This slide describes about the history of communications which is useful in mobile technologies and networking field.

1. COMMUNICATIONS HISTORY

2. What is Communication?
Communication
The process of creating and exchanging
meaning through symbolic interaction.
Verbal communication
Communication in the form of spoken
or written words.
Nonverbal communication
Communication in the form of gestures,
eye contact, or tone of voice.

3. Non Verbal: Sound
Drums were one way to send
signals to neighboring tribes
and groups. Different
drumming patterns would tell
them of concerns and events
they needed to know.

4. Non Verbal:
Smoke Signals
Smoke signals were another way to send
messages to people who were not close enough
to use words.
Bring
Home
Milk

5. Verbal Storytelling
Before the written
word, storytelling was
a way for families and
communities to pass
on information.

6. Communication History
Timeline
Speech
Cave
Drawings
Petroglyphs
Pictograms

7. Speech
Speech is the expression of, or
the ability to express thoughts
and feelings by articulate sounds.
Human communication was
revolutionized by speech.

8. Symbols
• Symbol - Something that
represents or stands for
something else
• The imperfection of speech
resulted in the creation of new
forms of communication,
improving both the range at
which people could
communicate and the
longevity of the information.

9. Cave Drawings
Around 30,000 BC
murals were
painted on cave
walls that told
stories of battles,
hunts, and culture.

10. Petroglyphs
Around 10,000 BC
images were
created by
removing part of a
rock surface by
incising, pecking,
carving, and
abrading.

12. Pictograms
9,000 BC saw the
development of
pictures that
represent an object
or an idea.

13. Ideogram
A written character that symbolizes the idea of a thing
without indicating the sounds used to say it, e.g.,
numerals and Chinese characters.

14. Writing
 a sequence of
letters, words, or
symbols marked on
paper or other
surface
 appeared around
2700 BC

15. Alphabet
a set of letters or
symbols in a fixed order
used to represent the
basic sounds of a
language
in particular, the set of
letters from A to Z
1700 BC

16. The Printing Press
• Johann Gutenburg invented an actual printing
press in 1450
• Gutenburg was the first to use a press to print the
Bible, the oldest full
length volume printed.
• From Gutenburg's press in
Mainz, Germany, printing
spread all over Europe.

17. Typewriter
In 1714 an Englishman, Henry Mill, received the
first patent for a typewriter.

18. Telegraph
• 1831 Joseph Henry invents the first electric telegraph.
• 1832 Samuel Morse invents Morse Code.

19. Alexander Graham Bell
invented the telephone in
Boston in 1876. One
hundred twenty years later
there are over 360 million
telephone numbers, and
that figure grows each
year.
Telephone

20. Computer
• 1951, The first commercially
available, “mass produced”
electronic computer entered
the market
• The computer was
manufactured in the United
States.

21. Computers for the next decades?
• Computers are integrated
– small, cheap, portable, replaceable - no more separate devices
• Technology is in the background
– computer are aware of their environment and adapt (“location awareness”)
– computer recognize the location of the user and react appropriately (e.g., call
forwarding, fax forwarding, “context awareness”))
• Advances in technology
– more computing power in smaller devices
– flat, lightweight displays with low power consumption
– new user interfaces due to small dimensions
– more bandwidth per cubic meter
– multiple wireless interfaces: wireless LANs, wireless WANs, regional wireless
telecommunication networks etc. („overlay networks“)

22. Online Sources
In 1973 a global computer
network emerged, providing
a variety of information and
communication facilities.
These interconnected
networks use standardized
communication protocols.

23. Wireless vs. Mobile
• Wireless vs. mobile Examples
  stationary computer
  notebook in a hotel
  wireless LANs in historic buildings
  Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
• The demand for mobile communication creates the
need for integration of wireless networks into existing
fixed networks:
– local area networks: standardization of IEEE 802.11,
ETSI (HIPERLAN)
– Internet: Mobile IP extension of the internet protocol IP
– wide area networks: e.g., internetworking of GSM and
ISDN

24. Applications
• Vehicles
– transmission of news, road condition, weather, music via DAB
– personal communication using GSM
– position via GPS
– local ad-hoc network with vehicles close-by to prevent accidents,
guidance system, redundancy
– vehicle data (e.g., from busses, high-speed trains) can be transmitted
in advance for maintenance
• Emergencies
– early transmission of patient data to the hospital, current status, first
diagnosis
– replacement of a fixed infrastructure in case of earthquakes,
hurricanes, fire etc.
– crisis, war, ...

