The document provides an overview of the peopling of the Americas, beginning with a discussion of the Clovis-first theory of the earliest Americans arriving around 13,500 years ago. It discusses evidence from archaeology and DNA that pushes back the dates of the earliest arrivals to over 20,000 years ago. The document also covers the Solutrean hypothesis of Europeans crossing the Atlantic, the genetic lineages of Native Americans, and some of the major pre-Columbian civilizations like the Maya, Mississippian, Anasazi, and Aztec. In 3 sentences: The document discusses theories of when and how the earliest Americans arrived, provides genetic and archaeological evidence pushing back arrival dates, and gives an overview of
The document discusses the theory that the first Americans migrated to North and South America across a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska during the last Ice Age. While this "Land-Bridge Theory" was widely accepted, newer evidence has challenged this view. Archaeological sites in South America and the Pacific Northwest have been dated to over 14,500 years old, earlier than presumed migration occurred. Additionally, some skeletal and artifact findings suggest the possibility of ancient migrations by boat from Europe or across the Pacific. Overall, the evidence continues to accumulate and revise scientific understanding of how and when the first people settled in the Americas.
1. During the last Ice Age, glaciers caused sea levels to drop and exposed a land bridge between Asia and North America called Beringia. Nomadic human groups migrated from Asia to North America over this land bridge following animal herds.
2. These early humans lived as hunter-gatherers in small nomadic groups and used basic stone tools. They passed knowledge through oral history and traditions.
3. Around 7,000 BC, some humans in Central America began farming corn, beans, squash and other crops, allowing for permanent settlements and the emergence of early civilizations like the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas.
1) The first humans arrived in North and South America over 10,000 years ago by crossing a land bridge between Asia and Alaska during an ice age when sea levels were lower.
2) Three early civilizations that developed in the Americas were the Mayas in Central America between 250-900 AD, the Aztecs in Mexico from 900 AD onward, and the Incas in South America from the 1400s.
3) The Mayas built large cities and temples and developed a sophisticated calendar and writing system. The Aztecs constructed a large capital city and practiced human sacrifice. The Incas linked cities across the Andes with roads and built large structures. All three civilizations declined after encounters with
The document provides an introductory overview of early American cultures, including when the first Americans arrived via the Bering land bridge at least 22,000 years ago. It discusses the hunting and gathering lifestyle of early Americans and the agricultural revolution that occurred between 10,000-5,000 years ago, allowing people to settle permanently. Several early North American cultures such as the Hohokam, Anasazi, Adena, Mississippian and Hopewell introduced farming. By 1400 AD, many distinct Native American societies had emerged across North America. Later empires like the Maya, Aztec and Inca dominated parts of Central and South America. The course goals are to understand early American cultures and how they interact
This PowerPoint discusses: The Early Americans, The people in Mesoamerica, The Southwestern Indians, The Mound Builders, The Mississippi Plains and Northwest
9.the americas a separate world 40000 bc to 700 adjtoma84
- The earliest Americans migrated to North and South America over a land bridge between Asia and Alaska during the last Ice Age, from around 40,000 to 10,000 BC, following animal herds. They hunted mammoths and other large game.
- The Olmec were the first known civilization in Mesoamerica, located in southern Mexico from around 1200 BC. They influenced later Mesoamerican cultures with their artwork, ball courts, and elite ruling class.
- In Peru, early civilizations arose between 3600-2500 BC, and the Chavin civilization emerged as a primarily religious civilization from 900-200 BC, influencing art styles and architecture across the Andes.
The document discusses the theory that the first Americans migrated to North and South America across a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska during the last Ice Age. While this "Land-Bridge Theory" was widely accepted, newer evidence has challenged this view. Archaeological sites in South America and the Pacific Northwest have been dated to over 14,500 years old, earlier than presumed migration occurred. Additionally, some skeletal and artifact findings suggest the possibility of ancient migrations by boat from Europe or across the Pacific. Overall, the evidence continues to accumulate and revise scientific understanding of how and when the first people settled in the Americas.
1. During the last Ice Age, glaciers caused sea levels to drop and exposed a land bridge between Asia and North America called Beringia. Nomadic human groups migrated from Asia to North America over this land bridge following animal herds.
2. These early humans lived as hunter-gatherers in small nomadic groups and used basic stone tools. They passed knowledge through oral history and traditions.
3. Around 7,000 BC, some humans in Central America began farming corn, beans, squash and other crops, allowing for permanent settlements and the emergence of early civilizations like the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas.
1) The first humans arrived in North and South America over 10,000 years ago by crossing a land bridge between Asia and Alaska during an ice age when sea levels were lower.
2) Three early civilizations that developed in the Americas were the Mayas in Central America between 250-900 AD, the Aztecs in Mexico from 900 AD onward, and the Incas in South America from the 1400s.
3) The Mayas built large cities and temples and developed a sophisticated calendar and writing system. The Aztecs constructed a large capital city and practiced human sacrifice. The Incas linked cities across the Andes with roads and built large structures. All three civilizations declined after encounters with
The document provides an introductory overview of early American cultures, including when the first Americans arrived via the Bering land bridge at least 22,000 years ago. It discusses the hunting and gathering lifestyle of early Americans and the agricultural revolution that occurred between 10,000-5,000 years ago, allowing people to settle permanently. Several early North American cultures such as the Hohokam, Anasazi, Adena, Mississippian and Hopewell introduced farming. By 1400 AD, many distinct Native American societies had emerged across North America. Later empires like the Maya, Aztec and Inca dominated parts of Central and South America. The course goals are to understand early American cultures and how they interact
This PowerPoint discusses: The Early Americans, The people in Mesoamerica, The Southwestern Indians, The Mound Builders, The Mississippi Plains and Northwest
9.the americas a separate world 40000 bc to 700 adjtoma84
- The earliest Americans migrated to North and South America over a land bridge between Asia and Alaska during the last Ice Age, from around 40,000 to 10,000 BC, following animal herds. They hunted mammoths and other large game.
