This is the brief manual for Risk Assessments (HIRA – Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment) to guide through significant and benefits of HIRA. This is an important step to ensure OSHA compliance. It helps in identification of risks and creation of exercises, training programs, and plans based on the most likely scenarios.
Employee Training Program For Workplace Accidents PowerPoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Use Employee Training Program For Workplace Accidents PowerPoint Presentation Slides to inculcate workplace wellness amongst your audience or staff. This occupational health PPT theme features gripping visuals to help your audience understand the critical nature of the subject. Demonstrate your current workplace safety policy, and company incidents by the means of our comprehensive workplace safety PowerPoint slideshow. Showcase direct and indirect costs involved in safety training using impactful data visualization tools of the occupational safety PPT template. You can also consolidate types of workplace hazards and accident-prone areas within a workplace, using our workplace wellbeing PowerPoint presentation. Take advantage of this occupational health and safety PPT deck to illustrate the benefits of workplace safety training. Elaborate on the safety training program like types, requirements, and development using our work safety PowerPoint theme. So, download this workplace safety training PPT slideshow to elucidate hazard control hierarchy, health and safety training matrix, and more. https://bit.ly/3irEn7V
Employee Training Program For Workplace Accidents PowerPoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Use Employee Training Program For Workplace Accidents PowerPoint Presentation Slides to inculcate workplace wellness amongst your audience or staff. This occupational health PPT theme features gripping visuals to help your audience understand the critical nature of the subject. Demonstrate your current workplace safety policy, and company incidents by the means of our comprehensive workplace safety PowerPoint slideshow. Showcase direct and indirect costs involved in safety training using impactful data visualization tools of the occupational safety PPT template. You can also consolidate types of workplace hazards and accident-prone areas within a workplace, using our workplace wellbeing PowerPoint presentation. Take advantage of this occupational health and safety PPT deck to illustrate the benefits of workplace safety training. Elaborate on the safety training program like types, requirements, and development using our work safety PowerPoint theme. So, download this workplace safety training PPT slideshow to elucidate hazard control hierarchy, health and safety training matrix, and more. https://bit.ly/3irEn7V
Practical approach to implement and comply to ISO 45001:2016 Occupational Health & Safety Standard.
This presentation will help organisations to effectively implement and keep the compliance to ISO 45001:2016 OHSA Standard
Practical approach to implement and comply to ISO 45001:2016 Occupational Health & Safety Standard.
This presentation will help organisations to effectively implement and keep the compliance to ISO 45001:2016 OHSA Standard
In contemporary work settings, ensuring the safety and well-being of employees stands as a paramount concern. Each year, workplace incidents lead to countless injuries and substantial financial losses for businesses globally. Consequently, implementing proactive safety measures becomes imperative. Enter HIRA – Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment. HIRA serves not merely as another safety protocol but as a strategic approach aimed at identifying potential hazards and evaluating associated risks. This proactive methodology not only elevates workplace safety but also instils a culture of prevention and readiness within organizations. In this blog, we will delve into the significance of HIRA, its implementation process, and benefits it presents in transforming workplace safety standards.
WHAT IS HIRA?
HIRA, which stands for Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment, embodies a systematic approach utilized to identify potential hazards within the workplace and evaluate their corresponding risks. HIRA serves as a critical component in the field of occupational health and safety. It’s a two-step process aimed at first uncovering potential hazards within a workplace, then evaluating the extent of risks these hazards might pose to employees, processes, or the environment. The core objective of HIRA is centred on proactively preventing accidents, injuries, and occupational illnesses by addressing potential hazards before they escalate into safety incidents. Through a methodical analysis of hazards and risk assessment, organizations can effectively prioritize mitigation efforts, allocate resources efficiently, and establish a safer work environment for all stakeholders involved.
BENEFITS OF IMPLEMENTING HIRA?
Implementing a robust workplace safety program, such as the HIRA (Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment), offers numerous benefits to organizations, including:
• Employee Health and Well-being: Prioritizing workplace safety minimizes accidents and injuries, resulting in a healthier workforce with fewer instances of illness or disability.
• Cost Reduction: Preventing accidents reduces healthcare expenses, workers’ compensation claims, and potential legal costs. It also minimizes downtime and enhances productivity by curbing absenteeism.
• Enhanced Morale and Productivity: A safe work environment boosts employee morale, leading to increased productivity and job satisfaction. This positive atmosphere can also reduce turnover rates.
• Quality Enhancement: A safe workplace correlates with higher quality output as employees are more focused and less error-prone when supported by effective safety protocols.
