Abstract:Peroxidase appears to be involved in the biosynthetic machinery controlling corticosteroidogenesis Peroxidase and Cytochrome oxidase would seem to transform adrenocortical cells into highly oxidative compartments of the adrenal which attributes to the oxidation of Pregnenolone to Progesterone and Corticosteroids towards maturation. In view of this, a study of in situ changes in various enzymes viz. ∆53β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Peroxidase, Cytochrome oxidase, Acid & Alkaline phosphatases & Lipids in the adrenal gland at different stages of reproductive cycle in Rat (Rattus rattus) had been studied.
HISTOCHEMICAL OBSERVATIONS OF ENZYMES DURING ESTROUS CYCLE IN THE ADRENAL GLA...paperpublications3
Abstract:Peroxidase appears to be involved in the biosynthetic machinery controlling corticosteroidogenesis Peroxidase and Cytochrome oxidase would seem to transform adrenocortical cells into highly oxidative compartments of the adrenal which attributes to the oxidation of Pregnenolone to Progesterone and Corticosteroids towards maturation. In view of this, a study of in situ changes in various enzymes viz. ∆53β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Peroxidase, Cytochrome oxidase, Acid & Alkaline phosphatases & Lipids in the adrenal gland at different stages of reproductive cycle in Rat (Rattus rattus) had been studied.
Keywords:Enzymes, Estrous Cycle, Adrenal, Pregnenolone to progesterone & Biosynthetic machinery.
HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF ENZYMES INVOVED IN HORMONAL REGULATION IN GARDEN LI...paperpublications3
Abstract: Studies in situ changes in various enzyme activities viz. ∆5-3β-HSDH, Peroxidase, Acid and Alkaline phosphatases, Cytochrome oxidase &Lipids in the adrenal gland and ovary at different stages of reproductive cycle in Garden Lizard (Calotes versicolor). Peroxidase appears to be involved in the biosynthetic machinery controlling corticosteroidogenesis. Peroxidase and Cytochrome oxidase would also seem to transform adrenocortical cells and hypertrophied theca interna into highly oxidative compartments of the adrenal and ovary which attributes to the oxidation of pregnenolone to progesterone and corticosteroids towards maturation and ovulation of the oocyte from the ovary.
Keywords: Biosynthetic Machinery, Enzymes, Adrenal-Ovary Interrelation & Pregnenolone to Progesterone, Corticosteroidogenesis.
HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF ENZYMES INVOVED IN HORMONAL REGULATION IN FISH (Cypr...paperpublications3
Abstract: In situ changes in the enzymes i.e.∆5 3β- Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Peroxidase,Cytochrome oxidase, Acid and Alkaline phosphatases and lipids in the Interrenal Gland and Ovary at different stages of reproductive cycle in fish, Cyprinus carpio had been studied.Peroxidase appears to be involved in the biosynthetic machinery controlling corticosteroidogenesis. Peroxidase and Cytochrome oxidase would also seem to transform adrenocortical cells and hypertrophied theca interna into highly oxidative compartments of the adrenal and ovary which attributes to the oxidation of pregnenolone to progesterone and corticosteroids towards maturation and ovulation of the oocyte from the ovary.
Histochemical Studies of Enzymes in the Adrenal Gland of Rat & Rabbit during ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Administration of ACTH stimulates adrenal secretion of progesterone as well as corticosterone (Resko, 19691; Feder et al., 1969; Feder et al., 1971; Piva et al., 1973). Progesterone is both an obligatory intra-adrenal substrate for corticosterone production and a steroid essential for maintenance of pregnancy. Thus, the regulation of adrenal steroidogenesis during pregnancy has two potentially important aspects: i.) Maintenance of optimal blood levels of corticosterone and ii.)Contributing significant amounts of progesterone to the total maternal pool. Since the extended luteotrophic function of ovary in rat & mice during pregnancy is related to the Peroxidase-Ascorbate system (Agrawal, P. & Laloraya, M.M. 1979). It appears likely that synthesis of progesterone under the action of ACTH during pregnancy may be controlled by a similar mechanism as reported for LH in the ovary, thus causing increased synthesis and secretion of the Progesterone and corticosteroids from the adrenal gland.
Biochemical Changes in Ascorbate and Peroxidase Activity in the Adrenal Gland...paperpublications3
Abstract: Rapid synthesis of progesterone under the action of ACTH may be controlled by a similar mechanism as reported for LH in the ovary, thus causing increased synthesis and secretion of the progesterone and corticosteroids from the adrenal gland. ACTH is also known to cause depletion of adrenal ascorbate and cholesterol in the hypophysectomized rat which is shown to occur within Minutes of ACTH injection and to exhibit a characteristic time sequence. Peroxidase mediated conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone stimulated in the presence of ascorbate in the rat and rabbit ovarian tissue had also been demonstrated.Since ascorbate is known to be a donor in peroxidase reaction, the possibility of peroxidase system being involved in the rapid depletion of ascorbate during the normal reproductive cycle .
the presentation encompasses auxin synthesis, conjugation, degradation, polar and lateral transport and signalling and how all of these together have a bearing on programming and design of the whole plant
HISTOCHEMICAL OBSERVATIONS OF ENZYMES DURING ESTROUS CYCLE IN THE ADRENAL GLA...paperpublications3
Abstract:Peroxidase appears to be involved in the biosynthetic machinery controlling corticosteroidogenesis Peroxidase and Cytochrome oxidase would seem to transform adrenocortical cells into highly oxidative compartments of the adrenal which attributes to the oxidation of Pregnenolone to Progesterone and Corticosteroids towards maturation. In view of this, a study of in situ changes in various enzymes viz. ∆53β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Peroxidase, Cytochrome oxidase, Acid & Alkaline phosphatases & Lipids in the adrenal gland at different stages of reproductive cycle in Rat (Rattus rattus) had been studied.
Keywords:Enzymes, Estrous Cycle, Adrenal, Pregnenolone to progesterone & Biosynthetic machinery.
HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF ENZYMES INVOVED IN HORMONAL REGULATION IN GARDEN LI...paperpublications3
Abstract: Studies in situ changes in various enzyme activities viz. ∆5-3β-HSDH, Peroxidase, Acid and Alkaline phosphatases, Cytochrome oxidase &Lipids in the adrenal gland and ovary at different stages of reproductive cycle in Garden Lizard (Calotes versicolor). Peroxidase appears to be involved in the biosynthetic machinery controlling corticosteroidogenesis. Peroxidase and Cytochrome oxidase would also seem to transform adrenocortical cells and hypertrophied theca interna into highly oxidative compartments of the adrenal and ovary which attributes to the oxidation of pregnenolone to progesterone and corticosteroids towards maturation and ovulation of the oocyte from the ovary.
