Christopher columbus
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The document discusses whether Christopher Columbus discovered America. It notes that evidence shows humans first arrived in North America approximately 14,000 years ago by walking across the Bering Strait from Siberia into Alaska, migrating south as the Clovis people. However, archeological discoveries also found remarkably similar tools and human remains from the same time period along the New England coastline, suggesting America was discovered simultaneously by two different cultures - one walking across the Bering Strait and the other island-hopping by boat from Europe.
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Populating the Americas
Modern humans first migrated out of Africa around 200,000 years ago and gradually spread to populate Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas. Around 17,000 years ago during the last ice age, the first humans are believed to have migrated from Siberia to Alaska across the Bering Strait land bridge as they followed animal herds. They then gradually moved south along the coastlines to populate the Americas. Alternative theories propose that some groups may have reached the Americas earlier via water travel along the Pacific coastlines. The specifics of how and when the earliest Paleo-Indians populated the Americas continues to be debated by researchers.
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The document discusses early human history from the Paleolithic Age to the Neolithic Revolution. [1] The first humans originated in Africa over 2 million years ago during the Paleolithic Age. [2] Paleolithic people were nomadic hunter-gatherers who moved to find food and developed simple tools and weapons. [3] They began developing language, clothing, and spiritual beliefs that included burying the dead with items. [4] One of the earliest known human skeletons was discovered in Africa. [5] During the Neolithic Revolution, humans began settling and farming, leading to cultural diffusion as people migrated across land bridges and by boat.
Unit 1 - First Americans
1. During the last Ice Age, glaciers caused sea levels to drop and exposed a land bridge between Asia and North America called Beringia. Nomadic human groups migrated from Asia to North America over this land bridge following animal herds.
2. These early humans lived as hunter-gatherers in small nomadic groups and used basic stone tools. They passed knowledge through oral history and traditions.
3. Around 7,000 BC, some humans in Central America began farming corn, beans, squash and other crops, allowing for permanent settlements and the emergence of early civilizations like the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas.
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The documents discuss the history of Islam in the Philippines and the theories of how different groups migrated to the islands. It describes the Three Waves of Migration Theory proposed by Henry Otley Beyer, which argued that the aboriginal Negrito people arrived first, followed by Indonesian migrants who introduced bronze and rice terraces, and later the Malaysian people who were the ancestors of most modern Filipinos. However, some scholars like Fritjof Voss and F. Landa Jocano have criticized and dissented from this theory, arguing that the evidence is flawed and inconclusive. The documents also discuss the pre-Islamic social structure in the Philippines.
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2. These early humans lived as hunter-gatherers in small nomadic groups and used basic stone tools. They passed knowledge through oral history and traditions.
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- The Grave Creek tablet was discovered in West Virginia and contains three lines of ancient Iberian script that have been translated to a funerary dedication. Other tablets from Ohio, Tennessee, and New York have also been translated to Iberian script.
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Okay, let me break this down step-by-step:
* Spring constant (k) = 280 N/m
* Mass (m) = 0.0025 kg
* Deflection (x) = 0.03 m
* EPE = 0.5kx2 = 0.5 * 280 N/m * (0.03 m)2 = 0.81 J
* EPE converts to KE on release: KE = 0.81 J = 0.5mv2
* Solve for v: v = √(2 * 0.81 J / 0.0025 kg) = 4 m/s
* Use v to find maximum height using: h = v2/2g = (
1 energy
Potential and kinetic energy are the two main types of energy. Potential energy is stored energy that is not currently being used, while kinetic energy is energy in motion. Energy can be converted between different forms, such as chemical energy being converted to mechanical energy when food is eaten. However, the total quantity of energy remains constant due to the law of conservation of energy. Common energy conversions include batteries powering flashlights by converting chemical energy to electrical and electromagnetic energy.