25. Emails
Short for “electronic mail,”
email is a means of sending
messages online. Email also
allows you to send files as
attachments to email
messages.

26. Online calling
2003 - Software that
allows you to call
people on their
computers or phones.

27. INTERNET COMMUNICATIONS

28. APPLICATIONS:
• Entertainment
• Education
• Location Service
• Information Service (push, pull)

29. MOBILE DEVICES

30. DISADVANTAGES:
• Power Consumption
• Limited User Interface
• Loss of Data
• Limited Memory
• Low Transmission Rate
• Lower Security

31. ELECTRO MAGNETIC WAVES
– 1831 Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic
induction
– J. Maxwell (1831-79): theory of electromagnetic
Fields, wave equations (1864)
– H. Hertz (1857-94): demonstrates
with an experiment the wave character
of electrical transmission through space
(1888, in Karlsruhe, Germany, at the
location of today’s University of Karlsruhe)

32. • 1896 Guglielmo Marconi
– first demonstration of wireless
telegraphy (digital!)
– long wave transmission, high
transmission power necessary (> 200kw)
• 1907 Commercial transatlantic connections
– huge base stations
(30 100m high antennas)
• 1915 Wireless voice transmission New York - San
Francisco
• 1920 Discovery of short waves by Marconi
– reflection at the ionosphere
– smaller sender and receiver, possible due to the invention of
the vacuum tube (1906, Lee DeForest and Robert von Lieben)
• 1926 Train-phone on the line Hamburg - Berlin
– wires parallel to the railroad track

33. • 1928 many TV broadcast trials (across Atlantic, color
TV, TV news)
• 1933 Frequency modulation (E. H. Armstrong)
• 1958 A-Netz in Germany
– analog, 160MHz, connection setup only from the mobile
station, no handover, 80% coverage, 1971 11000 customers
• 1972 B-Netz in Germany
– analog, 160MHz, connection setup from the fixed network
too (but location of the mobile station has to be known)
– available also in A, NL and LUX, 1979 13000 customer in D
• 1979 NMT at 450MHz (Scandinavian countries)
• 1982 Start of GSM-specification
– goal: pan-European digital mobile phone system with
roaming
• 1983 Start of the American AMPS (Advanced Mobile
Phone System, analog)
• 1984 CT-1 standard (Europe) for cordless telephones

34. • 1986 C-Netz in Germany
– analog voice transmission, 450MHz, hand-over possible,
digital signaling, automatic location of mobile device
– Was in use until 2000, services: FAX, modem, X.25, e-mail,
98% coverage
• 1991 Specification of DECT
– Digital European Cordless Telephone (today: Digital Enhanced
Cordless Telecommunications)
– 1880-1900MHz, ~100-500m range, 120 duplex channels,
1.2Mbit/s data transmission, voice encryption,
authentication, up to several 10000 user/km2, used in more
than 50 countries
• 1992 Start of GSM
– in D as D1 and D2, fully digital, 900MHz, 124 channels
– automatic location, hand-over, cellular
– roaming in Europe - now worldwide in more than 200
countries
– services: data with 9.6kbit/s, FAX, voice, ...