- The Olmec were the first known civilization in Mesoamerica, located in southern Mexico from around 1200 BC. They influenced later Mesoamerican cultures with their artwork, ball courts, and elite ruling class.
- In Peru, early civilizations arose between 3600-2500 BC, and the Chavin civilization emerged as a primarily religious civilization from 900-200 BC, influencing art styles and architecture across the Andes.
Native Americans were the first inhabitants of North America, having migrated from Asia over the Bering Strait land bridge thousands of years ago. They adapted to various environments across the continent, developing distinct cultural practices for hunting, gathering, housing and more depending on their location. While some Native American groups believe their ancestors were always in North America, most scientists agree the migrations from Asia occurred in several waves ending over 10,000 years ago. After living in North America for millennia, Native American populations were devastated by diseases brought by European settlers in the 15th century.
The document provides information on the early peoples and cultures of North America prior to European contact. It discusses the evolution of Native American cultures from the Paleo period to the Mississippian period. The Paleo-Indians migrated to North America across the Bering Land Bridge around 12,000 years ago following animal herds. As the climate changed, later Archaic cultures adapted to focus more on fishing, hunting, and gathering local resources. Archaeological artifacts provide clues about these prehistoric cultures and how they survived and advanced.
The document discusses early human peoples during the Paleolithic Age. It notes that the first humans originated in Africa over 2 million years ago and were nomadic hunters and gatherers who used simple tools for hunting, gathering food, and making clothing. As populations grew, language developed to help with cooperative hunting and early spiritual beliefs involved burying the dead with tools and weapons. The oldest known human skeleton, called Lucy, was also found dating back to this time period. The document then explains that early humans first lived in Africa and later migrated across land bridges and by boat to other parts of the world such as North America and Pacific islands.
Native American History for the Social Studies ClassroomHeidi Bamford
This Powerpoint address specific aspects of Native or First Nations culture and historical events, primarily with a focus on the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) or Six Nations of New York.
The document provides information on the geography, climate, topography, and early history of the Philippines. It discusses:
1) The Philippines' location in Southeast Asia, with over 7,000 islands spanning around 1,900 km north to south and 1,100 km east to west.
2) The country's climate, which experiences southwest and northeast monsoons, and intertropical convergence zone bringing rain.
3) Evidence that the archipelago was formed over millions of years from the Mesozoic to Cenozoic eras due to continental drift and emergence from the sea.
4) Archaeological findings showing the earliest inhabitants were Homo erectus around 500,000 years ago, followed
Early civilizations developed around the world as humans transitioned from hunter-gatherer societies to agricultural societies. Archaeologists study artifacts and human remains to learn about prehistoric peoples and how they lived. The first humans are believed to have migrated to North America over 10,000 years ago from Asia. Called Paleo-Indians, they were hunter-gatherers who made stone tools. Around 7000 years ago in Mesoamerica, some groups began farming crops like corn and lived in permanent settlements, leading to growing populations and more complex societies. While large civilizations emerged elsewhere, most Native American groups in Texas remained hunter-gatherers and developed pottery, bows, and arrows.
The Woodland Indians lived in Georgia from 1000 BC to 1000 AD. They began growing crops, creating pottery, and using bows and arrows. They formed tribes, created permanent villages, and built burial mounds showing a belief in an afterlife. The Mississippian Indians inhabited Georgia from 800 to 1600 AD. They lived in large towns governed by chiefs and built large earthen mounds. They farmed extensively, traded goods, and conducted religious ceremonies with burial mounds.
The document provides information about Paleoindians, the earliest inhabitants of North America. It discusses their origins migrating across the Bering land bridge, their hunter-gatherer lifestyle hunting megafauna like mammoths, and artifacts found at Paleoindian sites in Alabama including projectile points, scrapers, and knives. Specifically, it summarizes the Quad Site in Alabama, a grouping of small camps occupied seasonally by Paleoindians to take advantage of resources in the forest-riverine environment.
The document describes the origins and cultural development of Native Americans in North America. It discusses how Native Americans arrived between 10,000-40,000 years ago via land bridges and watercraft. It then outlines the four main cultural regions of Native Americans: 1) Pacific Northwest, 2) Desert Southwest, 3) Great Plains, and 4) Eastern Woodlands. Each region adapted differently based on geography and climate, developing distinct shelters, tools, and livelihoods like hunting/gathering or agriculture.
The document discusses three main theories on the origins of the early Filipinos: the biblical story of creation, evolution theory, and folktales/legends. It describes how according to evolution theory, there were three main waves of migration to the Philippines - the Negritos 25,000 years ago, Indonesians 5,000 years ago, and Malays 2,000 years ago. It also summarizes two popular Filipino folktales about the first inhabitants - the story of Malakas and Maganda emerging from bamboo, and the story of God creating the first humans from clay of different colors.
The document provides a timeline and overview of early American civilizations from 40,000 BC to 1300 AD. It discusses the origins of the first Americans who crossed the Bering land bridge from Siberia to Alaska. Several early civilizations that arose in North and South America are then outlined, including the Olmec in Mexico, the Maya in Central America, the Tiwanakans and Moche in Peru, the Aztec in Central Mexico, and the Inca in Peru. The passage concludes by noting the arrival of the Spanish led by Hernando Cortes in Mexico in 1519.
This document summarizes the key findings and debates regarding the peopling and migration patterns in the Philippines based on archaeological evidence. It discusses the discovery of Homo erectus fossils in Java dated to 1.3-0.5 million years ago, as well as archaeological sites in the Philippines like Tabon Caves that contain human remains dated 47,000-31,000 years ago. There is debate around whether the ancestors of Negritos were the earliest hunter-gatherers occupying the Philippines, versus migrations of Austronesian speakers. While some propose frequent interactions between Negritos and Austronesians, others argue for more isolation. The origins and migration patterns of peoples in the Philippines remains an active area of scholarly
Modern humans first migrated out of Africa around 200,000 years ago and gradually spread to populate Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas. Around 17,000 years ago during the last ice age, the first humans are believed to have migrated from Siberia to Alaska across the Bering Strait land bridge as they followed animal herds. They then gradually moved south along the coastlines to populate the Americas. Alternative theories propose that some groups may have reached the Americas earlier via water travel along the Pacific coastlines. The specifics of how and when the earliest Paleo-Indians populated the Americas continues to be debated by researchers.
