The document discusses federal Indian policy from Jefferson to Jackson, including the Louisiana Purchase, Jefferson's views on assimilating Native Americans, and the rise of Andrew Jackson. It analyzes Jackson's Indian removal policy in the 1830s, which aimed to expand white settlement through the forced removal of the Five Civilized Tribes to lands west of the Mississippi. Key Supreme Court cases like Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and Worcester v. Georgia established tribal sovereignty but did not stop the Indian Removal Act from being enforced.
This PowerPoint contains multiple different examples of using questions and discussions in my classroom. It includes Checking for Understanding and comprehension questions, Think-Pair-Shares, and Exit Tickets.
This PowerPoint contains multiple different examples of using questions and discussions in my classroom. It includes Checking for Understanding and comprehension questions, Think-Pair-Shares, and Exit Tickets.
Covers key events in the presidency of John Quincy Adams, including the popularization of Jacksonian democracy, the Corrupt Bargain of 1824, the promotion of Henry Clay's "American System," the fracturing of the Democratic-Republican Party, and the emergence of the Second Party System.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
3. The Louisiana Purchase
• In Europe, Napoleon, the Toussaint L’Ouverture
French emperor, defeated
Spain and took back the
Louisiana Territory for
France.
• Napoleon’s dream to rebuild
a French empire in N.
America was thwarted by
the Haitian Revolution, a
large slave rebellion led by
Toussaint L’Ouverture.
• U.S. diplomats in Paris were
offered the Louisiana
Territory for $15 million.
4. Jefferson Reversed Himself
• As a ‘strict
constructionist,’
Jefferson doubted
the constitutionality
of the LA purchase.
• BUT, he went ahead
and accepted a
‘loose construction’
of the President’s
constitutional
powers to make
treaties & took the
deal.
7. Impact of the Louisiana Purchase
on Native Americans
• Jefferson proposed shifting the eastern Indian populations to
the West so that their lands would be available for white
farmers.
• He favored “civilizing” Indians with white education &
agricultural methods, turning Native Americans into farmers &
homemakers.
• He believed Indians would eventually assimilate with white
America through intermarriage.
• Moreover, by engaging in trade with Native Americans &
extending them credit, Indians would become debtors & have to
sign away their lands to pay debts.
• Of course, the USA could forcibly take the lands of any Native
Americans who engaged in armed resistance.
8. Museum recreation of a government-run “Indian
factory,” or trading post, where the U.S. Govt.’s
aim was to entrap Native Americans with debt.
9. Creek Acculturation
Acculturation = changes in the culture of a group as a
result of contact w/ a different culture; milestone on
the road to full assimilation
10. Pigeon’s-Egg-Head,
an Assiniboine Chief,
‘before & after’ a trip
to Washington, D.C.,
to make a treaty. While
in the nation’s capital,
he adapted to
American society & it
corrupted him in the
eyes of his people.
They killed him upon
his return.
11. Part Two:
Cotton Agriculture, Indian
Removal & the Revitalization
of Slavery
12. The cotton gin was invented by Eli
Whitney, a northerner who solved
the problem of how to efficiently
The Cotton Gin
clean short-staple cotton, making its
large-scale cultivation profitable.
The southern United States had the
best cotton land, but much of it still
belonged to Native Americans. Cotton
wasn’t that important to the economy
of Colonial America, but in the Pre-
Civil War USA it would become the
country’s biggest export.
13. The spread of cotton agriculture spurred the growth of
slavery on lands taken from Native Americans.
17. Tenskwatawa, the Shawnee Tecumseh
Prophet was based
in Indiana,
but his
mother was
a Creek.
Tecumseh
attempted
to put
together a
wide Pan-
Indian
alliance to
resist
whites’
expansion
& carve out a country
for Native Americans
between the USA &
Canada.
Some Native Americans resigned themselves to following the Govt.’s
removal policy while other Native Americans resisted these changes
in various ways. Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa led a
rebellion during the War of 1812 that attracted Indians willing to fight
the settlers; even the “Red Stick” Creeks of Alabama joined
Tecumseh’s alliance.