35. • 1994 E-Netz in Germany
– GSM with 1800MHz, smaller cells
– As Eplus in D (1997 98% coverage of the population)
• 1996 HiperLAN (High Performance Radio Local Area
Network)
– ETSI, standardization of type 1: 5.15 - 5.30GHz, 23.5Mbit/s
– recommendations for type 2 and 3 (both 5GHz) and 4
(17GHz) as wireless ATM-networks (up to 155Mbit/s)
• 1997 Wireless LAN - IEEE802.11
– IEEE standard, 2.4 - 2.5GHz and infrared, 2Mbit/s
– already many (proprietary) products available in the
beginning
• 1998 Specification of GSM successors
– for UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) as
European proposals for IMT-2000
• Iridium
– 66 satellites (+6 spare), 1.6GHz to the mobile phone

36. • 1999 Standardization of additional wireless LANs
– IEEE standard 802.11b, 2.4-2.5GHz, 11Mbit/s
– Bluetooth for piconets, 2.4Ghz, <1Mbit/s
• Decision about IMT-2000
– Several “members” of a “family”: UMTS, cdma2000, DECT, …
• Start of WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) and i-mode
– First step towards a unified Internet/mobile communicaiton
system
– Access to many services via the mobile phone
• 2000 GSM with higher data rates
– HSCSD offers up to 57,6kbit/s
– First GPRS trials with up to 50 kbit/s (packet oriented!)
• UMTS auctions/beauty contests
– Hype followed by disillusionment (50 B$ payed in Germany
for 6 licenses!)
• 2001 Start of 3G systems
– Cdma2000 in Korea, UMTS tests in Europe, Foma (almost
UMTS) in Japan

37. WORLD WIDE WIRELESS SUBSCRIBERS

38. CELLULAR SUBSCRIBERS - 2002
Asia Pacific;
36,9
Europe; 36,4
Americas (incl.
USA/Canada);
22
Africa; 3,1
Middle East;
1,6
2004: 715 million mobile phones delivered

39. AREAS IN MOBILE COMMUNICATION
• Wireless Communication
– transmission quality (bandwidth, error rate, delay)
– modulation, coding, interference
– media access, regulations
– ...
• Mobility
– location dependent services
– location transparency
– quality of service support (delay, jitter, security)
– ad-Hoc & sensor
– ...
• Portability
– power consumption
– limited computing power, sizes of display, ...
– usability

40. SIMPLE COMMUNICATION MODEL

41. CONTENTS PROVIDED

42. A Short history of Mobile
Communication:
● 1958 in Germany, the A1 net was
established
– In 1970 it has had a coverage of
80% of the area and
95% of the population in Germany.
– The limitation was by 11’000 users
● In 1972 an new net was established
– 1986 the network was working to full
capacity of 27’000
● In 1982 the European Conference of Postal
and Telecommunications Administrations
founded a working group.
● 1987 the Global System for Mobile
communications standard was available
● 1991 in Switzerland the first devices are
presented
● In 1995 SMS was available
● UMTS stands for Universal Mobile
Telecommunication Service
– The maximum data transmission rate is
2Mbit/s
– Simpler extension of the net
– Break-through of the technology in the
year 2010
● SMS stands for Short Message Service
– The message payload is 140 bytes
– By 2004 more 500 billion messages were
sent per year.
– In the year 2000 just 17 billion were
sent.
– The most frequenter texters are in
Singapore. About 2300 SMS per year in
2003
● MMS stands for Multimedia Messaging
System
– MMS was originally developed for 3G
● WAP stands for Wireless Application
Protocol

43. PDA’s:
● PDA stands for Personal Digital Assistant
● Three different Operating systems are available:
– Palm OS was developed by US Robotics
By August 2003 there where more then
19000 applications available
– Windows CE is a variation of Microsoft's
Windows real-time operating system runs also
under Smartphone under or the Sega Dreamcast
– Symbian OS was original developed Psion by
the name EPOC

44. MULTIMODE DEVICES

45. TRANSMISSION SPEEDS

46. 3G & 4G

47. References:
• Wikipedia.org
• m-lehrstuhl.de
• tagesanzeiger.ch
• Mobile Commerce
Report, Durlacher Research Ltd, www.durlacher.com
• UMTS Report
An Investment Perspective, Durlacher Research Ltd, www.durlacher.com
• Professional Communications
Texas Education Agency
• Mobile Commuications
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller(revised by A. Grilo)
http://www.jochenschiller.de/
schiller@computer.org