The document discusses several theories regarding early human migration and settlement in the Philippines. It begins by describing H. Otley Beyer's wave migration theory, which proposed that humans arrived in successive waves from what is now Malaysia and Indonesia over thousands of years. It then outlines objections to this theory, such as lack of evidence. The document also summarizes Felipe Landa Jocano's core population theory, which argues that early inhabitants of Southeast Asia were part of the same ethnic group that gradually differentiated over time due to environmental factors. In concluding, the document states that Jocano believes it is incorrect to attribute Filipino culture as solely Malayan in orientation based on his findings.
Anthropologists believe the first humans arrived in North America over 14,000 years ago by crossing the Bering Land Bridge. These early people, known as Paleoindians, left behind distinctive stone tools and spear points at campsites throughout Illinois. Later periods included the Archaic period from around 10,000-3,000 years ago, the Woodland period from 3,000-1,250 years ago, and the Mississippian period from around 500-1500 AD, marked by large earthen mounds. Early explorers like Marquette and Joliet provided details of the natural environment in their journals from the 17th century.
Here are my responses to the reading questions:
1) Early settlers lived in or near groves of trees for several reasons. Trees provided wood for fuel, building materials, and fences. Groves also offered shelter from wind and sun. The soil around groves tended to be richer. Groves also marked locations of springs or creeks which were important water sources.
2) Groves were isolated islands because prairie fires kept most trees confined to low, wet areas that didn't burn easily. Groves were usually located along streams or springs where soil was richer and moisture was abundant.
3) Most groves have been cleared for agriculture or development. Surviving groves look different because selective clearing removed some
The Anasazi built large pueblo villages in Colorado, with one having 1,800 rooms and housing 3,000 people. However, the Anasazi civilization declined after 1300 as people began leaving their pueblos. The Mound Builders lived in the eastern US and constructed earthen mounds of various shapes and sizes, some designed as animals. Cahokia Mound in Illinois, one of the largest, was pyramid-shaped and measured 1,000 feet long, 300 feet wide and 100 feet tall, and may have been home to as many as 30,000 people.
Before Spanish colonization, the early Filipinos lived in well-organized villages called barangays that were self-sustaining communities ruled by a datu. They had their own culture that included customs, society, government, writing and more. The barangays were made up of 30-100 families living in nipa huts. They ate foods like rice, meat and fruits, using banana leaves as plates. The early Filipinos wore clothes like the kangan jacket and bahag waist cloth for men.
This document provides an overview of early human history from prehistory to 3000 BC. It discusses key topics like the origins of humans in Africa based on genetic and fossil evidence. As humans spread out of Africa, they developed new stone tools and lived as hunter-gatherers. The Neolithic Agricultural Revolution led to permanent settlements and early civilizations along major river valleys in various regions including Africa, Asia, India, and China. Early civilizations had defining characteristics like cities, centralized governments, job specialization, and writing systems. Cultural diffusion helped spread ideas and technologies between civilizations. The document provides examples of important figures and developments in early Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations.
1. Indigenous peoples had lived in the Caribbean for over 7,000 years, developing diverse cultures like the Taino, Kalinago, and Maya.
2. When Europeans arrived in 1492, it devastated the indigenous populations through war, disease, and social disruption, reducing the population of Hispaniola from 3-4 million to 60,000 within 20 years.
3. Archaeological evidence shows human settlement in the Caribbean dates back 7,000 years, with migrants entering from Central America and South America and establishing advanced agricultural communities, though their social and belief systems are not fully understood.
Native Americans first settled in North America over 10,000 years ago, migrating across the Bering land bridge from Siberia as they followed game. While the exact timing and route is still debated, most evidence supports humans entering the Americas in waves beginning as early as 30,000 years ago. These early inhabitants, known as Paleo-Indians, soon established diverse cultures and tribes across the continent before Europeans arrived.
Native Americans were the first inhabitants of North America, having migrated from Asia over the Bering Strait land bridge thousands of years ago. They adapted to various environments across the continent, developing distinct cultural practices for hunting, gathering, housing and more depending on their location. While some Native American groups believe their ancestors were always in North America, most scientists agree the migrations from Asia occurred in several waves ending over 10,000 years ago. After living in North America for millennia, Native American populations were devastated by diseases brought by European settlers in the 15th century.
The document provides information on the early peoples and cultures of North America prior to European contact. It discusses the evolution of Native American cultures from the Paleo period to the Mississippian period. The Paleo-Indians migrated to North America across the Bering Land Bridge around 12,000 years ago following animal herds. As the climate changed, later Archaic cultures adapted to focus more on fishing, hunting, and gathering local resources. Archaeological artifacts provide clues about these prehistoric cultures and how they survived and advanced.
The document discusses early human peoples during the Paleolithic Age. It notes that the first humans originated in Africa over 2 million years ago and were nomadic hunters and gatherers who used simple tools for hunting, gathering food, and making clothing. As populations grew, language developed to help with cooperative hunting and early spiritual beliefs involved burying the dead with tools and weapons. The oldest known human skeleton, called Lucy, was also found dating back to this time period. The document then explains that early humans first lived in Africa and later migrated across land bridges and by boat to other parts of the world such as North America and Pacific islands.
Native American History for the Social Studies ClassroomHeidi Bamford
This Powerpoint address specific aspects of Native or First Nations culture and historical events, primarily with a focus on the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) or Six Nations of New York.