The catholic monarchs(1)
The document summarizes the major events and developments in Spain in 1492. It discusses how Isabel I and Fernando II centralized power and unified the country through the Reconquista. They sponsored Christopher Columbus' voyage to find a new trade route to Asia, which instead led to the discovery of America and the beginning of Spanish colonization in the Americas. It also describes the establishment of the Spanish Inquisition to enforce Catholic orthodoxy, the expulsion of Jews and Muslims, and the development of a hierarchical social structure and powerful global Spanish Empire under subsequent monarchs.
Las energías
El documento resume las diferentes formas de energía, fuentes de energía, y métodos para generar energía eléctrica. Explica que la energía puede manifestarse como movimiento, calor, electricidad, o radiación, y que se obtiene de fuentes como el sol, viento, mar, petróleo y carbón. Describe los procesos de generación en centrales termoeléctricas, hidroeléctricas, eólicas, fotovoltaicas y mareomotrices. También menciona el transporte, distribución e impacto ambiental
Al andalus
The political situation in the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th century was unstable, with a civil war occurring between King Rodrigo and the family of the previous king, Witiza. When the Witiza family hired Muslim mercenaries from North Africa to fight for them, the Muslim army led by Musa and Tariq defeated Rodrigo's forces and went on to conquer most of the peninsula over the next few years due to the weakness of the Visigothic nobles. Al-Andalus began as an emirate dependent on the Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus, but it became independent under Emir Abd al-Rahman in 756 and later a caliphate under
Ch09 pe ke
The document discusses mechanical energy and its two forms: potential and kinetic energy. Potential energy is energy due to an object's position or state, like a raised weight or stretched spring, while kinetic energy is energy due to an object's motion. Mechanical energy, the energy due to an object's position or motion, is the sum of its potential and kinetic energies. Examples are given like a bow's potential energy being transferred to an arrow's kinetic energy on release. The relationships between work, potential and kinetic energy are also explained.
The Catholic Monarchs. Spain 15ht century
Created by María Jesús Campos Fernández, teacher of History and Geography in a bilingual section in Madrid. learningfromhistory.wikispaces.com
learningfromgeography.wikispaces.com
Unit 6
The Early Modern Age began in 1492 with the discovery of America and ended with the French Revolution in 1789. Society was divided into clergy, nobles, and commoners. Fernando and Isabel, known as the Catholic Monarchs, united Castilla and Aragón, supported Columbus's voyage, conquered Granada, and established the Spanish Inquisition. The Age of Discovery saw many explorers like Columbus, Magellan, Pizarro, and Cortés who discovered and conquered new lands. In the 16th-17th centuries, the Hapsburg dynasty ruled Spain and its vast global empire. During this Golden Age, artists like El Greco, Velázquez, and Murillo and writers like Cerv
The Catholic Monarchs
Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon united their kingdoms through marriage in 1469, establishing 150 years of joint rule. They faced civil war in Castile over succession, which Isabella won with Aragonese support. As the Catholic Monarchs, they pursued religious unity, expelling Jews in 1492 and forcing Muslims to convert. They conquered Granada in 1492, ending Muslim rule in Iberia. Their empire expanded through Columbus' voyages and the Treaty of Tordesillas. Reforms centralized power under their dynastic rule, laying the foundations for a global Spanish empire.
Energy transformations (1)
The document discusses various forms that energy can take and examples of how energy is constantly being transformed between different forms in the natural world. It provides examples of chemical energy being transformed into kinetic energy when a bicyclist pedals or muscles contract. The kinetic energy is then sometimes transformed into thermal energy through friction. Energy transformations also produce thermal energy during forest fires, exercise, and cellular processes. The document emphasizes that energy is never created or destroyed, simply changing forms, as explained by the law of conservation of energy.
The Spanish Inquisition
The document provides background information on the Spanish Inquisition. It occurred from the 15th to 19th centuries as a way for the Catholic Church and Spanish monarchs to find and punish heretics. Early on, non-Catholics were given a choice to convert or leave Spain. Those who did not comply were tortured and sometimes killed. The Inquisition established procedures for accusing, detaining, trying suspects through torture, and sentencing them. Notable Grand Inquisitor Torquemada was responsible for forcing hundreds of thousands of Jews and heretics out of Spain through brutal means.