Keywords: Biosynthetic Machinery, Enzymes, Adrenal-Ovary Interrelation & Pregnenolone to Progesterone, Corticosteroidogenesis.
HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF ENZYMES INVOVED IN HORMONAL REGULATION IN FISH (Cypr...paperpublications3
Abstract: In situ changes in the enzymes i.e.∆5 3β- Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Peroxidase,Cytochrome oxidase, Acid and Alkaline phosphatases and lipids in the Interrenal Gland and Ovary at different stages of reproductive cycle in fish, Cyprinus carpio had been studied.Peroxidase appears to be involved in the biosynthetic machinery controlling corticosteroidogenesis. Peroxidase and Cytochrome oxidase would also seem to transform adrenocortical cells and hypertrophied theca interna into highly oxidative compartments of the adrenal and ovary which attributes to the oxidation of pregnenolone to progesterone and corticosteroids towards maturation and ovulation of the oocyte from the ovary.
Histochemical Studies of Enzymes in the Adrenal Gland of Rat & Rabbit during ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Administration of ACTH stimulates adrenal secretion of progesterone as well as corticosterone (Resko, 19691; Feder et al., 1969; Feder et al., 1971; Piva et al., 1973). Progesterone is both an obligatory intra-adrenal substrate for corticosterone production and a steroid essential for maintenance of pregnancy. Thus, the regulation of adrenal steroidogenesis during pregnancy has two potentially important aspects: i.) Maintenance of optimal blood levels of corticosterone and ii.)Contributing significant amounts of progesterone to the total maternal pool. Since the extended luteotrophic function of ovary in rat & mice during pregnancy is related to the Peroxidase-Ascorbate system (Agrawal, P. & Laloraya, M.M. 1979). It appears likely that synthesis of progesterone under the action of ACTH during pregnancy may be controlled by a similar mechanism as reported for LH in the ovary, thus causing increased synthesis and secretion of the Progesterone and corticosteroids from the adrenal gland.
Biochemical Changes in Ascorbate and Peroxidase Activity in the Adrenal Gland...paperpublications3
Abstract: Rapid synthesis of progesterone under the action of ACTH may be controlled by a similar mechanism as reported for LH in the ovary, thus causing increased synthesis and secretion of the progesterone and corticosteroids from the adrenal gland. ACTH is also known to cause depletion of adrenal ascorbate and cholesterol in the hypophysectomized rat which is shown to occur within Minutes of ACTH injection and to exhibit a characteristic time sequence. Peroxidase mediated conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone stimulated in the presence of ascorbate in the rat and rabbit ovarian tissue had also been demonstrated.Since ascorbate is known to be a donor in peroxidase reaction, the possibility of peroxidase system being involved in the rapid depletion of ascorbate during the normal reproductive cycle .
the presentation encompasses auxin synthesis, conjugation, degradation, polar and lateral transport and signalling and how all of these together have a bearing on programming and design of the whole plant
Synthesis and Actions of Juvenile Hormones In Insect Development (MS Power…Saramita De Chakravarti
A morphogenetic hormone.
Has multiple functions and a primary role of JH in insect development is to modulate ecdysone action.
Maintains the current commitment of the tissues and cells whereas ecdysone causes both predifferentiative and differentiative cellular events that are necessary for the moult.
When JH is present, a moult to a larval stage ensures.
If JH is absent at the onset of the moult, morphogenesis occurs.
Further studies and researches are still going on that can elucidate new
Autophagy and its role in plants - By Tilak I S, Dept. of Biotechnology, UASD.Tilak I S
Autophagy (Macroautophagy) a term from the Greek ‘auto’ (self) and ‘phagein’ (to eat), is a highly regulated cellular degradation and recycling process, conserved from yeast to more complex eukaryotes. The process involves sequestration of the cytoplasm into double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes, which subsequently fuse with lysosomes or vacuoles. The products of autophagic degradation of intracellular material are exported from lysosomes into the cytoplasm where they are recycled (Tang et al., 2018).
Autophagy is activated during various extracellular or intracellular factors such as nutrients deprivation, drought, stresses, and pathogenic invasion to degrade damaged, denatured, and aggregated proteins (Floyd et al., 2015). The mechanism of autophagy induction and regulation is carried out by TOR (Target of Rapamycin) complex and a number of autophagy related genes (ATGs) and proteins which have been identified in higher eukaryotes including yeasts, mammals, and plants (arabidopsis, rice, wheat, tomato and maize etc.) (Ryabovol and Minibayeva., 2016). In plants autophagy is essential for various physiological processes like growth and development, elimination of toxic compounds from the plants Eg: ROS (reactive oxygen species), involved in programmed cell death, nutrients recycling under detrimental environmental factors. Li et al. (2015) transferred an autophagy-related gene, SiATG8a, from foxtail millet to arabidopsis. Through expression profile analyses demonstrated that SiATG8a expression was induced by both drought and nitrogen starvation and over-expression of SiATG8a improved tolerance to nitrogen starvation and drought stress in transgenic Arabidopsis.
The study of autophagy in crop species has been expanding rapidly. Functions of autophagy in development, abiotic stress responses and plant–microbe interactions have been deciphered in various species (Kabbage et al., 2013). New findings such as the involvement of autophagy in reproductive development are increasing our understanding of autophagy but much work is still needed. One interesting topic that warrants more attention is the role of autophagy in organs or tissues that are specifically present in certain crops, for example fruits and nodules.
Considering its importance in development and stress responses, autophagy is a promising target to manipulate for agricultural benefits like higher yield. Increased expression of ATG genes may be valuable in agricultural applications, as this can confer a number of benefits to plants, including enhanced growth, higher yield and increased stress tolerance.
HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF ENZYMES INVOVED IN HORMONAL REGULATION IN GARDEN LIZ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Studies in situ changes in various enzyme activities viz. ∆5-3β-HSDH, Peroxidase, Acid and Alkaline phosphatases, Cytochrome oxidase &Lipids in the adrenal gland and ovary at different stages of reproductive cycle in Garden Lizard (Calotes versicolor). Peroxidase appears to be involved in the biosynthetic machinery controlling corticosteroidogenesis. Peroxidase and Cytochrome oxidase would also seem to transform adrenocortical cells and hypertrophied theca interna into highly oxidative compartments of the adrenal and ovary which attributes to the oxidation of pregnenolone to progesterone and corticosteroids towards maturation and ovulation of the oocyte from the ovary.
HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF ENZYMES INVOVED IN HORMONAL REGULATION IN FISH (Cypr...paperpublications3
Abstract: In situ changes in the enzymes i.e.∆5 3β- Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Peroxidase,Cytochrome oxidase, Acid and Alkaline phosphatases and lipids in the Interrenal Gland and Ovary at different stages of reproductive cycle in fish, Cyprinus carpio had been studied.Peroxidase appears to be involved in the biosynthetic machinery controlling corticosteroidogenesis. Peroxidase and Cytochrome oxidase would also seem to transform adrenocortical cells and hypertrophied theca interna into highly oxidative compartments of the adrenal and ovary which attributes to the oxidation of pregnenolone to progesterone and corticosteroids towards maturation and ovulation of the oocyte from the ovary.
Histochemical Studies of Enzymes in the Adrenal Gland of Rat & Rabbit during ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Administration of ACTH stimulates adrenal secretion of progesterone as well as corticosterone (Resko, 19691; Feder et al., 1969; Feder et al., 1971; Piva et al., 1973). Progesterone is both an obligatory intra-adrenal substrate for corticosterone production and a steroid essential for maintenance of pregnancy. Thus, the regulation of adrenal steroidogenesis during pregnancy has two potentially important aspects: i.) Maintenance of optimal blood levels of corticosterone and ii.)Contributing significant amounts of progesterone to the total maternal pool. Since the extended luteotrophic function of ovary in rat & mice during pregnancy is related to the Peroxidase-Ascorbate system (Agrawal, P. & Laloraya, M.M. 1979). It appears likely that synthesis of progesterone under the action of ACTH during pregnancy may be controlled by a similar mechanism as reported for LH in the ovary, thus causing increased synthesis and secretion of the Progesterone and corticosteroids from the adrenal gland.
what increases penile boom diagram.
reproductive anatomy: gonads - paired testes in adult males & normally a single ovary in ladies ovary maximum birds have only left ovary but 2 ovaries are regular of many raptors includes from 500 to several thousand number one oocytes testes & follicles increase dramatically in length because the breeding season processes. as day duration will increase, photic stimulation of the hypothalamus consequences within the secretion of gonadotropin liberating hormone (gnrh below). when activated by means of gnrh, the anterior pituitary secretes two gonadotropin hormones, follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh) and luteinizing hormone (lh). fsh acts on sperm-generating systems in the testes, even as lh acts on the interstitial cells of the testes inflicting them to secrete the steroid hormone testosterone. the pituitary gland monitors the quantity of testosterone in the blood, consequently growing a poor feedback loop to maintain hormone ranges within a hard and fast variety (akins and burns 2001). ambient visible cues, which include sunlight hours, activate photosensitive loci inside the mind both in a roundabout way, through the eyes, and without delay, through the cranium. the hypothalamus of the bird brain includes special cells which are touchy to extremely low mild ranges, intensities comparable to the quantity of light that could penetrate mind tissue (akins and burns 2001).
from: akins and burns (2001)
the pattern of testosterone secretion in unfastened-residing populations of tune sparrows. plasma tiers height in april and can as breeding got underway after which had been maintained at a decrease “breeding baseline” at some point of the relaxation of the breeding season. as prebasic molt ensued, plasma stages of testosterone were basal and remained so during autumn and iciness. from: wingfield and hahn (1994).
biological movements of the steroid hormone testosterone . the morphological, physiological and behavioral moves of testosterone that are critical for male reproductive feature are given on the right hand and lower facets of the discern. the “expenses” of prolonged high degrees of testosterone are given at the left hand side in italics. the styles of plasma testosterone ranges may be a characteristic of secretion patterns to preserve male reproductive function, and “costs” of testosterone that require that plasma ranges be low. from wingfield et al. (2000).
testosterone increases availability of carotenoids -- androgens and carotenoids play a essential role in the expression of secondary intercourse developments in animals that speak information on man or woman high-quality. in birds, androgens modify music, aggression, and a diffusion of
Synthesis and Actions of Juvenile Hormones In Insect Development (MS Power…Saramita De Chakravarti
A morphogenetic hormone.
Has multiple functions and a primary role of JH in insect development is to modulate ecdysone action.
Maintains the current commitment of the tissues and cells whereas ecdysone causes both predifferentiative and differentiative cellular events that are necessary for the moult.
When JH is present, a moult to a larval stage ensures.
If JH is absent at the onset of the moult, morphogenesis occurs.
Further studies and researches are still going on that can elucidate new
Autophagy and its role in plants - By Tilak I S, Dept. of Biotechnology, UASD.Tilak I S
Autophagy (Macroautophagy) a term from the Greek ‘auto’ (self) and ‘phagein’ (to eat), is a highly regulated cellular degradation and recycling process, conserved from yeast to more complex eukaryotes. The process involves sequestration of the cytoplasm into double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes, which subsequently fuse with lysosomes or vacuoles. The products of autophagic degradation of intracellular material are exported from lysosomes into the cytoplasm where they are recycled (Tang et al., 2018).
Autophagy is activated during various extracellular or intracellular factors such as nutrients deprivation, drought, stresses, and pathogenic invasion to degrade damaged, denatured, and aggregated proteins (Floyd et al., 2015). The mechanism of autophagy induction and regulation is carried out by TOR (Target of Rapamycin) complex and a number of autophagy related genes (ATGs) and proteins which have been identified in higher eukaryotes including yeasts, mammals, and plants (arabidopsis, rice, wheat, tomato and maize etc.) (Ryabovol and Minibayeva., 2016). In plants autophagy is essential for various physiological processes like growth and development, elimination of toxic compounds from the plants Eg: ROS (reactive oxygen species), involved in programmed cell death, nutrients recycling under detrimental environmental factors. Li et al. (2015) transferred an autophagy-related gene, SiATG8a, from foxtail millet to arabidopsis. Through expression profile analyses demonstrated that SiATG8a expression was induced by both drought and nitrogen starvation and over-expression of SiATG8a improved tolerance to nitrogen starvation and drought stress in transgenic Arabidopsis.
The study of autophagy in crop species has been expanding rapidly. Functions of autophagy in development, abiotic stress responses and plant–microbe interactions have been deciphered in various species (Kabbage et al., 2013). New findings such as the involvement of autophagy in reproductive development are increasing our understanding of autophagy but much work is still needed. One interesting topic that warrants more attention is the role of autophagy in organs or tissues that are specifically present in certain crops, for example fruits and nodules.