18. The End of Tecumseh’s Confederacy
Before Tecumseh
could launch his
uprising, Indians led
by Tenskwatawa
attacked U.S.
soldiers under
William Henry
Harrison at
Tippecanoe River &
were defeated;
Tecumseh joined the
British & was later
killed at the Battle of
the Thames (1813).
19. Horseshoe Bend Spells Disaster for “Red
Stick” Creeks
The “Red Stick” Creeks, Tecumseh’s southern allies, attacked white
settlers in Alabama, but were later defeated at Horseshoe Bend by forces
under Gen. Andrew Jackson, who then went on to defend New Orleans
against the British and won a victory that eventually propelled him to the
White House in 1828.
20. The Battle of New Orleans
Jackson
A multiethnic force under Gen. Jackson turned back the final attempt by the
British to reconquer the USA.
21. After losing the
controversial election of
1824 (decided in the
House of
Representatives),
Jackson--a Democrat
from TN--won his 1828
re-match with John
Quincy Adams. The
election was arguably
the nastiest in American
history in terms of
“mudslinging” & even
contributed to the death
of Jackson’s beloved
wife, Rachel.
22. Jackson always
styled himself as
the “Great Father”
to the Indians,
Jacksonian Democracy whose best
stood for three things, interests he claimed
to have at heart.
all of which appealed to
voters on the frontier of Paternalism --
In Jackson’s
settlement in the Old view, Native
Americans
Southwest (today’s were like
children or
southEASTern USA): wards of the
U.S. Govt.
1) White Supremacy
2) Territorial Expansion
3) Destroy the National
Bank!
24. When people spoke of the ‘Old Southwest’
during the first half of the 1800s, they were
referring to the states we think of today as part
of the Southeast--KY, TN, GA, AL, MS, FL, LA, &
AR. The land we think of today as the Southwest
still belonged to Mexico until 1848.
25. “Indian Removal”
• Jackson’s Goal?
• Expansion into the Old Southwest for white southern planters
& farmers (many voted for him)
• 1830 Indian Removal Act
• 5 Civilized Tribes: (forced removal)
• Cherokee Creek Choctaw
• Chickasaw Seminole
• Cherokee Nation v. GA (1831)
• “domestic dependent nation”
• Worcester v. GA (1832)
• Cherokee law is sovereign and Georgia law does not apply in
the Cherokee nation.
• Supreme Court’s decision had no effect, however, on the
1830 Indian Removal Act.
27. Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)
• The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the state of Georgia could not
seize the lands of a “domestic, dependent nation” which
possessed some sovereignty. The Cherokees were NOT a foreign
nation as described in the Constitution.
• “The conditions of the Indians in relation to the United States is
perhaps unlike that of any two peoples in existence. Their
relation to the United States resembles that of a ward to his
guardian. [They are a] domestic dependent nation.”--John
Marshall, Chief Justice
• Established a “trust relationship” with tribes directly under
federal authority.
28. Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
• Samuel Worcester was a missionary who took Georgia to court
for requiring missionaries to the Cherokee Nation to be
licensed by the state.
• The case established the extent of tribal autonomy (i.e., a self-
governing state, community, or group with territorial
boundaries),
• The tribes were “distinct political communities, having
territorial boundaries within which their authority is
exclusive.”--John Marshall, Chief Justice
• The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the laws of Georgia had no
force within the territorial boundaries of the Cherokee Nation.
Only the U.S. Federal Government can make policy affecting
Native American tribes.
• The judicial ruling was a hollow victory for Cherokees, however,
because it did nothing to halt the Federal Indian Removal Act,
which was, in fact, already being implemented.
29. Trails of Tears: Many Tribes
Experienced Their Own “Trail of
Tears,” but the Plight of the
Cherokees is the Most Well-
Known.
30. “Indian Removal”
By 1837, almost all the Civilized Tribes had
been forced to move west of the MS River.