The Catholic Monarchs and the Habsbourg in Spain
1. The Catholic Monarchs, King Carlos I and King Felipe II, ruled Spain during the 16th century following the dynastic union of Castile and Aragon.
2. Their domestic policies focused on centralizing royal power over the kingdoms of Spain. Their foreign policies included expanding Spanish territories through military conquests in Europe and the Americas and pursuing strategic marriages to form alliances.
3. Some key events during their rule included the conquest of Granada in 1492, annexing Navarre and territories in North Africa and the Mediterranean, the dynastic succession of Carlos I after Isabel's death, and the global Spanish Empire reaching its peak extent under Philip II by the late 1500s.
Project
Ferdinand and Isabella united the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile through marriage, laying the foundations for modern Spain. They completed the Christian reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula by defeating the Muslim kingdom of Granada in 1492. During their reign, they expelled Jews and Muslims from Spain, established the Spanish Inquisition, and funded Christopher Columbus' expedition, bringing wealth to Spain and establishing its dominance in Europe.
Forms of energy and transformations
This document discusses different forms of energy including mechanical energy, chemical energy, electrical energy, nuclear energy, and thermal energy. It explains that energy can be transformed from one form to another but is never created or destroyed according to the law of conservation of energy. Some energy is always lost as heat during transformations.
The Early Middle Ages: The Visigoths
Created by María Jesús Campos, teacher of Social Studies, Geography and History in a bilingual section in Madrid (Spain)
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Clovis
The traditional scientific theory of the first Americans, known as the Clovis Model, proposed that humans migrated from Siberia to Alaska via the Bering Land Bridge around 13,000 years ago when sea levels dropped due to glaciation. These early humans, known as Clovis people, were big game hunters who spread throughout North America following the opening of an ice-free corridor through the Rocky Mountains around 11,500 years ago. However, evidence of pre-Clovis human occupation has challenged this long-held theory in recent decades.
The indigenous caribbean people
1. Indigenous peoples had lived in the Caribbean for over 7,000 years, developing diverse cultures like the Taino, Kalinago, and Maya.
2. When Europeans arrived in 1492, it devastated the indigenous populations through war, disease, and social disruption, reducing the population of Hispaniola from 3-4 million to 60,000 within 20 years.
3. Archaeological evidence shows human settlement in the Caribbean dates back 7,000 years, with migrants entering from Central America and South America and establishing advanced agricultural communities, though their social and belief systems are not fully understood.
Intro to exploration
The document discusses the Age of Exploration, beginning with Christopher Columbus's voyage in 1492 which landed in the Caribbean believing he had reached India. It then discusses other European explorers like Amerigo Vespucci and Ferdinand Magellan who mapped and explored new territories. The Spanish conquistadors encountered the Aztec and Inca empires in the Americas and brought back gold, silver, and diseases that killed many native peoples. The English and French began exploring northern routes when the southern routes were claimed. John Cabot explored the northeast coast of North America for England. Francis Drake began raiding Spanish ships, leading to conflict like the Spanish Armada. The explorations expanded European knowledge and influence around the world.
History, Science and Trade
1) The document discusses how DNA analysis was used to track the migration patterns of early humans out of Africa starting 50,000 years ago.
2) It describes how Dr. Spencer Wells' research showed that the first humans migrated from Africa to Australia via Southeast Asia, and then to Central Asia and northern Europe.
3) It also discusses how some humans migrated across the Bering Strait into North and South America, becoming the ancestors of Native Americans.
American history 1492 1776
1) The first people to arrive in North and South America were hunting bands from Asia who crossed over a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska over 25,000 years ago.
2) Christopher Columbus completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean in the late 15th century, which led to European awareness of the Americas and initiated the Spanish colonization of the New World.
3) Although Columbus was not the first person to discover the Americas, his voyages are seen as initiating widespread European exploration and colonization of the region.