Considering its importance in development and stress responses, autophagy is a promising target to manipulate for agricultural benefits like higher yield. Increased expression of ATG genes may be valuable in agricultural applications, as this can confer a number of benefits to plants, including enhanced growth, higher yield and increased stress tolerance.
HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF ENZYMES INVOVED IN HORMONAL REGULATION IN GARDEN LIZ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Studies in situ changes in various enzyme activities viz. ∆5-3β-HSDH, Peroxidase, Acid and Alkaline phosphatases, Cytochrome oxidase &Lipids in the adrenal gland and ovary at different stages of reproductive cycle in Garden Lizard (Calotes versicolor). Peroxidase appears to be involved in the biosynthetic machinery controlling corticosteroidogenesis. Peroxidase and Cytochrome oxidase would also seem to transform adrenocortical cells and hypertrophied theca interna into highly oxidative compartments of the adrenal and ovary which attributes to the oxidation of pregnenolone to progesterone and corticosteroids towards maturation and ovulation of the oocyte from the ovary.
HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF ENZYMES INVOVED IN HORMONAL REGULATION IN FISH (Cypr...paperpublications3
Abstract: In situ changes in the enzymes i.e.∆5 3β- Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Peroxidase,Cytochrome oxidase, Acid and Alkaline phosphatases and lipids in the Interrenal Gland and Ovary at different stages of reproductive cycle in fish, Cyprinus carpio had been studied.Peroxidase appears to be involved in the biosynthetic machinery controlling corticosteroidogenesis. Peroxidase and Cytochrome oxidase would also seem to transform adrenocortical cells and hypertrophied theca interna into highly oxidative compartments of the adrenal and ovary which attributes to the oxidation of pregnenolone to progesterone and corticosteroids towards maturation and ovulation of the oocyte from the ovary.
Histochemical Studies of Enzymes in the Adrenal Gland of Rat & Rabbit during ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Administration of ACTH stimulates adrenal secretion of progesterone as well as corticosterone (Resko, 19691; Feder et al., 1969; Feder et al., 1971; Piva et al., 1973). Progesterone is both an obligatory intra-adrenal substrate for corticosterone production and a steroid essential for maintenance of pregnancy. Thus, the regulation of adrenal steroidogenesis during pregnancy has two potentially important aspects: i.) Maintenance of optimal blood levels of corticosterone and ii.)Contributing significant amounts of progesterone to the total maternal pool. Since the extended luteotrophic function of ovary in rat & mice during pregnancy is related to the Peroxidase-Ascorbate system (Agrawal, P. & Laloraya, M.M. 1979). It appears likely that synthesis of progesterone under the action of ACTH during pregnancy may be controlled by a similar mechanism as reported for LH in the ovary, thus causing increased synthesis and secretion of the Progesterone and corticosteroids from the adrenal gland.
what increases penile boom diagram.
reproductive anatomy: gonads - paired testes in adult males & normally a single ovary in ladies ovary maximum birds have only left ovary but 2 ovaries are regular of many raptors includes from 500 to several thousand number one oocytes testes & follicles increase dramatically in length because the breeding season processes. as day duration will increase, photic stimulation of the hypothalamus consequences within the secretion of gonadotropin liberating hormone (gnrh below). when activated by means of gnrh, the anterior pituitary secretes two gonadotropin hormones, follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh) and luteinizing hormone (lh). fsh acts on sperm-generating systems in the testes, even as lh acts on the interstitial cells of the testes inflicting them to secrete the steroid hormone testosterone. the pituitary gland monitors the quantity of testosterone in the blood, consequently growing a poor feedback loop to maintain hormone ranges within a hard and fast variety (akins and burns 2001). ambient visible cues, which include sunlight hours, activate photosensitive loci inside the mind both in a roundabout way, through the eyes, and without delay, through the cranium. the hypothalamus of the bird brain includes special cells which are touchy to extremely low mild ranges, intensities comparable to the quantity of light that could penetrate mind tissue (akins and burns 2001).
from: akins and burns (2001)
the pattern of testosterone secretion in unfastened-residing populations of tune sparrows. plasma tiers height in april and can as breeding got underway after which had been maintained at a decrease “breeding baseline” at some point of the relaxation of the breeding season. as prebasic molt ensued, plasma stages of testosterone were basal and remained so during autumn and iciness. from: wingfield and hahn (1994).
biological movements of the steroid hormone testosterone . the morphological, physiological and behavioral moves of testosterone that are critical for male reproductive feature are given on the right hand and lower facets of the discern. the “expenses” of prolonged high degrees of testosterone are given at the left hand side in italics. the styles of plasma testosterone ranges may be a characteristic of secretion patterns to preserve male reproductive function, and “costs” of testosterone that require that plasma ranges be low. from wingfield et al. (2000).
testosterone increases availability of carotenoids -- androgens and carotenoids play a essential role in the expression of secondary intercourse developments in animals that speak information on man or woman high-quality. in birds, androgens modify music, aggression, and a diffusion of
Steroid hormones can be grouped into 2 classes, corticosteroids (typically made in the adrenal cortex, hence cortico-) and sex steroids (typically made in the gonads or placenta).
Effect of estradiol -17 β on arachidonic acid metabolism in sheep uterus: in ...iosrjce
The effect of estradiol-17 β on Arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism in non-pregnant sheep uterus was
studied under in vitro conditions. On incubation of uterine slices with estradiol-17β, the levels of prostaglandins
were altered but not Lipoxygenase (LOX) products. Based on their analysis on conventional TLC technique, the
Cyclooxygenase (COX) products PGF2α, 6-keto PGF1α and PGE2 were shown to be altered over an incubation
period of 0 to 120 minutes. The LOX products, HPETEs and HETEs did not show any change upon incubation
with estradiol-17β. This study gives a preliminary understanding of role of estradiol on AA metabolism.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
HISTOCHEMICAL OBSERVATIONS OF ENZYMES DURING ESTROUS CYCLE IN THE ADRENAL GLAND OF RAT (Wistar rat)
1. International Journal of Recent Research in Physics and Chemical Sciences (IJRRPCS)
Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp: (29-38), Month: April 2014 - September 2014, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 29
Paper Publications
HISTOCHEMICAL OBSERVATIONS OF
ENZYMES DURING ESTROUS CYCLE IN THE
ADRENAL GLAND OF RAT (Wistar rat)
Dr. Shobha Chaturvedi
Department of Zoology, PMB Gujarati Science College, Indore (M.P). India
Abstract: Peroxidase appears to be involved in the biosynthetic machinery controlling corticosteroidogenesis
Peroxidase and Cytochrome oxidase would seem to transform adrenocortical cells into a highly oxidative
compartments of the adrenal which attributes to the oxidation of Pregnenolone to Progesterone and
Corticosteroids towards maturation. In view of this, a study of in situ changes in various enzymes viz.∆53β-
Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Peroxidase, Cytochrome oxidase, Acid & Alkaline phosphatases & Lipids in the
adrenal gland at different stages of reproductive cycle in Rat (Rattus rattus) had been studied.