• Competitive Advantage: A strong commitment to workplace safety differentiates an organization from its competitors, appealing to clients and partners who prioritize employee well-being.
effective risk management systems can best be achieved in an atmosphere of trust.
Successful risk management provides assurance that the organisation’s objectives will be
achieved within an acceptable degree of residual risk.13 It also creates an environment in which
quality improvement occurs as the natural consequence of the identification, assessment and
elimination or minimisation of risk. Risk management can therefore also be considered as an
aspect of the organisation’s ongoing continuous quality improvement program.
PECB Webinar: Occupational Hazard Identification Risk Assessment and Risk Con...PECB
The webinar covers:
• OHSAS 18001 Requirements regarding HIRARC
• Methodologies & Development of HIRARC
• Implementation of Risk Control Actions
Presenter:
This webinar was presented by Stephen Lim, Managing Director, Principal Consultant & Trainer of JP Power Horizon, who is also PECB Certified Trainer.
Link of the recorded session published on YouTube: https://youtu.be/Dsw2LPLBv_k
CHAPTER 7 Risk Assessment, Security Surveys, and PlanningLEARNIN.docxchristinemaritza
CHAPTER 7 Risk Assessment, Security Surveys, and Planning
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this chapter, the reader should be able to
· ■ define risk and risk assessment.
· ■ list and describe five distinct types of risk that threaten individuals and organizations.
· ■ discuss management techniques associated with risk elimination, reduction, and mitigation.
· ■ evaluate risks to determine vulnerability, probability, and criticality of loss.
· ■ conduct a risk assessment utilizing subjective as well as objective measurements.
· ■ conduct a security survey.
· ■ analyze needs identified through a risk assessment.
· ■ develop appropriate courses of action to eliminate, reduce, or mitigate risks identified in a risk assessment.
· ■ discuss the importance of the budget process.
· ■ demonstrate knowledge of crime prevention through environmental design.
· ■ demonstrate knowledge of emergency planning.
INTRODUCTION
A major focus for security management is the concept of risk. Subjective information as well as objective measurement instruments (such as a security survey) are used in an essential first step of a planning process designed to identify and assess the threat posed by each risk source. As the planning process proceeds, security personnel make recommendations and determine the financial impact of any potential risk mitigation strategy. Planning activities also involve preparation for emergency situations and consideration of anticrime measures available through environmental manipulation.
THE CONCEPT OF RISK
Risk Defined
Risk may be defined as the possibility of suffering harm or loss, exposure to the probability of loss or damage, an element of uncertainty, or the possibility that results of an action may not be consistent with the planned or expected outcomes. A decision maker evaluates risk conditions to predict or estimate the likelihood of certain outcomes. From a security perspective, risk management is defined as the process involved in the anticipation, recognition, and appraisal of a risk and the initiation of action to eliminate the risk entirely or reduce the threat of harm to an acceptable level. A risk involves a known or foreseeable threat to an organization’s assets: people, property, information, or reputation. Risk cannot be totally eliminated. However, effective loss prevention programs can reduce risk and its impact to the lowest possible level. An effective risk management program can maximize asset protection while minimizing protection costs (Fay, 2000; Fischer & Janoski, 2000; Kovacich & Halibozek, 2003; Robbins & Coulter, 2009; Simonsen, 1998; Sweet, 2006).
Types of Risk
Generally, risk is associated with natural phenomena or threats created by human agents. Natural risks arise from earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, and storms. Risks created by human beings include acts or failures to act that lead to crime, accidents, or environmental disaster. As many as five distinct types of risk threaten individuals a ...
Welding task require strict safety measures to be followed as it carries risks to eyes and skin. The infographic explains various risks to be taken for safety during welding operations.
Conveyor Safety Training is about safety practises to be followed while working on conveyors. This includes conveyor working on conveyors, operating, maintaining, repairing and clearing conveyor jams can. Conveyors are rotating equipment and can cause serious harms.
Behavior Based Safety is considered as the path to perfect safety. It is the process of analysing the workers’ behaviour at work, identify and communicate antecedents and consequences to safe and unsafe behaviour and reinforce the desired safe behaviours. Check the complete IG here to know more about BBS
Slings for hoisting and rigging must be selected & used with care. The workers need to inspect the sling for use with focus on size, weight, shape, temperature, and sensitivity of the material being moved, and the environmental conditions. The Infographic shows key tips for use of slings.
Heavy Lifting is one of the leading causes of injury in the workplace, overexertion and cumulative trauma being the biggest factors. By following smart lifting practices back sprains, muscle pulls, wrist injuries, elbow injuries, spinal injuries, and other injuries can be easily avoided. The infographic explains the method to be followed during lifting.