Native origins
The document discusses the theory that the first Americans migrated to North and South America across a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska during the last Ice Age. While this "Land-Bridge Theory" was widely accepted, newer evidence has challenged this view. Archaeological sites in South America and the Pacific Northwest have been dated to over 14,500 years old, earlier than presumed migration occurred. Additionally, some skeletal and artifact findings suggest the possibility of ancient migrations by boat from Europe or across the Pacific. Overall, the evidence continues to accumulate and revise scientific understanding of how and when the first people settled in the Americas.
HIS 2213 LU2 Who Were the First Americans & When Did They Arrive?
The document provides an overview of the peopling of the Americas, beginning with a discussion of the Clovis-first theory of the earliest Americans arriving around 13,500 years ago. It discusses evidence from archaeology and DNA that pushes back the dates of the earliest arrivals to over 20,000 years ago. The document also covers the Solutrean hypothesis of Europeans crossing the Atlantic, the genetic lineages of Native Americans, and some of the major pre-Columbian civilizations like the Maya, Mississippian, Anasazi, and Aztec. In 3 sentences: The document discusses theories of when and how the earliest Americans arrived, provides genetic and archaeological evidence pushing back arrival dates, and gives an overview of
6.docx
Native Americans first settled in North America over 10,000 years ago, migrating across the Bering land bridge from Siberia as they followed game. While the exact timing and route is still debated, most evidence supports humans entering the Americas in waves beginning as early as 30,000 years ago. These early inhabitants, known as Paleo-Indians, soon established diverse cultures and tribes across the continent before Europeans arrived.
Black american indians
- The first humans in North America were Black or Negroid peoples, not Mongoloid peoples as commonly believed. Evidence from early archaeological sites and the physical characteristics of the earliest remains show they looked similar to modern Africans, Australians, and Polynesians.
- Only a very small percentage of today's Black Americans can trace their ancestry to the approximately 308,000 African slaves brought to North America. The harsh conditions slaves faced led to declining populations.
- The Lewis and Clark Expedition from 1804-1806 was the first American expedition to cross the western United States after the Louisiana Purchase. They encountered and documented many Native American tribes along their journey.
Who Really Discovered America?
While Christopher Columbus is often credited as the discoverer of America, there is evidence that others reached the Americas before him, including the Vikings, Japanese, and Irish monk Saint Brendan. The Vikings may have established a settlement in present-day Newfoundland or Nova Scotia as early as 1000 AD. Some pottery fragments found in Ecuador date to 5000 years ago and suggest the Japanese may have sailed across the Pacific. An Irish text describes a voyage by Saint Brendan in the 6th century that may have reached Newfoundland. Ultimately, the Native Americans who crossed the Bering Strait over 10,000 years ago were likely the first to discover America.
514283302-History-Unit-1-Lesson-2-West-African-Presence-in-the-Americas.pdf
The document provides an overview of evidence for West African movements to the Americas prior to Columbus' arrival in 1492. It discusses several pieces of evidence, including oral histories from Mali describing expeditions led by King Abubakari II in the early 1300s that were pulled off course by winds and currents. Archaeological evidence is also examined, such as African skeletons found in the Virgin Islands dated to 1250, stone heads with Negroid features in Mexico, and looms identical to those in ancient Egypt and Africa. Linguistic and agricultural evidence linking languages and crops in West Africa and the Americas is presented. However, some historians strongly criticize arguments of African influence as undermining the accomplishments of indigenous peoples.
Chapter4WHII
Isabella I was queen of Castile from 1474-1504. In 1469, she married Ferdinand II of Aragon, uniting Spain's two largest kingdoms. In 1492, they completed the Reconquista by defeating the last Muslim kingdom in Granada. That same year, they expelled all Jews who refused conversion and sponsored Christopher Columbus's voyage, which established Spain's overseas empire. Isabella took an interest in the treatment of Native Americans brought back from the new lands.
What is history
The document discusses the origins and migration patterns of early humans based on genetic research. It describes how all modern humans originated from a group of San Bushmen in Africa who began migrating around 50,000 years ago. Some traveled along coastal routes to Australia, while others went through Central Asia to Europe and beyond. Genetic testing has found Central Asian markers in populations around the world, supporting this migration path. The document also discusses the impact of a volcanic eruption in the 6th century CE and the Columbian Exchange that occurred after Columbus' voyages to the Americas.