Keywords: Enzymes, Estrous Cycle, Adrenal, Pregnenolone to progesterone & Biosynthetic machinery.
I. INTRODUCTION
The various in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that the ovary and adrenal possess the side-chain cleaving
system to convert C27 cholesterol to pregnenolone which are mainly a C22-C20 lyase and hydroxylases (Simmer, 1968).
Steroidogenic enzymes such as 3B-OH-steroid dehydrogenase and 20 -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase have been reported
(Beyer et al., 1956; Burstein et al., 1963 and Weist et al., 1963) which are involved in the biosynthesis of progesterone
and androgens.
The sex hormones produced by the adrenal cortex of both males and females are progesterone, testosterone and estrogens.
The adrenal gland is the source of sex hormones until the testis and ovaries mature at puberty. The secretion of these
hormones is controlled by ACTH and not by gonadotrophins which stimulate the testes and the ovaries.
Since ,adrenals are known to secrete large quantities of progesterone, which is an oxidation product Of pregnenolone, it
appears probable that conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone may be brought about peroxidatively by the operation
of peroxidase as suggested in the ovary (Agrawal and Laloraya, 1977 ). The role of peroxidase in the endocrine
regulation of hormone action in the adrenals which is closely interlinked in reproductive functioning of different groups of
animals remains largely unknown. There appear important gaps in the understanding of the hormone regulation and the
enzymic mechanism which leads to the rapid formation and secretion of hormones namely progesterone and
corticosteroids in the adrenal gland, is largely unknown.
A relationship between adrenal steroidogenesis and reproduction has been demonstrated for several species (Christian,
1963; Liptrap, 1970; Ramaley, 1973). Progesterone is known to be a precursor of several steroid hormones including
androgens, estrogens corticoids (Fig. 1).Samuels and uchikawa (1967) in Vitro studies have shown that it occupies a
key position in the biosynthesis of adrenal corticoids. The physiological importance of adrenal progesterone in the rodent
or any other species is not yet known. How this pregnenolone is rapidly converted to progesterone in adrenals remains to
be known.
The objective of the present investigation therefore was:
To study in situ changes of various enzyme activities viz. ∆5
-3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase,Peroxidase, Acid
andAlkaline phosphatases,Cytochrome oxidase & Lipids in adrenal ofRat (Rattus rattus) during estrous cycle so as to
understand the physiological importance of adrenal progesterone In Situ changes of various enzymes involved in the
peroxidative pathways of steroid biogenesis.
2. International Journal of Recent Research in Physics and Chemical Sciences (IJRRPCS)
Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp: (29-38), Month: April 2014 - September 2014, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 30
Paper Publications
II. MATERIAL & METHODS
Colony-bred albino rats (Wistar Strain) of our departmental colony maintained on a regimen of 12 hrs. light/12 hrs. dark
in a temperature controlled room (25 0
- +
10
C) were used in this study.
They received food & water ad labium. Vaginal smears were taken daily and at least two complete cycles were observed
in each rat prior to its use in an experiment. The mature female rats used for the study showed a regular 4-5 days days
estrous cycle. The adrenal of sexually mature rat were used.
Histochemical Procedure: Gelatin fixed frozen sections (4µ) of the adrenal gland were cut in an American Optical
Cryocut and were then used for the localization of various enzymes.
1. Peroxidase : This enzyme was localized by the modified method of Van Duija (1951) using Benzidinas as donor.
Another method Graham &Karnovsky (1966) using diaminobenzidine as a donor was also applied.Similar pattern was
obtained with this donor. Therefore, benzidine as donor was used in the histochemical tests of peroxidase. The activity
was also tested with the other donor namely Guaiacol.
2. Cytochrome Oxidase: The method followed for the localization of Cytochrome oxidase was that of Burstone, (1959).
3. ∆5
3β- Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: This enzyme was localized by the method of Wattenberg.
4. Acid Phosphatase: This enzyme was localized after the method of Gomori,(1950).
5. Alkaline Phosphatase : The Calcium-Cobalt method for Alkaline phosphatase , Gomori, (1952) was followed .
6. Lipids: Lipids were stained in frozen sections (4µ) by Herxheimer’s fat stain method (1903).
III. RESULTS
Histochemical localization of enzymes in the Adrenal Gland:
Peroxidase: It is detectable in the zona fasciculate and zona reticularis at estrous phase of the cycle.(Plate 1A), when
guaiacol was used as a donor. A diffuse activity of this enzyme is seen in the bloodvessel walls of the chromafin cells. A
high activity of peroxidase is seen in the zona fasciculate and zona reticularis at diestrous(Plate 1C), which become
intense at proestrous (Plate 1D) witrh weak activity in the zona reticularis. However, the adrenocortical layers exhibited
different intensities of peroxidase activity which appears to change with the reproductive cycle. The fasciculate and
reticularis cells at metaestrous show high peroxidase activity (Plate 1B). No activity of peroxidase is observed without
H2O2 in the system and cyanide exerted a powerful inhibitory effect.
∆5
3β- HYdroxysteroid dehydrogenase: A well developed cytoplasm of the zona fasciculata and reticularis show ∆5
3β- Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase at all the phases of the estrous cycle. Fine, granular,dense purple formazan deposits
are seen in the zona glomerulosa and the outer layer of zona fasciculata of normal cycling rats (Plate 2 A& B and Plate 3
A,B & C) with diffuse activity in zona reticularis. The control sections without the substrate i.e. DHA show no activity
thereby confirming the resence of this enzyme in these regions..
Cytochrome oxidase: The zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex show high activity of cytochrome
oxidase at deestrous which reaches its zenith during proestrous (Plate 4A,B,C & D). The activity is low in these regions
at estrous (Plate 5A & B). The control sections without the substratei.e. ά- naphthol show no activity, thereby confirming
the presence of this enzyme in this region.
Lipids: A dense localization of sudanophilic lipids is seen in the zona fasciculata and reticularis at estrous and
metaestrous (Plate 6A,B & C). A high lipid content is also seen in the zona glomerulosa (Plate 6 A & C). Decrease in
lipid content is observed in zona fasciculata and reticularis at proestrous and moderate localization is seen at diestrous
(Plate 7 A&B).
