History of World Tourism (Updated July, 2021)

Part 2; Introduction to History &
Growth Of Tourism (World View)

This presentation will show why
Tourism is a global industry.

History Of Tourism:
World
(Especially,
Europe & America)

Why We Learn History of Anything?
• Studying history enables us to develop better
understanding of the world in which we now
live.
• Building knowledge and understanding of
historical events and patterns, especially over the
past century, enables us to develop a much
greater appreciation for events happening around
us today.
• We can manage the present situation better
because we know the reasons behind the results
i.e. The present conditions.

Is studying history useless?
• History isn't worth much without understanding
the causes and reasons behind big events.
Understanding history is far more important than
just knowing history.
• It's not enough to know about Dictators.
• We need our students to understand how any
dictator gets to power and how he is able to
cause massive destruction, if we hope to have
citizens who can stop all future Great Dictators.

What if you don’t study history?
• ‘Those who do not learn from history are
doomed to repeat it’.
• That is to say, they fail again.
• The quote is most likely due to writer and
philosopher George Santayana, and in its
original form it read, "Those who cannot
remember the past are condemned to repeat
it."

Why Hospitality Students of India Need To
Learn About Tourism In Europe?
• Europe is “The Most Important” continent in the
world politically, scientifically, economically and
religiously. 4 of the 7 main continents are governed
by people of European descent.
• It has also been the most adventurous and violent
continent; with footprints all across the globe.
• Tourism is a lifestyle related activity and learning
about the history, society, economy & religion of
Europe would assist the student in observing an
interesting pattern about the origin and growth of
tourism.
• However, Tourism was never unique to Europe.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe

Not to forget they were the colonial
masters of many Asian countries for
centuries.
There is also the historical fact of slave
trade.

Why America?
• “America is a superpower”; that we all have read before
many a times.
• America, after discovery by Explorer Columbus, became a
land of escape, hope, freedom and opportunities for those
who felt limited, hunted or oppressed in Europe.
• Americans fought, under George Washington, against their
colonial rulers, the British (their own kind) for
Independence.
• These immigrants, settlers & refuge-seekers have over 3
centuries created an economic and military powerhouse,
that decided the fate of the World War 1 & 2.
• Hospitality for business, really flourished in this North
American country and it’s local industry leads the world
tourism business through technological, marketing and
legal innovations.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States

Wealth As An Indicator Of Success?
• America & Europe, both, are the richest places
in the world.
• Between the two, Europe is possibly richer!
• Wealth is a direct factor that make travelling
easy, hence desirable and possible.

Ideological Divide In Market
• The world has been constantly dividing itself into
opposing, fighting sides.
• Conservatives & Liberals, for example!
• This division is present everywhere.
• Economically, the world is broadly divided
between “Capitalism” & “Communism”.
• America and Europe are (pre-dominantly) on the
side of the capitalism.
• Soviet Union (Now Russia) & China belong to the
“Communist” bloc. North Korea, Venezuela &
Cuba belong to the communist bloc.

Capitalism
• Favours profit above all.
• Fair market price mechanism through competition is
the bedrock of the philosophy of capitalism.
• Capitalists are realist thinkers and believe that self
interest is the biggest motivating factor for human
success.
• Creating wealth is considered to be a responsibility.
• Considered to be heartless by humanist; markets are
ruthless against weak.
• Capitalists are loathed (disliked) by many of their own
countrymen!!!!
• Believed to promote greed and fierce rivalry.
• Rivalry keeps things balanced, actually!

Communism
• Favours preserving every human life in the community,
including the weakest.
• Values cooperation over capitalistic cut-throat
competition.
• Doesn’t believe in private ownership of property or
wealth. Govt. owns all property and distributes fairly.
• Idealistic humanists and liberals.
• Assumes that all human behaviour will be good,
reasonable, selfless at all times and hence, this
ideology is unrealistic & unsuccessful.
• Selfish behaviour & vested interests caused this system
to lose the ideological war against capitalism.

However, I advise all my students not to see this
tussle in purely ‘Black & White’ terms.
Everything has good and bad aspects.
It helps in the long run to develop a balanced
and holistic approach to people, life & thinking.
Please note that hotels have existed in both type
of economies!!!

Multiple Rifts & Conflicts
• Europe became a violent battle ground between
two Christian religious groups, Protestants
against Catholics.
• Catholics (Vatican City) tacitly won in Europe,
forcing Protestants to migrate to America, at
tremendous risk to life.
• American settlers had to wage a century of battle
against native Indians.
• They also endured a civil war among themselves
over the issue of African Slaves.
• The people who supported abolishing of the cruel
slavery system, led by Abraham Lincoln, finally
triumphed, thus ensuring the ideals of American
Creed that makes this country truly great.