The document provides information on the geography, climate, topography, and early history of the Philippines. It discusses:
1) The Philippines' location in Southeast Asia, with over 7,000 islands spanning around 1,900 km north to south and 1,100 km east to west.
2) The country's climate, which experiences southwest and northeast monsoons, and intertropical convergence zone bringing rain.
3) Evidence that the archipelago was formed over millions of years from the Mesozoic to Cenozoic eras due to continental drift and emergence from the sea.
4) Archaeological findings showing the earliest inhabitants were Homo erectus around 500,000 years ago, followed
Early civilizations developed around the world as humans transitioned from hunter-gatherer societies to agricultural societies. Archaeologists study artifacts and human remains to learn about prehistoric peoples and how they lived. The first humans are believed to have migrated to North America over 10,000 years ago from Asia. Called Paleo-Indians, they were hunter-gatherers who made stone tools. Around 7000 years ago in Mesoamerica, some groups began farming crops like corn and lived in permanent settlements, leading to growing populations and more complex societies. While large civilizations emerged elsewhere, most Native American groups in Texas remained hunter-gatherers and developed pottery, bows, and arrows.
The Woodland Indians lived in Georgia from 1000 BC to 1000 AD. They began growing crops, creating pottery, and using bows and arrows. They formed tribes, created permanent villages, and built burial mounds showing a belief in an afterlife. The Mississippian Indians inhabited Georgia from 800 to 1600 AD. They lived in large towns governed by chiefs and built large earthen mounds. They farmed extensively, traded goods, and conducted religious ceremonies with burial mounds.
The document provides information about Paleoindians, the earliest inhabitants of North America. It discusses their origins migrating across the Bering land bridge, their hunter-gatherer lifestyle hunting megafauna like mammoths, and artifacts found at Paleoindian sites in Alabama including projectile points, scrapers, and knives. Specifically, it summarizes the Quad Site in Alabama, a grouping of small camps occupied seasonally by Paleoindians to take advantage of resources in the forest-riverine environment.
The document describes the origins and cultural development of Native Americans in North America. It discusses how Native Americans arrived between 10,000-40,000 years ago via land bridges and watercraft. It then outlines the four main cultural regions of Native Americans: 1) Pacific Northwest, 2) Desert Southwest, 3) Great Plains, and 4) Eastern Woodlands. Each region adapted differently based on geography and climate, developing distinct shelters, tools, and livelihoods like hunting/gathering or agriculture.
The document discusses three main theories on the origins of the early Filipinos: the biblical story of creation, evolution theory, and folktales/legends. It describes how according to evolution theory, there were three main waves of migration to the Philippines - the Negritos 25,000 years ago, Indonesians 5,000 years ago, and Malays 2,000 years ago. It also summarizes two popular Filipino folktales about the first inhabitants - the story of Malakas and Maganda emerging from bamboo, and the story of God creating the first humans from clay of different colors.
The document provides a timeline and overview of early American civilizations from 40,000 BC to 1300 AD. It discusses the origins of the first Americans who crossed the Bering land bridge from Siberia to Alaska. Several early civilizations that arose in North and South America are then outlined, including the Olmec in Mexico, the Maya in Central America, the Tiwanakans and Moche in Peru, the Aztec in Central Mexico, and the Inca in Peru. The passage concludes by noting the arrival of the Spanish led by Hernando Cortes in Mexico in 1519.
This document summarizes the key findings and debates regarding the peopling and migration patterns in the Philippines based on archaeological evidence. It discusses the discovery of Homo erectus fossils in Java dated to 1.3-0.5 million years ago, as well as archaeological sites in the Philippines like Tabon Caves that contain human remains dated 47,000-31,000 years ago. There is debate around whether the ancestors of Negritos were the earliest hunter-gatherers occupying the Philippines, versus migrations of Austronesian speakers. While some propose frequent interactions between Negritos and Austronesians, others argue for more isolation. The origins and migration patterns of peoples in the Philippines remains an active area of scholarly
Modern humans first migrated out of Africa around 200,000 years ago and gradually spread to populate Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas. Around 17,000 years ago during the last ice age, the first humans are believed to have migrated from Siberia to Alaska across the Bering Strait land bridge as they followed animal herds. They then gradually moved south along the coastlines to populate the Americas. Alternative theories propose that some groups may have reached the Americas earlier via water travel along the Pacific coastlines. The specifics of how and when the earliest Paleo-Indians populated the Americas continues to be debated by researchers.
The document discusses several theories regarding early human migration and settlement in the Philippines. It begins by describing H. Otley Beyer's wave migration theory, which proposed that humans arrived in successive waves from what is now Malaysia and Indonesia over thousands of years. It then outlines objections to this theory, such as lack of evidence. The document also summarizes Felipe Landa Jocano's core population theory, which argues that early inhabitants of Southeast Asia were part of the same ethnic group that gradually differentiated over time due to environmental factors. In concluding, the document states that Jocano believes it is incorrect to attribute Filipino culture as solely Malayan in orientation based on his findings.
Anthropologists believe the first humans arrived in North America over 14,000 years ago by crossing the Bering Land Bridge. These early people, known as Paleoindians, left behind distinctive stone tools and spear points at campsites throughout Illinois. Later periods included the Archaic period from around 10,000-3,000 years ago, the Woodland period from 3,000-1,250 years ago, and the Mississippian period from around 500-1500 AD, marked by large earthen mounds. Early explorers like Marquette and Joliet provided details of the natural environment in their journals from the 17th century.
Here are my responses to the reading questions:
1) Early settlers lived in or near groves of trees for several reasons. Trees provided wood for fuel, building materials, and fences. Groves also offered shelter from wind and sun. The soil around groves tended to be richer. Groves also marked locations of springs or creeks which were important water sources.
2) Groves were isolated islands because prairie fires kept most trees confined to low, wet areas that didn't burn easily. Groves were usually located along streams or springs where soil was richer and moisture was abundant.