Acid and Alkaline phosphatases: In rat weak activity of acid phosphatase is seen at estrous in the adrenal cortex
particularly in the zona fasciculate region (Plate 8A). There are significant differences in the localization of acid
phosphatase during the reproductive cycle. With longer incubations the activity is detected in the cortical layers at
diestrous and proestrous (Plate 8B & C). The entire adrenal cortex has high acid phosphatase activity at metaestrous
which predominates in the fascicular zone and the reticular zone (Plate 9A& B).
3. International Journal of Recent Research in Physics and Chemical Sciences (IJRRPCS)
Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp: (29-38), Month: April 2014 - September 2014, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 31
Paper Publications
In contrast to the above, a moderate activity of alkaline phosphatase is seen in the outer fascicularZone at metaestrous
(Plate 10A). In the external two third of the fascicular zone and the external part ofthe reticular zone the activity of
alkaline phosphatase varied with the cycle. A high activity of this enzyme is seen in the outer fascicular zone and in the
reticular zone at diestrous (Plate 10B & C). Entire fascicular and reticular zones show intense activity at proestrous (Plate
1011A) which decreases at estrous except in the reticular zone where it increases markedly (Plate 11B). It appears that
the activity of the alkaline phosphatase which becomes quite significant at diestrous and proestrous, while the adrenal
lipids desrease, correlates well with the action of ACTH on the hypertrophied adrenal cortex to stimulate sex hormone
synthesis in physiological condition.
Plate 1
Localizatiion of peroxidase in the adrenal of rat during differen stages of reproductive cycle.
A. Showing low localization of peroxidase in the zona fasciculate (ZF) & the zona reticularis (ZR).
B. At metaestrous showin high peroxidase in the zona fasciculate (ZF) & zona reticularis (ZR) with no activity in the
medulla (M).
C. At diestrous showing high activity of peroxidase in the zona fasciculata (ZF) & zona reticularis (ZR) with no activity
in the medulla(M).
D. At proestrous showing intense activity of peroxidase in the zona fasciculate(ZF) & low activity in the zona
reticularis(ZR).No activity is seen in the glomerulosa(ZG) & the medulla(M).
Plate 2
Localization of ∆ 5
- 3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the adrenal of rat at proestrous of the reproductive
cycle.
4. International Journal of Recent Research in Physics and Chemical Sciences (IJRRPCS)
Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp: (29-38), Month: April 2014 - September 2014, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 32
Paper Publications
A. A section of adrenal showing diffuse localization of ∆ 5
- 3β- Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the inner region of
fasciculate (ZF) & zona reticularis (ZR). No activity is seen in theMedulla(M).
B. Section of adrenal showing high activity of ∆ 5
- 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the zona glomerulosa(ZG) and
the outer region of zona fasciculate(ZF) while diffuse localization is seen in the inner region of (ZF).
Plate 3
Showing localization of ∆5
-3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the adrenal of rat at diestrous & estrous of the
reproductive cycle
A. Section showing diffuse localization of 5
-3β- Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the inner region of zona fasciculate
(ZF) & zona reticularis (ZR). No activity seen in the medulla (M). High activity seen in the zona glomerulosa(ZG).
B. section at estrous under high power showing high activity of 5
- 3β- hydroxyl- Steroid dehydrogenase in the zona
reticularis (ZR). No activity seen in medulla (M).
C. A section under high power showing high activity in the zona fasciculate (ZF) while intense localization is seen in the
zona glomerulosa (ZG).
Plate 4
Localization of cytochrome oxidase in the adrenal of rat at diestrou and proestrous of the reproductive cycle
5. International Journal of Recent Research in Physics and Chemical Sciences (IJRRPCS)
Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp: (29-38), Month: April 2014 - September 2014, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 33
Paper Publications
A. Adrenal of rat at diestrous showing high activity of cytochrome oxidase In the zona fasciculate (ZF) & zona reticularis
(ZR), while no activity seen in the medulla (M).
B. A portion under high power showing intense localization of cytochrome oxidase in the zona reticularis (ZR).
C. Adrenal of rat at proestrous showing intense activity of cytochrome Oxidase in the zona fasciculate (ZF) and zona
reticularis (ZR) with no activity. in the medulla (M).
D. A section under high power showing intense localization in the zona reticularis (ZR)
Plate 5
Showing localization of cytochrome oxidase in the adrenal of rat at estrous of the reproductive cycle.
A. Adrenal of rat showing low cytochrome oxidase activity in the outer region of zona fasciculate (ZF) while diffuse is
seen in zona reticularis(ZR). No activity is seen in the medulla (M).
B. A portion under high power showing diffuse localization of cytochrome oxidase in the inner region of zona fasciculate
(ZF) & in zona reticularis (ZR).
Plate 6
Showing localization of lipids in the adrenal of rat during during different stages of reproductive cycle
A. Aderenal of rat at estrous showing abundant sudanophilic lipids in the zona fasciculate (ZF) & zona reticularis (ZR).
No activity is seen in the medulla (M).
6. International Journal of Recent Research in Physics and Chemical Sciences (IJRRPCS)
Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp: (29-38), Month: April 2014 - September 2014, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 34
Paper Publications
B. A portion of rat adrenal at metaestrous under high power showing lipids in the zona fasciculate (ZF) and zona
reticularis (ZR).
C. A portion of rat adrenal under high power showing abundant lipids in the zona fasciculate (ZF) & zona
glomerulosa(ZG).
Plate 7
Localization of lipids in the adrenal of rat during different stages of reproductive cycle
A. A portion of rat adrenal at proestrous showing diffuse localization of lipids in the zona fasciculata (ZF) & zona
reticularis (ZR). No activity is seen in the medulla (M).
B. Adrenal of rat at diestrous showing sudanophilic lipid droplets in the zona glomerulosa (ZG)and zona fasciculate
(ZF) while weak localization is seen in the zona reticularis (ZR).
Plate 8
Showing localization of acid phosphatase in the adrenal of rat duringdifferent stages of reproductive cycle.
7. International Journal of Recent Research in Physics and Chemical Sciences (IJRRPCS)
Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp: (29-38), Month: April 2014 - September 2014, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 35
Paper Publications
A. A portion of rat adrenal at estrous showing weak activity in the zona fasciculata (ZF) while diffuse localization is seen
in the zona reticularis (ZR). A very high activity is seen in the medulla (M).