The history here also tells us how
America is related to Europe.

What is the Protestant ethic according
to Max Weber (Sociology)?
• Half of America is Protestant Christians.
• Protestant ethic, in sociological theory, the
value attached to hard work, thrift, and
efficiency in one’s profession, which,
especially in the Calvinist view, were deemed
signs of an individual’s election, for eternal
salvation. Way to heaven!
• “Work is Worship”, Protestants believe so.

Tourism:
Evolution &
Development

What is Evolution?
• The gradual development of something.

Almost like asking, when did this Universe start!

Let us try to find out!
What is Life?
• The condition, or characteristics, that
distinguishes animals and plants from
inorganic matter, including the capacity for
growth, reproduction, functional activity, and
continual change, before final death.
• As in "the origins of life“
• Like the animate-inanimate classification of
matter.

Animals have locomotion?
• It is the movement or the ability to
move from one place to another.
• For example, "the muscles that are concerned with
locomotion"
Similar words:
• movement
• motion
• moving
• Shifting
• action
• travel

Why animals need locomotion?
• Animals move for a variety of reasons, such as
to find food, a mate, a suitable microhabitat,
or to escape predators. ... For many animals,
the ability to move is essential for
survival and, as a result, natural selection has
shaped the locomotion methods and
mechanisms used by moving organisms.
• This paragraph tells us why we humans never
stopped moving & travelling!
• Travel is a sign that you are still alive.

But...
Travel can be too dangerous at
times !!!!

The Great Wildebeest Migration
over 1.2 million wildebeest and 300,000 zebra
along with topi and other gazelle move in a
constant cycle through the Serengeti-Mara
ecosystem in search of nutritious grass and water.
Guided by survival instinct, each wildebeest will
cover 800 to 1,000km on its individual journey
along age-old migration routes.
Hungry predators including lion, leopard, cheetah,
hyena, wild dog and crocs make sure only the
strongest survive in this natural spectacle also
known as ‘the greatest show on Earth.’

Why do the animals migrate?
What the animals are in essence
doing is following the rains in
search of lush new grass.

Can we stop moving, migrating,
travelling?

Roots of the Evolution/Growth of
Tourism & Hospitality
The invention of wheel and currency really made
travelling easy, and hence helped more people to
visit far away places.
Hospitality as a compassionate service emerged to
support these travellers and kept pace with their
unstoppable growth.
It became business because compassion doesn’t
pay all the bills one owes.

Pax Romana
• The term "Pax Romana," which literally means
"Roman peace," refers to the time period from
27 B.C.E. to 180 C.E. in the Roman Empire.
This 200-year period saw unprecedented
peace and economic prosperity throughout
the Empire, which spanned from England in
the north to Morocco in the south and Iraq in
the east.

Pax Romana & Travel
• Military movement was inevitable to secure
the borders of the country.
• Most travel was done in the
interest of warfare.
• Also, for diplomacy, administration, nation
building and trade.
• Social motivations for travel included visiting
religious sites, festivals such as the Olympics,
and health-related reasons.

Roman
Consul (in ancient
Rome) each of
the two
annually elected
chief
magistrates who
jointly ruled the
republic

Pax Romana & Tourism?
• Period of peace and prosperity allow people to
live a happy and fulfilling lives.
• It promotes growth in cultural activity like art,
literature, music, architecture etc.
• The free time (leisure), money and security on
the roads may have had encouraged the
Noblemen of Rome to seek pleasure through
travel.
• Patricians were in the habit of owning two
houses, like Condos & Timeshare villas of today!

End of Pax Romana?
• Pax Romana ended when the barbarians,
vandals, huns and goths sacked the empire in
the 4th century.
• The all-weather Roman roads simply became
too dangerous to travel.

Medieval Era
• In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or
medieval period lasted approximately from the
5th to the late 15th centuries. It began with the
fall of the Western Roman Empire and
transitioned into the Renaissance and the Age of
Discovery.
• Life was harsh, with a limited diet and little
comfort. Women were subordinate to men, in
both the peasant and noble classes, and were
expected to ensure the smooth running of the
household. Children had a 50% survival rate
beyond age one, and began to contribute to
family life around age twelve.