3) Most groves have been cleared for agriculture or development. Surviving groves look different because selective clearing removed some
The Anasazi built large pueblo villages in Colorado, with one having 1,800 rooms and housing 3,000 people. However, the Anasazi civilization declined after 1300 as people began leaving their pueblos. The Mound Builders lived in the eastern US and constructed earthen mounds of various shapes and sizes, some designed as animals. Cahokia Mound in Illinois, one of the largest, was pyramid-shaped and measured 1,000 feet long, 300 feet wide and 100 feet tall, and may have been home to as many as 30,000 people.
Before Spanish colonization, the early Filipinos lived in well-organized villages called barangays that were self-sustaining communities ruled by a datu. They had their own culture that included customs, society, government, writing and more. The barangays were made up of 30-100 families living in nipa huts. They ate foods like rice, meat and fruits, using banana leaves as plates. The early Filipinos wore clothes like the kangan jacket and bahag waist cloth for men.
This document provides an overview of early human history from prehistory to 3000 BC. It discusses key topics like the origins of humans in Africa based on genetic and fossil evidence. As humans spread out of Africa, they developed new stone tools and lived as hunter-gatherers. The Neolithic Agricultural Revolution led to permanent settlements and early civilizations along major river valleys in various regions including Africa, Asia, India, and China. Early civilizations had defining characteristics like cities, centralized governments, job specialization, and writing systems. Cultural diffusion helped spread ideas and technologies between civilizations. The document provides examples of important figures and developments in early Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations.
1. Indigenous peoples had lived in the Caribbean for over 7,000 years, developing diverse cultures like the Taino, Kalinago, and Maya.
2. When Europeans arrived in 1492, it devastated the indigenous populations through war, disease, and social disruption, reducing the population of Hispaniola from 3-4 million to 60,000 within 20 years.
3. Archaeological evidence shows human settlement in the Caribbean dates back 7,000 years, with migrants entering from Central America and South America and establishing advanced agricultural communities, though their social and belief systems are not fully understood.
Native Americans first settled in North America over 10,000 years ago, migrating across the Bering land bridge from Siberia as they followed game. While the exact timing and route is still debated, most evidence supports humans entering the Americas in waves beginning as early as 30,000 years ago. These early inhabitants, known as Paleo-Indians, soon established diverse cultures and tribes across the continent before Europeans arrived.
- The first humans in North America were Black or Negroid peoples, not Mongoloid peoples as commonly believed. Evidence from early archaeological sites and the physical characteristics of the earliest remains show they looked similar to modern Africans, Australians, and Polynesians.
- Only a very small percentage of today's Black Americans can trace their ancestry to the approximately 308,000 African slaves brought to North America. The harsh conditions slaves faced led to declining populations.
- The Lewis and Clark Expedition from 1804-1806 was the first American expedition to cross the western United States after the Louisiana Purchase. They encountered and documented many Native American tribes along their journey.
People have been living in Colorado for thousands of years. The earliest inhabitants were the Clovis people, who arrived around 15,000-11,000 years ago and hunted mammoths with spears. Later, the Folsom people used shorter projectile points to hunt bison after the mammoths went extinct. Following them were the Archaic hunter-gatherers, who moved seasonally to hunt deer, elk, and bison while the women gathered plants like berries and nuts.
The document summarizes the major migrations and cultures that inhabited the Americas between 10,000 BC to 1500 AD. It describes how ancient Siberians first crossed into Alaska over a land bridge and then spread throughout the Americas. It then outlines several major cultural periods and groups that developed, including the Clovis, Poverty Point, Hopewell, Coles Creek, Hohokam, Mississippian, and Iroquois cultures and their characteristic features such as mound building, irrigation, and confederacy formation.
The traditional scientific theory of the first Americans, known as the Clovis Model, proposed that humans migrated from Siberia to Alaska via the Bering Land Bridge around 13,000 years ago when sea levels dropped due to glaciation. These early humans, known as Clovis people, were big game hunters who spread throughout North America following the opening of an ice-free corridor through the Rocky Mountains around 11,500 years ago. However, evidence of pre-Clovis human occupation has challenged this long-held theory in recent decades.
The document provides background information on early migrations to North America. It discusses evidence that some of the earliest migrations came from Europe, including 9,000 year old Caucasoid skeletons found in the Americas. It then summarizes some of the major pre-Columbian Native American cultures, including the Anasazi, Hopewell, Mississippian, and Northwest Coast peoples. The document also provides context on migrations across the Bering Strait and the various theories about how and when the Americas were initially populated.
Mesoamerica was home to several early civilizations including the Olmec, Teotihuacan, Toltec, Maya, and Aztec. The Olmec, the first Mesoamerican civilization, emerged around 1250 BCE in southern Mexico and influenced later cultures with their colossal stone heads, pyramids, and writing system. Around 100-700 CE, Teotihuacan rose as a major city with over 200,000 inhabitants and featured the massive Pyramid of the Sun and Pyramid of the Moon. These early civilizations built impressive cities, pyramids, and temples and developed complex societies, calendars, and writing.
The document discusses early human migrations out of Africa beginning around 100,000 years ago. Four groups migrated from the jungles of the Congo in different directions, with one group crossing the Red Sea and giving rise to all non-Africans. Changing climate and disasters like the Toba eruption caused population crashes and further migrations throughout Asia, Australia, Europe and the Americas over thousands of years. Isolation during ice ages led to genetic and cultural diversity among human groups.
The document discusses whether Christopher Columbus discovered America. It notes that evidence shows humans first arrived in North America approximately 14,000 years ago by walking across the Bering Strait from Siberia into Alaska, migrating south as the Clovis people. However, archeological discoveries also found remarkably similar tools and human remains from the same time period along the New England coastline, suggesting America was discovered simultaneously by two different cultures - one walking across the Bering Strait and the other island-hopping by boat from Europe.