B. A rat adrenal at diestrous showing uniform localization of acid Phosphatase inlata the zona fasciculate (ZF) and zona
reticularis (ZR). A very high activity is seen in the medulla (M)).
C. A portion of rat adrenal at proestrous showing uniform locali- zation in the zona fasciculate (ZF) & zona reticularis
(ZR) with high activity in the the medulla (M).
Plate 9
Localization of acid phosphatase in the adrenal of rat at metaestrous of the reproductive cycle
A. portion of rat adrenal under high power showing high activity in the zona fasciculate (ZF) and zona reticularis (ZR).
A high activity is seen in the medulla (M).
B. A portion showing high activity in the zona glomerulosa (ZG) and zona fasciculate (ZF)
Plate 10
Showing localization of alkaline phosphatase in the adrenal of rat during different stages of the reproductive cycle.
8. International Journal of Recent Research in Physics and Chemical Sciences (IJRRPCS)
Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp: (29-38), Month: April 2014 - September 2014, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 36
Paper Publications
A. A portion of rat adrenal at adrenal at metaestrous showing moderate Activity in the outer region of zona fsciculata
(ZF).
B. A portion of rat adrenal diestrous showing intense localization in the zona reticularis (ZR), while no activity is seen in
the medulla (M).
C. A section of rat adrenal at diestrous showing intense activity in outer region of zona fasciculate (ZF) with diffuse
localization in the inner region.
Plate 11
Showing localization of alkaline phosphatase in the adrenal of rat during different stages of reproductive cycle.
A. Adrenal of rat at proestrous showing intense localization in the zona fasciculata (ZF) and zona reticularis (ZR) with
no activity in the medulla (M).
B. Adrenal of rat at estrous showing very high activity in the zona reticularis (ZR) with low activity in the zona
fasciculate (ZF).
IV. DISCUSSION
Peroxidase is present in the inner layer of a drenocortical Cells but not in chromaffin cells of ovulatory animals of
different groups of vertebrates which are associated with the functioning of ACTH hormone and
progesterone&corticosteroid secretion.The ∆ 5 -
3β – Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and Cytochrome oxidase are present
in the adrenocortical cells during the entire period of sexual cycle.Thus the characteristic function of adrenocortical cells
regulating large secretion of progesterone during increased sexual activity appears to be related to the presence of
peroxidase in these compartments. The adrenal cortex of many non-mammalian species are recognized as the chief site of
conversion of 14
C acetate to progesterone ( Vinson and Whitehouse, 1973a ). Also the biochemical studies have shown
that adrenal cortex is the chief site for the synthesis of steroid hormones namely Progesterone, cortisol and corticosterone
( Hayano et al., 1956; Resko, 1969; Holzbauer, 1969 ) .
Histochemical studies in fish have shown the presence of ∆ 5
- 3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 11β- Hydroxysteroid
dehydrogenase,17β- Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and G-6- PDH in the interrenal cells ( Hooli et al., 1974; Hooli et al.,
1976; Bhujle et al.,1980 ). ∆5
- 3β – Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase being present during the entire sexual cycle viz.,
follicular, prespawning and spawning period, the specific function of the adrenocortical cells appears to be characterized
by the presence of peroxidase ,which is observed in the cortical cells alone during the ovulatory phase and pregnancy, the
well known site for the secretion of Progesterone and corticosteroids . Presence of high peroxidase activity in the
hypertrophied theca interna of ovulatory follicles and also the CL after ovulation in frog suggest that basic factor involved
in leutinization of granulosa cells and also progesterone synthesis are the same for mammalian and non-mammalian
vertebrates and that peroxidase appears to be one of the common factors involved in both. Progesterone and
corticosteroids of adrenal origin has been attributed a function in ovulation and spawning in non-mammalian vertebrates
namely fish and amphibian (Sundararaj and Goswami, 1966b; Goswami and Sundararaj, 1971). The presence of high
9. International Journal of Recent Research in Physics and Chemical Sciences (IJRRPCS)
Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp: (29-38), Month: April 2014 - September 2014, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 37
Paper Publications
peroxidase activity in the adrenocortical cells of the non-mammalian vertebrates during the ovulatory phase may be
correlated with the synthesis of progesterone which acts synergistically with corticosteroids to cause ovulation in these
species as suggested in the fowl (Soliman et al., 1974).
Furthermore, since peroxidase mediated reactions are many fold faster than dehydrogenase reactions, the association of
high peroxidase activity in these regions, and lack of activity in adrenocortical cells at follicular phase, in growing follicle
of the ovary and IGT of the ovary would suggest that the high rate of progesterone formation may be associated with the
functioning of this enzyme at specific sites. Peroxidase thus appears to be involved in the biosynthetic machinery
controlling corticosteroidogenesis.
The histochemical changes in acid and alkaline phosphatases and lipids in the adrenocortical cells and ovary at various
reproductive phases have been shown by a number of workers ( Galli Mainini, 1951; Botte, 1964 ) .High acid
phosphatase activity is shown to be present at ovulatory Furthermore phase in the adrenocortical cells and ovary of fish,
amphibians and reptiles, while alkaline phosphatase attains zenith during the secretory phase ( spawning phase ) .
Sudanophilic granules have been shown to increase markedly in the adrenocortical cells,TI and IGT of the ovary At the
follicular phase and disappears during the spawning period. Under the hormonal stimuli ( Guraya ,1974) the marked
decrease in the lipids in ovary with increase in acid and alkaline phosphatase activity of spawning period confirm these
reports.
The presence of active cytochrome oxidase in the adrenocortical cells and TI,CL,IGT of the ovary is suggestive of high
metabolic activity in these tissues. The operation of active Cytochrome oxidase suggest that the necessary respiratory
energy in the form of ATP molecules for the biosynthesis of lipids would be available at the site.The hypertrophied TI and
CL of non-mammalian vertebrates are characterized by high vascularization and increased blood Flow is also visible in
adrenocortical cells of all vertebrates. The oxidative sites thus provided with adequate Oxygen supply with the activated
blood flow thus converting these sites into intense oxidative sites and thus the intense Cytochrome oxidase activity in
these sites becomes meaningful. The Peroxidase and Cytochrome oxidase would also seem o transform adrenocortical
cells and hypertrophied TI into highly oxidative compartments of the adrenal and ovary which attributes to the oxidation
of pregnenolone to progesterone and corticosteroids towards maturation and ovulation of the oocyte from the ovary.
V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am grateful to the Head of the department (then), School of Studies in Life Sciences, D.A.V.V., Indore for the guidance
& support throughout the experimental studies. Also I would like to thank the technicians for their help & support during
the course of experimental work.