Summarizing The World Tourism
History
• In a few pages it is impossible. History is
always learnt from documents and every
document has limitations.
• Therefore, instead of giving you a long and
tedious presentation, would like to just
highlight the important Civilizations and their
contributed legacy that make up the
milestones in the journey of the story of
travel.

Prominent Civilizations that Promoted
Tourism, Travel & Hospitality.
The Babylonians
(Sumerians)
The Egyptians
Mesopotamians
The Romans
Phoenicians
Greeks
Chinese
Polynesians
Europeans
Chinese
Persians
Arabs

We have a separate presentation on the
history and growth of Tourism industry in
India.
That is the 3rd & final part of this
presentation.

Important Contributions…
The Babylonians (Sumerians)
The Sumerians were the people of southern
Mesopotamia whose civilization flourished
between c. 4100-1750 BCE.
– The creation of money and trade
– (Babylon is the most famous city from
ancient Mesopotamia whose ruins lie in modern-
day Iraq 59 miles (94 kilometres) southwest
of Baghdad.

The Egyptians
• First cruises were organized and conducted from
Egypt.
• (pyramids)
• Tradition of celebrating periodic festivals.

Important Contributions Continued
Mesopotamians
Use of Early roads
–roads were mainly paved dirt roads.

The Romans (Modern Day Capital of
Italy)
• Developed stone-paved roads for military
use and it covered most of their empire.

Phoenicians (A member of an ancient Semitic
people who dominated trade in the first
millennium B.C.) (Syria, Lebanon and northern
Israel.)
–Master shipwrights.
–Built a network of trading posts around the
Mediterranean sea.

Greeks (Greece)
–Followed the Phoenicians.
–Improved ships and accelerated the
Mediterranean trade.
–Merchant ships also carried passengers
for profit.

Chinese
–Had ministers for travel as early as 4,000
years ago.

Polynesians
(Hawaii, New Zealand and Easter Island).
–Used small dugout canoes under 40 feet
and used these to travel from South East
Asia to these beautiful islands.

Europeans
– The fall of Rome spelled disaster for travel
and tourism.
– During the Dark ages- only the most
adventurous persons would travel. Travel was
not for pleasure.
• The Crusades (Christian-Muslim Wars)
– End of the Dark Ages; pilgrimages were popular.
• The ancient Passport was born in 1388:
permits for pilgrimages were required

Important Phases In Growth Of Hotel
Industry- Europe & America
Ancient Era- the beginning
Grand Tour Era- Period before French
Revolution (1789), when Kings were still
ruling Europe, before being removed by
armed revolt of the common man.
Modern Era- The beginning of the modern
hotel industry, with gigantic building and
excellent service.

Periodization Of Tourism
(1) Ancient period
(2) Imperial period and Pilgrimage period
(3) Grand Tour period
(4) The Transition period (after devastating
second world war)
(5) The Modern period

The Beginning
Early Travel:
 Earlier travel was essentially to seek food or
to escape danger.
 Travel was also undertaken for trade.
 Growth of cities along fertile river banks like
Nile etc encouraged water travel.
 Ancient empires like the Romans helped
shape modern travel.

Ancient Period
Commercial hospitality activities existed before 4th
century B.C.
Buddhists and Christian missionaries travelled afar
to propagate and promote their religion.
Discovery of silk route that connected east to west
in 2000 B.C. is evidence of travel.

The Ancient Era Hospitality in Europe
Corinth in Greece was home to a number of
lodging establishments.
The inns of the biblical era were primitive, with
little or no regard to privacy or personal
sanitation.

Roads being built during
Roman Empire

Advent of All-Weather Roads
In 3rd century AD, a wide network of brick-paved
roads were constructed in Europe and minor Asia
(Turkey and eastern Europe).
This was an opportunity to build many lodging
establishments along the road.
These lodging places were called ‘Mansionis’.

 The Egyptians
 At its peak the travel for business and pleasure
flourished.
 Travel to outlying cities was necessary.
 Various amenities were offered to travelers.
 They travelled for pleasure and festivals were held
every year.
 People used to travel to attend these festivals and
bring back souvenirs.

The Persians: (Persia is the former name
of Iran).
 They started travel initially for military use.
 Later on, facilities used for military were
transformed to facilitate civilian travel.
 Roads were built, markers were established to
indicate distances.
 Safety of travelers was given importance.
 Modes of transport like wagons, donkeys/mules
were introduced.