Land and expansion part i people arrive and america is born
This presentation very briefly describes how people first migrated throughout the Americas and then discusses how the first U.S. land claims.
Chapter 1 - New World Beginnings
The document provides an overview of the peopling and early history of North America. It describes how the continents were once joined in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart. Various groups migrated across a land bridge between Asia and North America around 35,000 years ago to populate the Americas. Corn was domesticated in Mexico around 5,000 BC, allowing for settled farming communities and the rise of early civilizations like the Aztecs, Mayans, and Incas. Europeans began exploring and colonizing the Americas around 500 years ago, bringing both old and new world plants, animals, and diseases, radically transforming the populations and environments of both regions.
Whoreallydiscoveredamerica
The document discusses several possible early visitors to the Americas before Columbus, including the Vikings, Japanese, and Irish monk St. Brendan. Evidence suggests that Vikings such as Lief Erickson may have visited an area called Vinland around 1000 CE. Pottery fragments in Ecuador dating to 3000 BCE resemble Japanese pottery, suggesting possible early Japanese contact. A voyage by St. Brendan in the 6th century was recreated in the 1970s, proving Irish boats could have reached North America. Ultimately, Native Americans were the earliest inhabitants, migrating over 10,000 years ago, but Columbus initiated sustained contact between the Old and New Worlds.
Columbus test
The document discusses several possible early visitors to the Americas before Columbus, including the Vikings, Japanese, and Irish monk St. Brendan. Evidence suggests that Vikings such as Lief Erickson may have visited an area called Vinland around 1000 CE. Pottery fragments in Ecuador dating to 3000 BCE resemble Japanese pottery, suggesting possible early Japanese contact. A voyage by St. Brendan in the 6th century was recreated in the 1970s, proving Irish boats could have reached North America. Ultimately, Native Americans were the earliest inhabitants, migrating over 10,000 years ago, but Columbus initiated sustained contact between the Old and New Worlds.
The age of discovery
A presentation retracing the steps our ancestors took to discover all corners of the globe and reflecting on the consequences of the European 'age of discovery'
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The Clovis culture, dated between 9,100-8,850 BCE, was one of the earliest cultures in the United States and is identified by distinctive fluted spear points known as Clovis points. Artifacts from this culture were first excavated in 1932 near Clovis, New Mexico. A later migration around 8,000 BCE brought Na-Dene speaking peoples to the Pacific Northwest by 5,000 BCE, and they subsequently migrated along the coast and inland, constructing large seasonal multi-family dwellings. Another group, the Oshara people, lived in the American Southwest between 5,500 BCE to 600 CE as part of the Archaic Southwest culture.
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This document provides an overview of the exploration, discovery, and settlement of North America between 1492-1700. It describes the cultures that existed in North America prior to European contact, including both small nomadic groups and larger complex societies. It then outlines factors that drove European exploration such as technological advances, religious conflicts, trade expansion, and the development of nation-states. Key early explorers and their voyages are summarized, including Columbus, Cabot, Cartier, and others. Spanish and English colonial settlements are briefly described.
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Christopher columbus
- 2. Did he discover America? • It’s widely accepted that approximately 14,000 years ago, humans walked across the Bering Strait from Siberia into Alaska. They’re called the Clovis people. From there, they spent the next few thousand years slowly migrating south and east across North America, and then into South America. But archeologists have made discoveries that show the Clovis weren’t alone. • At the same time the Clovis people began leaving behind tools, human bones and other evidence of their presence in the northwest, humans were leaving remarkably similar items along the New England coastline. How was it, historians wondered, that the Clovis magically transported themselves so as to start their trek from both Alaska and New England at the same time? The answer – America was discovered simultaneously by two different cultures, one crossing the frozen Bering Strait on foot and the other island- hopping from Europe to America’s east coast by boat
- 4. I HOPE YOU LEARNED A LOT FROM THIS POWERPOINT!