Abbreviations: AF- Atretic Follicle, CL- Corpus luteum, GF- Growing follicle, IGT- Interstitial gland tissue, Lc – Luteal
cells, MF – Mature follicle.
REFERENCES
[1] Agrawal,P. and Laloraya,M.M. (1977): Histochemical studies on the peroxidase localization in the rat ovary and
uterus during various reproductive stages Biochem.J.166:205-208
[2] Beyer,K.F. and Samuels,L.T. (1956 Distribution of steroid-3ß-ol-dehydrogenase in cellular structures of theadrenal
gland. ): J. Biol. Chem. 219: 66-76.
[3] Bhujle,B.V. and Nadkarni,V.B.(1980) Histological and histochemical observations on the adrenal gland of four
species of birds, Dicrurus macrocercus (Viellot), Centropus sinensis (Stephens), Sturnus pagodarum (Gmelin) and
Columba livia (Gmelin).: Zool.Beitr. 26(2):287-296.
[4] Botte,V. (1964): Plasma sex hormones and post-reproductive period in the green frog,< i> Rana esculenta</i>
complex Atti Soc.Peloritana Sci. Fis.Mat.Natur 10:521-528.
[5] Burstein,S. and Dorfman, R.I. (1963): Determination of mammalian steroid sulfatase with 7 a-H3-3, fl,-
hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one sulfate. J.Biol. Chem.238:1656-1660.
[6] Burstone,M.S. (1959): New histochemical techniques for the demonstration of tissue oxid-ases (cytochrome
oxidase).J.Histochem.Cytochem. 7: 112–122 (1959). – The relationship between... Histochem. Cytochem. 7: 112-
122 Chicago.
10. International Journal of Recent Research in Physics and Chemical Sciences (IJRRPCS)
Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp: (29-38), Month: April 2014 - September 2014, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 38
Paper Publications
[7] Christian,J.J. (1963): Endocrine adaptive mechanisms and the physiologic regulation of population growth.
Physiol.Mammal 1: 189-353 Galli-Mainini,C.(1951): Soc. Biol. 145: 131.
[8] Gomori, G. (1952): Microscopic Histochemistry: Principles & Practice, University of Chicago Press, G. Chicago,
Illinois (1952), p. 121.
[9] Gomori,G (1950): An improved histochemical technic for acid phosphatase. Stain. Tech. 25-81 Temporal Effects
of Ovine Luteinizing Hormone and Desoxycorticosterone Acetate on Maturation and Ovulation of Oocytes of the
Catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch): An in Vivo and in Vitro Study, J.
[10] Goswami, S.V. and Sundararaj, B.I. (1971a): Temporal Effects of Ovine Luteinizing Hormone and
Desoxycorticosterone Acetate on Maturation and Ovulation of Oocytes of the Catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis
(Bloch): J.Exp.Zool. 178: 457-466.
[11] Graham, R.C. & Karnowsky, M.J. (1966); The early stages of absorption of injected
horseradish peroxidase in the proximal tubules of mouse kidney: ultrastructural cytochemistry
by a new tech- nique. J.Histochem. Cytochem.. 14: 291-302.
[12] Guraya, S.S. (1974): Comparativemorphological and histochemical observations on the ovarian stromal
compartment in mammalswith special reference to steroidogenesis Acta Anat. 90: 250-284.
[13] Hayano, M.,Saba, N., Dorfman, R.I. and Hechter, O. (1956): Some aspects of the biogenesis of adrenal steroid
hormones. Recent Prog. Horm. Res. 12 (1956), pp. 79–123.
[14] Herxheimer, G. (1901): Ueber Fettfarbstoffe Deutsche Med. Wschr. 36,607.
[15] Holzbauer,M., Newport,H.M. Birmingham,M.K. and Traikov,H. (1969): Secretion of pregn-4-ene-3,20- dione
(progesterone) in vivo by the adrenal gland of the rat Nature 221: 572-573
[16] Hooli, M.A. and Nadkarni V.B. (1974): Acta Zool. (STOCKH) 55(4):275-284.
[17] Hooli, M.A. and Nadkarni V.B. (1976): J. Anim Morphol. Physiol. 23(1): 199-204.
[18] Liptrap, R.M. (1970): Effect of corticotrophin andcorticosteroids on oestrus, ovulation and oestrogen excretion in
the sow. Journal ofEndocrinology 47, 197-205 J. Endocr. 47: 197-205.
[19] Ramaley,J.A. (1973): Ramaley, J.A. (1973) Role of the adrenal in PM Sinduced ovulation before puberty: effect of
adrenalectomy. Endocrinology 92: 881-887.
[20] Resko, J. (1969): Endocrine control of adrenal progesterone secretion in the ovariectomized rat Science 164:70-71.
[21] Samuels,L.T. and Ichikawa,T. (1967): In: “The Adrenal Cortex” (A.B. Eisenstein, ed.), pp.61- Maturation of
Steroid Hormone Biosynthetic Pathways in Puberty. 102. J. and A. Churchill,London.
[22] Simmer, H.H. (1968): In: Placental Hormones In: Biology of Gestation Vol. I ed. N.S. Assali, A.P. New York.
29:347.
[23] Soliman,Karam,F.A. and Till, M. Buston (1974): Involvementof the adrenal gland in ovulation of the fowl. Effect
of Metopirone (SU-4885) on luteinizing hormone and corticosteroid-induced ovulation and spawning in
hypophysectomized catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch): Poult. Sci. 53(5): 1664-1667.
[24] Sundararaj, B.I. and Goswami, S.V. (1966b): Effect of Metopirone (SU-4885) on luteinizing hormone and
corticosteroid-induced ovulation and spawning in hypophysectomized catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch): J.
Exp. Zool. 163: 49-54.
[25] Van Duija, P. (1951): An improved histochemical benzidine‐blue peroxidase method and a note on the composition
of the blue reaction product Recueil 74: 771-777
[26] Vinson, G.P. and Whitehouse, B.J. (1973): Functional zonation of adrenocortical tissue in the brush possum
(Trichosurus vulpecula) Acta Endocr., Copnh. 737-745.
[27] Wattenberg, L.W. (1958): Microscopic histochemical demonstrationof steroid 3fl-ol-dehydrogenase in tissue
sections. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 6: 225-232
[28] Weist,W.G., Kidwell,W.R.and Kirschbaum, T.H. (1963): In vitro metabolism of progesterone and 20α-
hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one by tissues of the female rat Steroids, 2: 617-630.