558 crore in December 2016; and Rs.
14,152 crore in December 2015.

136. Comparison of Earnings
The growth rate in F E E, in rupee terms, in
December 2017 over December 2016, has
increased to 17.9%. Growth was 17.0% in
December, 2016, over December 2015.
F E E during 2017 were, Rs. 1,80,379 crore, with
a growth of 17.0%, over 2016. Whereas, the
FEEs during 2016 were Rs.1,54,146 crore,
with a growth of 14.0% over 2015.

137. Break-Up of Top Countries for Inbound
Tourists to India
Tourist Arrivals
Bangladesh UK
USA Russia
Canada France
Germany China
Sri Lanka Australia
Malaysia Japan
Thailand Afghan.
Nepal

138. S W O T Analysis of Brand India

139. Strength Of India For Tourism
• Country of rich heritage and traditions, having a vast,
and varied history.
• Places of ancient civilization, and settlements, dating
back to several centuries, are present in India.
• Unity in Diversity, i.e. Multi-cultural people, staying
together , in the same country.
• One of the fastest growing economies of the world.
• India has been maintaining good, and cordial
relationships, with different countries, which helps the
people of those countries, to get the visas easily to visit
India.

142. Weaknesses
• Insufficient standard hotels, due to scarcity of land in the
country, is leading to the problem of accommodation for
the visiting tourists. There are 1242 hotels approved by H
R A C C, with 76,858 rooms capacity. Average cost of
making a single 5 star hotel room is 1.5 crore.
• Lack of proper infrastructure.
• Poor health, lack of hygiene and proper sanitation ,among
majority of destinations, especially in the rural parts of
the country.
• Incidents of local people harassing, and torturing the
visiting tourists, especially, the foreign tourists, in
different parts of the country.

147. Scarlett Keeling rape and murder case, Goa,
2008

148. Opportunities
India’s open skies, visa-on-arrival policies, are
bringing in planeloads of tourists.
The new highways being built, will bring about an
explosion in Motels business. Motels are hotels
on highways.
An increasing number of rich, retired persons, will
drive leisure tourism, through out the year.
An increasingly prosperous middle class and,
increased number of working women, will add to
domestic demands for hospitality products and
services.

154. Threats
• Terrorism,- Incidents like 26/11, 11/7 have an impact on the
psyche of the visiting tourists.
• These incidents dramatically reduces the foreign tourist
arrivals in India.
• The increasing Naxalite activities and, constant Maoist attacks
in the country, is not helping the cause of tourism, either.
• Diseases in recent years, such as Dengue, Chikungunya, and
Swine Flu, are causing the tourists to stay away from visiting
different parts of this country.
• Increasing competition from other exotic countries, for
example, Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Hong Kong etc. is
forcing India, to be left with only 2% share, of the total
International arrivals.

159. Different Types Of Tourism In India
• History Tourism,
• Adventure Tourism,
• Medical Tourism,
• Eco Tourism,
• Cultural Tourism,
• Pilgrimage Tourism,
• Spiritual Tourism,
• Beach Tourism,
• Rural Tourism
• Study Tourism, from Africa &
SAARC countries.

161. Initiatives Taken By Government To
Promote Tourism Industry
In the year 2002, the Government of India announced
a New Tourism Policy.
The policy is built around the 7-S Mantra, which is,
• Swaagat, (Welcome),
• Soochanaa,
(Information),
• Suvidhaa, (Facilitation),
• Surakshaa, (Security),
• Sahyog, (Cooperation),
• Sanrachnaa,
(Infrastructure),
• Safaai, (Cleanliness).

163. https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredible-india-v2/en.html
https://tourism.gov.in/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_India

164. THANK YOU