This document provides an overview of wireless communication topics that will be covered in a course. It includes:
1. A brief history of wireless communication from the 1800s to present day, covering major innovations and standards.
2. An introduction to topics that will be covered in the course, including wireless transmission, GSM, GPRS, satellite systems, wireless LAN technologies, and an introduction to 3G, 4G and 5G.
3. Information about frequencies used for radio transmission, signals, antennas, and the electromagnetic spectrum.
The ideas for cellular phones were developed in the 1940s. However, it was not until the microprocessor becomes available that practical commercial solutions are possible.
Today there are more than 5 billion unique mobile phone subscriptions in the world and of them about 2.5 billion are smartphones. This device is so powerful that people check it over 40 times a day.
In this lecture we look mobile. We also look at the history of communication since the telegraph and how the mobile market developed in the 80s and 90s until the iPhone was released in 2007. That same year Western Union stopped sending telegraph messages.
The ideas for cellular phones were developed in the 1940s. However, it was not until the microprocessor becomes available that practical commercial solutions are possible.
Today there are more than 4.7 billion unique mobile phone subscriptions in the world and of them about 2 bilion are smartphones. This device is so powerful that people check it over 40 times a day.
In this lecture we look mobile. We also look at the history of communication since the telegraph and how the moble market developed in the 80s and 90s until the iPhone was released in 2007. That same year Western Union stopped sending telegraph messages.
The ideas for cellular phones were developed in the 1940s. However, it was not until the microprocessor becomes available that practical commercial solutions are possible.
Today there are more than 5 billion unique mobile phone subscriptions in the world and of them about 2.5 billion are smartphones. This device is so powerful that people check it over 40 times a day.
In this lecture we look mobile. We also look at the history of communication since the telegraph and how the mobile market developed in the 80s and 90s until the iPhone was released in 2007. That same year Western Union stopped sending telegraph messages.
The ideas for cellular phones were developed in the 1940s. However, it was not until the microprocessor becomes available that practical commercial solutions are possible.
Today there are more than 4.7 billion unique mobile phone subscriptions in the world and of them about 2 bilion are smartphones. This device is so powerful that people check it over 40 times a day.
In this lecture we look mobile. We also look at the history of communication since the telegraph and how the moble market developed in the 80s and 90s until the iPhone was released in 2007. That same year Western Union stopped sending telegraph messages.
This PPT is very much useful for practitioners who are all making products and services to society. Mangers think innovatively and come up with innovative ideas. It is a 5 stage processing also called a design thinking process. The stages are empathize, define, ideate, prototype and test.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
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as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdf
[PPT] _ 1.1 Wireless Transmission.pptx
1. UNIT I : Wireless Communication
By
Mr.S.Selvaraj
Asst. Professor (SRG) / CSE
Kongu Engineering College
Perundurai, Erode, Tamilnadu, India
Thanks to and Resource from : Wireless communication by Jochen H. Schiller, 2nd Edition, Pearson, 2009.
18CST63 – Mobile Communication and IoT
5. Text Book and Reference Book
5/16/2022 1.1 _ Wireless Transmission 5
6. Unit I : Contents
1. Wireless transmission
– Frequencies for radio transmission
– Signals
– Antennas
2. GSM
3. GPRS
4. Satellite Systems
5. Wireless LAN
– Infrared Vs Radio Transmission
– Infrastructure Networks and Adhoc Networks
– IEEE 802.11
– Bluetooth
– Introduction to 3G, 4G and 5G.
5/16/2022 6
1.1 _ Wireless Transmission
7. 5/16/2022 CSE 4215, Winter 2011 7
Early history of wireless communication
• Many people in history used light for communication
– heliographs, flags (“semaphore”), ...
– 150 BC smoke signals for communication;
(Polybius, Greece)
– 1794, optical telegraph, Claude Chappe
• Here electromagnetic waves are
of special importance:
– 1831 Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic induction
– J. Maxwell (1831-79): theory of electromagnetic Fields, wave
equations (1864)
– H. Hertz (1857-94): demonstrates
with an experiment the wave character
of electrical transmission through space
(1888, in Karlsruhe, Germany)
8. 5/16/2022 CSE 4215, Winter 2011 8
History of wireless communication I
• 1896 Guglielmo Marconi
– first demonstration of wireless
telegraphy (digital!)
