History of Hypertext and Hypermedia
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This document provides a history of hypertext and hypermedia beginning with Paul Otlet in 1907 who developed ideas around organizing knowledge on index cards. It discusses important later figures and projects including Vannevar Bush's 1945 proposal of the Memex, Ted Nelson coining the term "hypertext" in 1965 and his Xanadu project, and Doug Engelbart's NLS system from 1968. The World Wide Web is also summarized, beginning with Tim Berners-Lee's 1989 proposal at CERN and the development of browsers in the early 1990s.
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History of Hypertext and Hypermedia
- 1. history of hypertext & hypermedia geschiedenis van de informatica - 30 maart 2009 erik duval K.U.Leuven http://www.cs.kuleuven.be/~erikd 1 Monday 30 March 2009
- 2. 2 Monday 30 March 2009
- 4. Timing? input from my students... • Teletext: 1970? • telefoonbanking: 1990? • encyclopedie: Larousse? 18de eeuw? • encarta: 1995 • telegraaf: 1850? Monday 30 March 2009
- 5. • 1907: Paul Otlet • 1945:Vannevar Bush, memex • 1967: Andy van Dam, Hypertext Editing System • 1968: Doug Englebart, NLS • 1975: Carnegie-Mellon, ZOG/KMS • 1985: Brown, Intermedia • 1986: Owl, Guide • 1987: Apple, Hypercard • 1987: Hypertext 87 • 1991: CERN, WWW 5 Monday 30 March 2009
- 6. Paul Otlet • Belgian, 1868-1944 • lawyer, bibliographer, internationalist • background • “proliferation and disorderly state of the literature in the social sciences” • “there is too much to read” • ‘monographic principle’: text chunks on cards • facts, interpretation of facts, statistics, sources • systematic reorganization of knowledge Monday 30 March 2009
- 7. Paul Otlet • Universal Bibliographic Repertory • 1912: >250.000 images • 1934: >15 million cards • searches until early 1970s! • Universal Decimal Classification (based on DDC) • foresaw technological development: • screens, loudspeakers, distant access ... even VR • network of libraries, archives, museums ... Internet • Mundaneum Mons: http://www.mundaneum.be Monday 30 March 2009
- 8. Paul Otlet • outmoded positivist paradigm • true hypertext does not destroy original document • more: • W. Boyd Rayward. Visions of Xanadu: Paul Otlet (1868-1944) and Hypertext. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 45(4):235-250, 1994, pp. 235-250. • http://nytimes.com/2008/06/17/science/17mund.html • http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/~buckland/otlet.html Monday 30 March 2009
- 9. Vannevar Bush, Memex • 1890-1974 • science advisor to Roosevelt • explosion of scientific information • mechanical solution: memory extender • “device in which an individual stores all his books, record and communications, and which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility” • medium: microfilm, scanner, handwriting • several parallel screens (cfr. windows) • associative indexing Monday 30 March 2009
- 10. Vannevar Bush, Memex Monday 30 March 2009
- 11. Vannevar Bush, Memex • trails: set of links that would combine information relevant to a perspective or a topic • professional trail blazers • trails can be published • popular exposure (Time, Life), never got built • Vannevar Bush. As we may think. Athlantic Monthly, 1945. • http://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/computer/bushf.htm Monday 30 March 2009
- 12. Ted Nelson, Xanadu • coined ‘hypertext’ (1965) • design for a new literature • all the world’s literature • address any substring of any doc from any doc • neverbeen linked to delete text because may have • most recent version always retrievable Monday 30 March 2009
- 13. Ted Nelson, Xanadu • royalties to original author based on bytes seen by reader • reader can always request full version of original text (and thus context) • vision never implemented Monday 30 March 2009
- 14. Ted Nelson, Xanadu Monday 30 March 2009
- 15. Ted Nelson, Xanadu • more: • Theordor Holm Nelson. Litterary Machines 93.1. Mindful Press. • http://ted.hyperland.com/ • http://www.xanadu.net/ Monday 30 March 2009
- 17. D. Engelbart, Augment • Stanford Research Institute • invented interactive computing (mouse, windows, groupware, ...) • team went to Xerox PARC • now: bootstrap institute • http://www.bootstrap.org/ 17 Monday 30 March 2009
- 18. D. Engelbart, Augment • demo at 1968 Fall Joint Computer Conference • video, microwave transmission, ... • http:// sloan.stanford.edu/ mousesite/ 1968Demo.html • http:// www.youtube.com /watch? v=X4kp9Ciy1nE 18 Monday 30 March 2009
- 19. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4kp9Ciy1nE 19 Monday 30 March 2009
- 24. Fast forward to … now :) ! Text Text http://flash.kmi.open.ac.uk:8080/fm/fmm.php?code=c785a5-890&room=fm890 21 Monday 30 March 2009
- 25. Fast forward to … now :) ! Text Text http://hyperscope.org/ http://flash.kmi.open.ac.uk:8080/fm/fmm.php?code=c785a5-890&room=fm890 21 Monday 30 March 2009
- 26. Fast forward to … now :) ! Text Text http://hyperscope.org/ http://flash.kmi.open.ac.uk:8080/fm/fmm.php?code=c785a5-890&room=fm890 http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-3914718330476864051&q=doug+engelbart 21 Monday 30 March 2009
- 27. http://www.designinginteractions.com/ 22 Monday 30 March 2009
- 28. 23 http://programforthefuture.org/ Monday 30 March 2009
- 29. 23 http://programforthefuture.org/ Monday 30 March 2009
- 30. 1978: Aspen Movie Map http://www.naimark.net/projects/aspen.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hf6LkqgXPMU Monday 30 March 2009
- 31. 1985: intermedia • Brown, Andy Van Dam • linking protocol for apps to link to and from documents • separate webs with links for each user • designed for educational use http://www.useit.com/papers/hypertext-history/ Monday 30 March 2009
- 32. • CERN: loose projects, international, • complex equipment • 1989: proposal, T.Berners-Lee&R. Cailliau • 1990: ECHT, info.cern.ch • 1991:on alt.hypertext, comp.infosystems.www, telnetserver release browser for Next, line mode browser, code to line- mode browser, Hypertext91: rejected, only connected demo • 1993: Jan: 50 public, info.cern.ch 10 Khits/day, Oct: Lynx,servers servers, Feb: Mosaic (NCSA), March: April: CERN code 200 • 1994: March: 1st conference • Oct: 2nd conference, Dec: 1st w3c meeting Monday 30 March 2009
- 33. Monday 30 March 2009
- 34. Why successful? Monday 30 March 2009
- 35. Why successful? • open systems approach • standardized specifications for interoperability • backwards compatible with legacy data (can access gopher, ftp, news, wais, ...) • designed to be decentralized: • no central link database (hence consistency less assured) • no ‘compilation’ into specific format Monday 30 March 2009
- 37. Questions? http://erikduval.wordpress.com/ http://www.cs.kuleuven.be/~erikd Thanks! 30 Monday 30 March 2009