 The Greeks:
• Greeks were the first, who shaped the modern day
travel.
• Pleasure travel was popular.
• Travel was advanced by two developments:
 Currency exchange: Greek cities accepted foreign
currency, making it easier for travelers.
Communication: The Greek empire covered the
entire Mediterranean thus the language was widely
understood.
• They provided all the amenities required during
travel.

 The Romans
• The prosperity of the Roman empire was
reflected in the development of travel.
• The Romans included a large group of middle
class who had money and time to travel.
• They built excellent roads, transportation and
communication systems.
• They built rest houses.

Leader of Hospitality in Europe
First, Switzerland, then, Britain.
The hospitality establishments in Switzerland were
called Chalets (a small cottage), where the main
customers were the rich and powerful
Aristocrats.
Between 1750 & 1825, British inns enjoyed the
reputation of being the finest in Europe.

What is Aristocracy?
• A class of persons holding exceptional rank and
privileges, especially the hereditary (by birth) nobility.
•A government or state ruled by an aristocracy, elite, or
privileged upper class.
•Government by those considered to be the best or
most able people in the state.
•A governing body composed of those considered to be
the best or most able people in the state.
•Any class or group considered to be superior, as
through education, ability, wealth, or social prestige.

Aristocrats travel frequently.
For war.
For business.
For pleasure.

Renaissance And Grand Tour
(AD 1763-1773)
• The rise of Italy as intellectual capital of Europe .
• Grand Tour – a tour to the principal cities and places of
interest in Europe (France, Italy, Germany, Austria,
Switzerland & Ireland), formerly said to be an essential
part of the education of the young man of ‘good
birth’ and ‘fortune’.
Main travellers were heirs, diplomats, business
people, and scholars; moving mostly for career,
education, culture, literary, health, scientific research,
business, and economic reasons.

Opportunity for Hospitality Business
Grand Tour was also patronized by
Aristocracy, and therefore, smart
businessmen sensed good money
in catering to this group of rich &
powerful travellers.

Prominent Hotels of Grand Tour Era
• Dolder Grand- Zurich (Swiss)
• Imperial- Vienna (Austrian)
• Vier Jahreszeiten- Hamburg
(German)
• Des Bergues- Geneva (Swiss)

Industrial Revolution: Transition
Period in Tourism
The Industrial Revolution saw the power
of inventions, like steamships, steam
engines, railway network, power looms
and rapid mechanization leading to mass
industrial production.
This was the period when population started
moving from rural to urban areas. The focus
of travel now shifted to business, from
either education or pilgrimage.

Modern Period
It was basically the period after 2nd world
war, characterized by technological
development of new modes of transport
such as Funiculars (ropeway), jet airlines ,
bullet trains , ships , luxury cars, and
facilities like 5 star hotels
accommodations.

Modern Period after 2nd World War

These were the main ingredients of the
explosion of large scale tourism in the
world after World war 2.
The massive numbers of middle class as a
result of the industrialization and
urbanization process, created new group of
travellers that truly democratized tourism
for ever.

American Story in Hospitality
American entrepreneurs literally changed the
face of the hotel trade, with their
breathtaking technological and
architectural innovations, canny business
promotions and aggressive marketing skills,
in a country, that had just established itself,
as the first superpower of the world, after
second world war.

What was the first American hotel?
• In the fall of 1794 -- 227 years ago -- the first
hotel in America opened for business. The City
Hotel, at the corner of Broadway and Thames
Street near Trinity Church in New York City,
was the first American structure to be
designed and built as a hotel.
• Inns and hotel differ on the parameter of
luxury or comfort, basically.
• Also, size. Hotels can be huge!

Chronicle of American hospitality
 City Hotel, New York, 1794. 73 rooms.
 Exchange Coffee House, 1809, Boston
 City Hotel (second)- Baltimore
 Mansion House- Philadelphia
 Tremont House, Boston, 1829. 170
rooms, door lock, indoor plumbing,
running water, bathing facility, bowl,
pitcher, free soap in room.

Chronicle of American hospitality
Grand Pacific,
The Palmer House
The Sherman House, Chicago
The Palace, San Francisco, 800
rooms

The First Business Hotel
Statler Hotel, Buffalo, New York, 1908,
450 rooms.
Attached bath, hot and cold water, electric lamp
on desk, and radio in room.

The Great Depression, 1929 to 1935
The terrible economic slowdown wiped out
much of the hospitality business in America. It
was only a slow recovery, after the second
world war had ended in 1945.