– long wave transmission, high
transmission power necessary (> 200kW)
• 1907 Commercial transatlantic connections
– huge base stations
(30 100m high antennas)
• 1915 Wireless voice transmission New York - San Francisco
• 1920 Discovery of short waves by Marconi
– reflection at the ionosphere
– smaller sender and receiver, possible due to the invention of the vacuum
tube (1906, Lee DeForest and Robert von Lieben)
• 1926 Train-phone on the line Hamburg - Berlin
• wires parallel to the railroad track
9. 5/16/2022 CSE 4215, Winter 2011 9
History of wireless communication II
• 1928 many TV broadcast trials (across Atlantic, color TV, news)
• 1933 Frequency modulation (E. H. Armstrong)
• 1958 A-Netz in Germany
– analog, 160MHz, connection setup only from the mobile station, no
handover, 80% coverage, 1971 11000 customers
• 1972 B-Netz in Germany
– analog, 160MHz, connection setup from the fixed network too (but
location of the mobile station has to be known)
– available also in A, NL and LUX, 1979 13000 customers in D
• 1979 NMT at 450MHz (Scandinavian countries)
• 1982 Start of GSM-specification
– goal: pan-European digital mobile phone system with roaming
• 1983 Start of the American AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone
System, analog)
• 1984 CT-1 standard (Europe) for cordless telephones
10. 5/16/2022 CSE 4215, Winter 2011 10
History of wireless communication III
• 1986 C-Netz in Germany
– analog voice transmission, 450MHz, hand-over possible, digital signaling,
automatic location of mobile device
– was in use until 2000, services: FAX, modem, X.25, e-mail, 98% coverage
• 1991 Specification of DECT
– Digital European Cordless Telephone (today: Digital Enhanced Cordless
Telecommunications)
– 1880-1900MHz, ~100-500m range, 120 duplex channels, 1.2Mbit/s data
transmission, voice encryption, authentication, up to several 10000
user/km2, used in more than 50 countries
• 1992 Start of GSM
– in D as D1 and D2, fully digital, 900MHz, 124 channels
– automatic location, hand-over, cellular
– roaming in Europe - now worldwide in more than 200 countries
– services: data with 9.6kbit/s, FAX, voice, ...
11. 5/16/2022 CSE 4215, Winter 2011 11
History of wireless communication IV
• 1994 E-Netz in Germany
– GSM with 1800MHz, smaller cells
– as Eplus in D (1997 98% coverage of the population)
• 1996 HiperLAN (High Performance Radio Local Area
Network)
– ETSI, standardization of type 1: 5.15 - 5.30GHz, 23.5Mbit/s
– recommendations for type 2 and 3 (both 5GHz) and 4 (17GHz) as wireless
ATM-networks (up to 155Mbit/s)
• 1997 Wireless LAN - IEEE802.11
– IEEE standard, 2.4 - 2.5GHz and infrared, 2Mbit/s
– already many (proprietary) products available in the beginning
• 1998 Specification of GSM successors
– for UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) as European
proposals for IMT-2000
– Iridium
• 66 satellites (+6 spare), 1.6GHz to the mobile phone
12. 5/16/2022 CSE 4215, Winter 2011 12
History of wireless communication V
• 1999 Standardization of additional wireless LANs
– IEEE standard 802.11b, 2.4-2.5GHz, 11Mbit/s
– Bluetooth for piconets, 2.4GHz, <1Mbit/s
– decision about IMT-2000
• several “members” of a “family”: UMTS, cdma2000, DECT, …
– Start of WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) and i-mode
• first step towards a unified Internet/mobile communication system
• access to many services via the mobile phone
• 2000 GSM with higher data rates
– HSCSD offers up to 57,6kbit/s
– first GPRS trials with up to 50 kbit/s (packet oriented!)
– UMTS auctions/beauty contests
• Hype followed by disillusionment (50 B$ paid in Germany for 6 licenses!)
– Iridium goes bankrupt
• 2001 Start of 3G systems
– Cdma2000 in Korea, UMTS tests in Europe, Foma (almost UMTS) in Japan
13. 5/16/2022 CSE 4215, Winter 2011 13
History of wireless communication VI
• 2002
– WLAN hot-spots start to spread
• 2003
– UMTS starts in Germany
– Start of DVB-T in Germany replacing analog TV
• 2005
– WiMax starts as DSL alternative (not mobile)
– first ZigBee products
• 2006
– HSDPA starts in Germany as fast UMTS download version offering > 3 Mbit/s
– WLAN draft for 250 Mbit/s (802.11n) using MIMO
– WPA2 mandatory for Wi-Fi WLAN devices
• 2007
– over 3.3 billion subscribers for mobile phones (NOT 3 bn people!)
• 2008
– “real” Internet widely available on mobile phones (standard browsers, decent data
rates)
– 7.2 Mbit/s HSDPA, 1.4 Mbit/s HSUPA available in Germany, more than 100 operators
support HSPA worldwide, first LTE tests (>100 Mbit/s)
• 2009 – the story continues with netbooks, iphones, VoIPoWLAN…
14. 5/16/2022 CSE 4215, Winter 2011 14
Wireless systems: overview of the development
cellular phones satellites
wireless
LAN
cordless
phones
1992:
GSM
1994:
DCS 1800
2001:
IMT-2000
1987:
CT1+
1982:
Inmarsat-
A
1992:
Inmarsat-B
Inmarsat-M
1998:
Iridium
1989:
CT 2
1991:
DECT 199x:
proprietary
1997:
IEEE 802.11
1999:
802.11b, Bluetooth
1988:
Inmarsat-
C
analog
digital
1991:
D-AMPS
1991:
CDMA
1981:
NMT 450
1986:
NMT 900
1980:
CT0
1984:
CT1
1983:
AMPS
1993:
PDC
4G – fourth generation: when and how?