This document provides a brief history of Native Americans in Texas from the Paleo-Indian period through the Historic period. It describes how Paleo-Indians hunted mammoths and other large Ice Age mammals but that the climate changed and these animals went extinct. It then discusses the Archaic period when Native Americans relied more on medium game. During the Late Prehistoric period, Native Americans developed bow and arrow technology and grew crops like corn in some areas. The Historic period saw contact with Europeans like Spanish explorers Coronado and Cabeza de Vaca, and conflicts arose as Anglo settlers moved into Texas in the 19th century.
The document discusses how advances in science and technology have provided new insights into history by allowing exploration of sites like the Titanic wreckage and analysis of human DNA. It describes how geneticists have used DNA to trace modern humans back to Africa 60,000 years ago and how humans migrated from central Africa after a climate shift. One such shift around 535 AD may have shaped humanity by forcing adaptation due to famine and disease, causing tribes to relocate and establish borders. The document also discusses evidence that large indigenous populations in the Americas declined due to European diseases and the merging of the Eastern and Western worlds after Columbus' voyage in 1492.
The document provides information about the early peoples and cultures of North America prior to European contact. It discusses the evolution of Native American cultures from the Paleo period to the Mississippian period. The Paleo-Indians migrated to North America across the Bering land bridge around 12,000 years ago. They hunted large ice age animals like mammoths and were nomadic. Later, the Archaic period began as the climate warmed and forests replaced open plains. Archaic Indians adapted by improving hunting and gathering techniques and began settling into small groups.
The document provides information about the early peoples and cultures of North America prior to European contact. It discusses the evolution of Native American cultures from the Paleo period to the Mississippian period. The Paleo-Indians migrated to North America across the Bering land bridge around 12,000 years ago. They hunted large ice age animals like mammoths and were nomadic. Later, the Archaic period began as the climate warmed and forests replaced open plains. Archaic Indians adapted by improving hunting and gathering techniques and began settling into small groups.
This document provides an overview of pre-contact and colonial Latin America, focusing on ancient Mexico and Peru. It describes the earliest migrations of humans into the Americas around 15,000-30,000 years ago. In ancient Mexico, the first settlers were hunter-gatherers who developed agriculture between 7500-5000 BC, domesticating squash, beans and maize. The influential Olmec civilization emerged around 1500 BC and constructed monumental temples. In ancient Peru, the Norte Chico civilization developed urban centers around 3500 BC, and the ceremonial Chavín culture arose around 900 BC, influencing religions across Peru.
1) The document discusses how DNA analysis was used to track the migration patterns of early humans out of Africa starting 50,000 years ago.
2) It describes how Dr. Spencer Wells' research showed that the first humans migrated from Africa to Australia via Southeast Asia, and then to Central Asia and northern Europe.
3) It also discusses how some humans migrated across the Bering Strait into North and South America, becoming the ancestors of Native Americans.
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The document discusses federal Indian policy from Jefferson to Jackson, including the Louisiana Purchase, Jefferson's views on assimilating Native Americans, and the rise of Andrew Jackson. It analyzes Jackson's Indian removal policy in the 1830s, which aimed to expand white settlement through the forced removal of the Five Civilized Tribes to lands west of the Mississippi. Key Supreme Court cases like Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and Worcester v. Georgia established tribal sovereignty but did not stop the Indian Removal Act from being enforced.
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Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings were rumored to have had a sexual relationship since Jefferson's time. Sally was a slave, the half-sister of Jefferson's late wife, who accompanied Jefferson to France and bore five children after returning to America. DNA evidence in 1998 confirmed that Jefferson was likely the father of Sally's last son Eston, though not her first son Thomas. The Jefferson-Hemings relationship demonstrated the prevalence of interracial families in early American history due to slavery, though some of their descendants passed as white to gain advantages.
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This document provides an overview of the intellectual and social origins of the American Revolution and Constitutional government. It discusses how Enlightenment thinkers influenced the Founding Fathers and called into question absolute monarchy. It also examines the role that the global imperial conflict between Great Britain and France played in leading to American independence, including the costs of war, new taxes imposed on colonists, and violent clashes like the Boston Massacre. The document analyzes documents like Thomas Paine's "Common Sense" and the Declaration of Independence, while also raising questions about whether the Founders were truly democratic or more opportunistic given the social classes and institutions of the time like slavery.
HIS 2213 LU9 Was the USA Founded as a Christian Nation-State?historyteacher38668
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3) After Cromwell's death, the monarchy was restored under Charles II in 1660, but the Stuart kings' Catholic sympathies continued to threaten Puritan rule in New England until the Glorious Revolution of 1688 established constitutional monarchy.
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His 2213 LU5 What Happened to the Lost Colonists of Roanoke?historyteacher38668
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3. Race & Ethnicity
• ‘Race’ is a modern idea based on perceived
physical & biological differences.
– The terms ‘race’ & ‘ethnicity’ are not
interchangeable; each has a distinct meaning
for social scientists.
– Prior to DNA research, many wrongly
assumed that huge differences existed among
Earth’s various peoples due to their diverse
appearances; racial hierarchies resulted. In
the 21st century, ‘race’ is useful only to
describe an individual’s physical traits, such
as skin color & the shapes of certain facial
e features.
4. Race & Ethnicity
• Slavery pre-dates the invention of ‘race.’
– When I say that “race is a modern idea,” it
means that in the ancient world, peoples such
as the Greeks & Romans believed themselves
superior to other societies, but this sense of
superiority was based on the achievements of
their respective civilizations, not their skin
color or a belief that they were biologically
superior to other groups.
– In the ancient world slavery was not based on
the color of one’s skin; slaves & masters
frequently shared the same skin color.
5. Race & Ethnicity
• The idea of ‘race’ is not supported by genetic
research & has no basis in science; only a
tiny percentage of our genes (haplotype)
determine our physical appearances.
– From a DNA standpoint, it makes no sense for
humans to think of themselves as divided into
“races” b/c of skin color; DNA tells us that all
humans are 99.99% the same, no matter
how different we may appear on the
outside!