31. “Indian Removal”
President Jackson--who speculated in land & personally profited from
his own Indian removal policy--reflected on the condition of the
Indians, and on Indian-white relations in his 1829 message to
Congress:
“Our conduct toward these people is deeply interesting to our
national character.... Our ancestors found them the uncontrolled
possessors of these vast regions.
“By persuasion and force they have been made to retire from river to
river and from mountain to mountain, unntil some of the tribes have
become extinct and others have left but remnants to preserve for
awhile their once terrible names.
32. “Indian Removal”
“Surrounded by the whites with their arts of civilization, which by
destroying the resources of the savage doom him to weakness and
decay, the fate of the Mohegan, Narragansett, and the Delaware is fast
overtaking the Choctaw, the Cherokee, and the Creek.
“That this fate surely awaits them if they remain within the limits of
the States does not admit of a doubt.
“Humanity and national honor demand that every effort should be
made to avert such a calamity.”
33. Vast tracts of land in MS, AL, TN, and FL
were occupied by one or more of the Five
Civilized Tribes--Cherokees, Creeks,
Choctaws, Chickasaws, & Seminoles.
They were termed ‘civilized’ because
significant numbers had acculturated
themselves to the societal norms of
whites. They dressed as whites; many
practiced Christianity; lived in houses as
small farmers; some practiced slavery;
the Cherokees even had a constitution &
a tribal newspaper. But acculturation did
not stop Jackson from proceeding with
their forced removal to the Oklahoma
Territory. Some Choctaws in Mississippi
were allowed to remain as small,
independent farmers. A small band of
Cherokees also successfully hid out in
the Smoky Mountains, and their
descendants remain there to this day. The
Cherokees finally lost their land when the
U.S. Govt. signed a treaty w/ a minority
faction that sold the majority’s land.
John Ross, Paramount Chief of the Cherokee Nation,
By ancestry, Ross was 1/8 Cherokee.
34. Division in the Cherokee
Nation
• Cherokee Nation went from being a peaceful
nation to a community divided between the Ridge
Faction (minority) and the Ross Faction (majority).
• The Ridge Faction, in cooperation with the U.S.
Government, illegally signed the Treaty of New
Echota, believing the tribe had no other choice.
U.S. Govt. gave land and goods to Cherokees who
left their land peacefully.
• Georgia and the U.S. Govt. used the treaty as
justification to force almost all of the 17,000
Cherokees from their southeastern homeland.
35. John Ross
Major Ridge
• “full blood,” yet leader of ‘modernists’ • “mixed blood,” yet leader of ‘traditionalists’
• pro-Treaty • anti-Treaty
• minority support among Cherokees • majority support among Cherokees
• believed resistance was futile • believed Ridge Faction were traitors &
targeted them for death
• slaveholder
• slaveholder
39. • In 1838, General Winfield Scott arrived in Georgia with
approximately 7000 men to enforce the provisions of the Treaty
of New Echota, which prescribed the relocation of the Cherokees
in Georgia to what is now Oklahoma.
• About 4000 Cherokees died en route in what became known as
the ‘Trail of Tears.’
40. “We were eight days in making the journey (80 miles), & it “Long time we travel on way to new land. People feel bad
was pitiful to behold the women & children who suffered when they leave old nation. Women cry and make sad
exceedingly as they were all obliged to walk, with the wails. Children cry and many men cry, and all look sad
exception of the sick.... I had three regular ministers of like when friends die, but they say nothing and just put
the gospel in my party, and ... we have preaching or heads down and keep on go towards West. Many days
prayer meeting every night while on the march, and you pass and people die very much. We bury close by Trail.”--
may well imagine that under the peculiar circumstances Survivor of the Trail of Tears
of the case, among those sublime mountains and in the
deep forest with the thunder often roaring in the distance,
that nothing could be more solemn and impressive. And I
always looked on with ... awe, lest their prayers which I
felt... ascending to Heaven and calling for justice to Him
who alone can & will grant it... [might] fall upon my guilty
head as one of the instruments of oppression.”--
Lieutenant L.B. Webster