Giant Modern Chains of Hotels
• In the year 1919, Conard Hilton opened his
first hotel in Texas. Later on, Conard also
bought the Ellsworth Statler’s chain of hotels
in the year 1954. Marriot (est. 1927), Sheraton
(est. 1937) and Hyatt (est. in 1957) also
emerged as giant players in the industry.

Necessity is the mother of inventions.
• Kemmons Wilson started Holiday Inn chain of
hotels and inns in 1952, because his own
experience of travelling to Washington hotels,
with his 5 children turned out to be too
expensive, because hotels charged rent for every
member.
• Holiday Inn focussed on the needs of the families,
and within a span of 16 years, expanded to 1000
hotels.
• Need is the key to success.

Motels in 1960s
• Cars became popular in the mid 20th century. Intercity
travelling became more convenient because of the well-
connected network of roads. These factors favoured the
growth of Motels. The word motel is made up of “Motor
and Hotel”.
• Motels were small 10×10 Ft wooden cabins for the
travellers to take rest during the night journeys. These
motels were built alongside the main highways to host
more and more people who might want to take rest for a
few hours or stay overnight during their journey.
• The concept of the motel was well received and they
grew exponentially in numbers in a later stage.
• The motels were affordable and convenient and that is
the reason why the concept of Motels was well received.
• https://www.rdaep.com/blogs/evolution-hospitality-
industry/

Founded in the year 2008, Airbnb opened up
a new segment in the hospitality industry.
• It acts as a virtual marketplace, connecting
businesses & homeowners who want to rent
their property with those who need it.
• Since more and more people are travelling for
business or for leisure, this gives them a very
convenient and affordable option.

A little bit of history on the
organized travel business.

Father Of Tourism And Travel
• Thomas Cook is considered the Father of modern
Tourism.
• His first organized trip was ‘Leicester to
Loughborough ’ in 1841.
• It covered a distance of 22 km for 570 members.
• He acted as an agent by buying tickets in bulk
and selling it to others on a non-profit basis.
• This gave him an idea to package tours in a
profitable manner.

• Thomas Cook organized the travel
arrangements, accommodations, transport at
the destinations and return to the hometown.
• He organized the first ‘inclusive tour’ to Paris
Exhibition in 1855.
• ‘Hotel voucher’ was introduced by Thomas
Cook in 1867 and ‘Circular Note’ in 1873
which made travel easier.
• First ‘Round the world tour’ was conducted in
1872.

YEAR MILESTONE
01 4000BC Invention of money by Sumerians (Babylonia)
02 5th - 15th
century AD
Dark Era of Tourism
03 AD 1763-
1773
Renaissance stage of tourism
04 1820 Introduction of regular steamboat services
05 1830 First passenger train service begins
06 1841 Thomas Cook began running a special excursion
train from Leicester to Loughborough (England)
07 1867 Thomas Cook introduced Hotel voucher
08 1872 Thomas Cook first organized ‘the round the world
trip’
09 1873 ‘Circular note’ was introduced by Thomas Cook
10 1888-89 The Savoy, Claridges, and Carlton hotels were
opened in London

11 1903 Airplane’s first flight at Kitty Hawk, North
Carolina by the Wright brothers
12 1903 The first major hotel company-Trust Houses- opens
a chain of hotels through out Britain
13 1920 Chartered flights appear in tourism
14 AD1945 IATA was established
15 1947 IUOTO was constituted
16 1950 Commercial air transportation increased
and air transportation became cheaper
17 1958 Boeing 707 jet was introduced
18 1966 UFTAA was founded
19 1970 First wide-bodied jet (Boeing 747) appeared in
service(capable of carrying 400 people)
20 1975 WTO began its legal existence

Thomas Cook Group
• Thomas Cook Group plc was a British global travel
group which was listed on the London Stock
Exchange from its formation on 19 June 2007 by the
merger of Thomas Cook AG (itself the successor
to Thomas Cook & Son) and MyTravel Group until
23 September 2019, when it went into compulsory
liquidation.
• The group operated as a tour operator and airline,
in addition it also operated travel agencies
in Europe.
• At the time of the group's collapse, approximately
21,000 worldwide employees were left without jobs
(including 9,000 UK staff) and 600,000 customers
(150,000 from the UK) were left abroad, triggering
the UK's largest peacetime repatriation.

End of part- 2 of
the lesson on
Tourism.
See you in the next
and final presentation
on Tourism.

THANK YOU
Compilation &
Presentation by,
Praveen Jha
IHM Hajipur, Vaishali
(Bihar)

History of World Tourism (Updated July, 2021)

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