6. Race & Ethnicity
• ‘Race’ is an illusion, but historically societies
have used ‘race’ to serve the interests of a
dominant group. Unfortunately, the racism
they create is real.
– “For a long time, people have tried to use the
physical differences among groups to divide
human beings into...‘races’. Many schemes have
been proposed; none has worked. There are too
many exceptions, too much overlap among
groups. Humans just don’t sort neatly into
biological categories, despite all the attempts of
human societies to create and enforce such
distinctions.”--Steve Olson, Mapping Human History
7. Race & Ethnicity
• Because social scientists no longer consider
“race” to be a useful concept, the focus of
analysis has shifted to “ethnicity,” i.e., an
emphasis on a cultural, linguistic, religious,
and/or territorial community.
– Today it is possible, particularly for white
Americans, to enjoy some degree of
“situational ethnicity,” in their ethnic self-
identifications. Ex. Greek to friends & family,
Polish at work, Welsh on official documents.
– Skin color can be one ethnic indicator, but not
necessarily. Ex. Black Caribbean Hispanics
8. Race & Ethnicity
• We all share the same ancestors; here’s why:
– “With each generation going back through
time, the number of our ancestors doubles. [If
we use 20 years as the measure of a human
generation,] just ten generations [200 yrs.]
ago, each of us had 1,024 [direct ancestors].
20 generations ago = more than 1 million
ancestors; 30 generations ago (circa the year
1400) = more than 1 billion ancestors.
EXCEPT, there were only around 375 million
people on earth in 1400, which means the
exponential rise in the number of our
ancestors must break down at some point, &
all our family trees must link up.”-- Steve
Olson, Mapping Human History
9. Racism, the belief that some
groups of people are genetically
superior to others, has no basis in
science.
11. The Western
Hemisphere was
Paleo-Indians walked across Beringia
and developed into the Clovis Group
Clovis-First
the last part of by 13,500 years ago.
Theory
the planet to
be settled by (Route 1)
humans.
Conventional “Clovis-first”
Theory of Human This theory was
accepted as THE
Settlement in the
ONLY ANSWER
Americas until about
--Beringia (land bridge) 1975.
exposed 70,000 to
10,000 years ago
--Ice free corridor near
end of last Ice Age Clovis points are
found all over the
Continental USA
& as far south as
Belize, but NOT
in Alaska or
Siberia or
anywhere else on
Earth.
12. Clovis points
“The glacial history of Alaska, Canada, and the Great Lakes region indicates that, for the
first time in at least 15,000 years, an ice-free, trans-Canadian corridor opened up
approximately 12,000 years ago. Since Clovis points are distributed from coast to coast
south of the Valders ice border, the abrupt appearance of Clovis artifacts in the stratigraphic
record of the High Plains some 700 years later suggests that Clovis progenitors passed
through Canada during Two Creeks time [11,800 years ago].”—C. Vance Haynes, Jr.,
Archaeologist & Clovis-first theorist, 1964
(NOTE: For radiocarbon dating done prior to the 1980s, add 2000 years to estimates.)
13. Ground Sloth
N. American
Megafauna
Short-faced bear
American Mastodon
All these species died out between
9,000 to 11,000 years ago,
probably due to a combination of
climate change (possibly a comet)
& human overkill.
Saber-tooth Cat
14. The Case for Pre-
Clovis People
(Route 2)
3 Waves
• Coastal Entry hypothesis: --Paleo-Indians
Early humans avoided ice (Pre-Clovis)
sheet by hugging possibly 20-
coastline in small 30,000 years
ago. Develop-
watercraft ed into Clovis
• Archaeological sites people by
13,500 y.a.
– Meadowcroft Rock
Shelter, western PA (Post-Clovis)
(16,000-19,000 y.a.) --Na-Dene
10000-11000
– Monte Verde, Chile (at least years ago.
This migration
route from 1000 yrs. before earliest N. --Inuit
Australia & N. Zealand American Clovis site) 5000-7000 y.a.
to S. America could also
have been possible.
15. Meadowcroft Rock
Shelter, PA
Why are pre-
Clovis people so
elusive?
• Not many of them.
• Things they used
were mostly made
of wood and fibers,
which degrade w/
time.
• Water has risen;
coastlines have
receded.
16. What DNA Tells Us about the
Earliest Americans
• Native Americans (“Indians”) are the closest
living relatives of early Americans.
• Within the contemporary Native American
population, there are 4 haplo-groups (A, B, C, D)
• A,C, & D’s nearest kin live near the border of
Mongolia and Siberian Russia. (No surprise.)
• Group B’s nearest kin are in China and
Southeast Asia. (No surprise.)
• Humans have been in the Americas more than
20,000 years; Group B arrived about 15,000
years ago. (Hence, both these dates point to a
much earlier arrival than the Clovis-First
timeframe.)
17. Surprise! Haplo-group X
• ‘X’ is found among Algonqian-speaking Native
Americans living around the Great Lakes.
• ‘X’ had previously been found only in Europe
among Druze, Italian, & Finnish populations.
Long walk
across
Eurasia? Atlantic
How did genetic crossing?
a genetic marker
from a European
population enter the
Native American gene pool
in prehistoric times?
18. When
Columbus
met the
Arawak
(or Tainos)
Indians on
the shores of
San
Salvador, he
was
encountering
his own
distant
cousins. Some conservatives justify the Europeans’ taking of
Native American lands by claiming that the original
occupants were merely colonists too.
19. First Americans Timeline/Summary
• OLD ASSUMPTIONS • WHAT NEW DNA
BASED ON EVIDENCE ADDS TO
ARCHAEOLOGICAL THE STORY:
EVIDENCE: – Paleo-Indians (a.k.a.
– Paleo-Indians probably Groups A, C, & D) must
have left Northeast Asia as
arrived c. 14,000 y.a. &
early as 20,000 to 30,000
developed Clovis points by
y.a.