… rather an incremental deployment!
2000:
GPRS
2000:
IEEE 802.11a
200?:
Fourth Generation
(Internet based)
27. Quiz 3
• Which frequency is used for Wireless
LAN(Bluetooth, Zigbee, Wi-Fi, Wifi HaLow,
LoRaWAN, WiMAX)?
A. SHF
B. UHF
C. VHF
D. VLF
E. EHF
5/16/2022 1.1 _ Wireless Transmission 27
28. Quiz 4
• Which frequency is used for FM Radio?
A. SHF
B. UHF
C. VHF
D. VLF
E. EHF
5/16/2022 1.1 _ Wireless Transmission 28
29. Quiz 5
• Which frequency is used for Mobile Networks
/ Cellular Network?
A. SHF
B. UHF
C. VHF
D. VLF
E. EHF
5/16/2022 1.1 _ Wireless Transmission 29
30. Quiz 6
• Which frequency is used for RADAR?
A. SHF
B. UHF
C. VHF
D. VLF
E. EHF
5/16/2022 1.1 _ Wireless Transmission 30
31. Quiz 7
• Which agency is responsible for worldwide
coordination of telecommunication activities
(wired and wireless)?
A. FCC
B. CEPT
C. ITU
D. ETSI
5/16/2022 1.1 _ Wireless Transmission 31
32. Analog Vs Digital Data
• Data can be analog or digital.
• The term analog data refers to information that is continuous; digital data
refers to information that has discrete states.
• For example, an analog clock that has hour, minute, and second hands
gives information in a continuous form; the movements of the hands are
continuous. On the other hand, a digital clock that reports the hours and
the minutes will change suddenly from 8:05 to 8:06.
• Analog data, such as the sounds made by a human voice, take on
continuous values. When someone speaks, an analog wave is created in
the air. This can be captured by a microphone and converted to an analog
signal or sampled and converted to a digital signal.
• Digital data take on discrete values. For example, data are stored in
computer memory in the form of 0s and 1s. They can be converted to a
digital signal or modulated into an analog signal for transmission across a
medium.
5/16/2022 1.1 _ Wireless Transmission 32
34. Periodic Vs Non-periodic Signal
• A periodic signal completes a pattern within a
measurable time frame, called a period, and repeats
that pattern over subsequent identical periods. The
completion of one full pattern is called a cycle.
• A non-periodic signal changes without exhibiting a
pattern or cycle that repeats over time.
• Both analog and digital signals can be periodic or non-
periodic.
• In data communications, we commonly use periodic
analog signals and non-periodic digital signals.
5/16/2022 1.1 _ Wireless Transmission 34
35. Periodic Signal – Sine Wave
• sine wave can be represented by three
parameters: the peak amplitude, the
frequency, and the phase.
5/16/2022 1.1 _ Wireless Transmission 35
36. Peak Amplitude
• The peak amplitude of a signal is the absolute
value of its highest intensity, proportional to
the energy it carries. For electric signals, peak
amplitude is normally measured in volts.
5/16/2022 1.1 _ Wireless Transmission 36
37. Period and Frequency
• Period refers to the amount of time, in seconds, a
signal needs to complete 1 cycle.
• Frequency refers to the number of periods in 1 s.
• Note that period and frequency are just one
characteristic defined in two ways.
• Period is the inverse of frequency, and frequency is the
inverse of period, as the following formulas show.
• Period is formally expressed in seconds.
• Frequency is formally expressed in Hertz (Hz), which is
cycle per second.
5/16/2022 1.1 _ Wireless Transmission 37
44. Quiz 4
• Which layer of ISO/OSI basic reference model
is responsible for the conversion of data, i.e.,
bits, into signals and vice versa?
A. Application
B. Transport
C. Network
D. Data Link
E. Physical
5/16/2022 1.1 _ Wireless Transmission 44
45. Antenna
• Antennas couple electromagnetic energy to and from space to and
from a wire or coaxial cable (or any other appropriate conductor).
• In radio engineering, an antenna or aerial is the interface
between radio waves propagating through space and electric
currents moving in metal conductors, used with
a transmitter or receiver.
• In transmission, a radio transmitter supplies an electric current to
the antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from
the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves).
• In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of a radio
wave in order to produce an electric current at its terminals, that is
applied to a receiver to be amplified.
• Antennas are essential components of all radio equipment
5/16/2022 1.1 _ Wireless Transmission 45
46. Basic Antenna’s
• Omnidirectional – Wipe Antenna Used in Car.
• Directional – Yagi-Uda Antenna Used in Home.
• Parabolic Antenna
• Cellular Antenna
5/16/2022 1.1 _ Wireless Transmission 46