13,500 y.a.
– Na-Dene People
– Na-Dene People arrived (a.k.a. Group B) arrived as
10,000-11,000 y.a.
early as c. 15,000 y.a.
– Inuits arrived 5,000-7,000 – European genetic
y.a.
markers (Group X) were
also present in prehistoric
Americans’ gene pool. How
was this possible?
20. Atlantic Coastal Route?
The Atlantic Ocean
was about 400 ft.
lower & the Arctic
ice sheets extended
further south prior
to the end of the
last ice age.
If Stone Age Europeans crossed the Atlantic and came to the
Americas, the group most likely to have pulled off such a feat was the
Solutreans of southern France & northern Spain, innovators of cave
art & their own distinctive stone spear point.
21. Solutrean
Cave
Paintings
? ?
? ?
One problem with the Atlantic
Crossing theory is explaining why
no Solutrean cave art exists in the
Solutrean Americas. Why would they bring
Stone their spearpoint technology but not
Spear point their art?
22. Atlantic
Coastal
Route?
(Route 3)
The Solutrean Theory could
explain why the distribution
of Clovis points does not follow
a north-to-south pattern, and
more Clovis sites are found on
the East Coast than any other
part of the USA.
23. Clovis & Solutrean
Solutrean
Clovis
Different shapes, but similar technology.
Might Solutrean points have been the
predecessors of Clovis points?
24. Some archaeologists are convinced that this
stone tool found at Cactus Hill, VA (center),
represents the “missing link” between Solutrean
24
& Clovis technologies.
25. OR….
Maybe the Clovis
point was not
based on any
pre-existing
technology.
Maybe the Clovis
point is the first
great American
invention.
27. Kennewick Man – 9500 yrs. old
The oldest, most complete skeleton ever found in N. America was
discovered in 1996 & quickly became the focus of disputes concerning
his racial identity & which contemporary ethnic group should have
custody of his remains. Scientists eventually convinced a judge that KM
was old enough to be related to us all & should be studied for the benefit
of everyone.
28. The legal battle
pitted scientists
against Native
American tribes,
with the former
prevailing. After
one anthropologist
remarked on what
he interpreted as
KM’s “European
features,” white
supremacists
came out of the
woodwork trying
to claim KM as
their ancestor.
29. DNA analysis has
since shown that
Kennewick man
shares the closest
genetic similarities
with the
contemporary Ainu
people, who live in
the northernmost
Japanese Islands
and are well-known
for their hirsute
characteristics (i.e.,
their ‘hairiness’).
30. Today there are individuals
whose classification into a
single so-called ‘racial’
category is problematic
because of their multi-
ethnicity. That being the
case: How then is it
possible to apply our
contemporary racial
classifications to
individuals such as
Kennewick Man, who lived
thousands of years ago
and are therefore related to
President us all? The answer is: We
Obama
can’t.
31. Computer-generated,
Multiethnic-Composite
Woman, Time, 1993
Tiger
Woods
Vin Actor
Diesel
“The USA is a cross
-breeding integration
of humans from all
the nations of the
planet Earth….. The North Americans [including
Canadians and Mexicans] are evolutionarily
cross-breeding into a single hybrid family of
world humans.”—Buckminster Fuller, 1981 News Soledad
Anchor O’Brien
33. Native Americans
developed maize (corn)
from a wild grass,
selectively cultivating its
special characteristics
over thousands of years.
Beginning about 7000 yrs. ago, maize (corn), beans,
squash, and chilies revolutionized N. American
agriculture and led to more settled existences for some
Native American peoples.
34. Native
American
agriculture
was
superior to
that of Corn
Europeans, Beans
which meant
more people
were freed
from the land
to live in
Squash
cities. A
number of
impressive
civilizations
had risen and
fallen in the
Americas prior
to the arrival
of Europeans.
35. The Classic Maya (600-800 CE)
The Maya were the
cultural innovators
of Mesoamerica,
developing the most
impressive literature,
mathematics, & art
in the New World.
Southern Mexico and Central America
36. The Mississippian (850-1250 CE)
Pyramid mounds were the chief characteristic of Mississippian culture. Most mounds did not contain
burials but were used instead to denote the status of important residents & for ceremonial purposes.
Monks Mound (Cahokia, IL) extends over an area larger than the Great
Pyramid at Giza, Egypt.
37. Cahokia was the center of a vast
riverine trading network.
Artifacts such as turquoise &
copper, which could only
have come from
hundreds of miles
away, have been
found there.
38. The Anasazi,
(900-1350 CE)
In the American Southwest,
the Anasazi managed for a
time to successfully irrigate
& farm the challenging desert
environment. They also
engaged in extensive road
construction & turquoise
mining/trading. A
combination of climate
change, environmental
collapse, & hostile invaders
most likely explains the
abandonment of their early
population centers. Their
Pueblo descendants were the cliff-
dwelling Native Americans
Bonito encountered by the Spanish,
New who called them “Pueblo,”
Mexico meaning “village.”
39. “The largest [planned village], at Pueblo Bonito, in Chaco Canyon, contained about 800 rooms
and may have housed as many as 1200 persons. No larger apartment-house type construction
would be seen on the continent until the late nineteenth century in New
York City.” -- Gary Nash, Red, White & Black: The Peoples
of Early North America
Chaco
Canyon,
New Mexico
40. Late-period Anasazi villages were frequently built on sites
easily defended against hostile northern invaders, such as
the ancestors of the Navajo. In fact, the word “Anasazi” is
a Navajo term that means “ancestral enemies.”
Cliff Palace at Mesa Verde, CO
41. Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital, as it probably looked at the time
the Spanish arrived in the fall of 1519.
42. At least 20-25
million people
(& perhaps
significantly
more) were
living in N.
America at
the time of
European
contact. Each
native group
had
developed a
“500 distinct
culture
Nations” because of
specific
adaptations
made to their
local
environments.