Environmental Management System defines policies for maintaining policy for environmental protection in a comprehensive, systematic, planned and documented manner. The infographic explains general procedure for EMS and how it has evolved over the time.
Miners face various types of health risks involving respiratory risks, heat & sun-burns, chemical risks and so on. The video presents various risks and remedies for workers operating in any kind of mine.
With key change in structure, OHSAS 18001 has been upgraded to ISO 45001 as a whole-company, proactive approach for incorporating a safety culture. The infographic depicts key difference in OHSAS 45001 and OHSAS 18001.
The attached Fire Safety Manual gives details about details about the fire safety in workplace. It spells out the types of fire, types of fire extinguishers and measures to take for avoiding fire accidents. Further to that, it also explains in detail about steps to take in case of fire.
Construction is the industry mostly affected during monsoon season. Not only there are work delays but working in rain also cause some additional Health & Safety hazards. Some extra precautions must be taken to minimize the health risk during rainy season and workers should be trained to work during low visibility and slippery conditions.
Fire Safety Training is highly important for the staff to avoid major accidents and injuries. Workers needs to be trained on prevention of fire in the workplace and how to act safely in the event of an emergency fire situation. The infographic is the illustration that can help in choice of right extinguisher during fire.
Tasks related to working on height, chemicals, housekeeping, electrical, confined spaces, etc. may cause common workplace injuries. Employers should take necessary cautions to eliminate the accidents. Proper safety training is the most important step in avoiding potential tragedies.
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The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
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Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
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WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
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A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
3. 1. HIRA COMPLIANCE AND RESPONSIBILITIES
1.1Introduction
The most important legal duty imposed on employers by the Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993
and incorporated Regulations is the one requiring of employers to conduct Risk Assessments (HIRA –
Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment). Based on the outcome of the Risk Assessments decisions
should be taken as to preventative measures to be implemented as to ensure a safe workplace is provided
to employees, contractors and visitors to the workplace.
1.2Purpose
The Provincial Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA) document is intended to provide
guidance on how to conduct a HIRA. Hazard identification and risk assessment is an ongoing, ever
evolving process. The purpose of a HIRA is to anticipate future emergency situations and to identify which
hazards should be considered a priority at a point in time for emergency management programs. It must
be remembered that new hazards may emerge or evolve over time and that emergency management tools
and processes may alter the hazards’ priority in subsequent revisions.
1.3Scope
The goal of this document is to identify the hazards that have occurred or have the potential to impact the
Province of Ontario. It is intended to provide a step by step guide to planning and developing a HIRA
using the Provincial HIRA methodology.
1.4Definitions
Hazard: Anything (e.g. condition, situation, practice, behavior) that has the potential to cause harm,
including injury, disease, death, environmental, property and equipment damage. A hazard can be a thing
or a situation.
4. Hazard Identification: This is the process of examining each work area and work task for identifying all
the hazards which are “inherent in the job”. Work areas include but are not limited to machine workshops,
laboratories, office areas, agricultural and horticultural environments, stores and transport, maintenance
and grounds, reprographics, and lecture theatres and teaching spaces. Tasks can include (but may not be
limited to) using screen based equipment, audio and visual equipment, industrial equipment, hazardous
substances and/or teaching/dealing with people, driving a vehicle, dealing with emergency situations,
construction. This process is about finding what could cause harm in work task or area.
Risk: The likelihood, or possibility, that harm (injury, illness, death, damage etc) may occur from
exposure to a hazard.
Risk Assessment: Is defined as the process of assessing the risks associated with each of the hazards
identified so the nature of the risk can be understood. This includes the nature of the harm that may result
from the hazard, the severity of that harm and the likelihood of this occurring.
Risk Control: Taking actions to eliminate health and safety risks so far as is reasonably practicable.
Where risks cannot be eliminated, then implementation of control measures is required, to minimize risks
so far as is reasonably practicable. A hierarchy of controls has been developed and is described below to
assist in selection of the most appropriate risk control measure/s.
Monitoring and Review: This involves ongoing monitoring of the hazards identified, risks assessed and
risk control processes and reviewing them to make sure they are working effectively.
1.5Policies & Programs
The adoption of a risk management approach in the Emergency Management Act shifts the focus to the
causes of risk rather than the emergencies that may result from risk. This allows resources to be allocated
effectively to prevent or minimize losses.
The system is implementing comprehensive emergency management programs (based on the five main
components of prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery) through a progressive
comprehensive program standard. This is a significant shift for, given that the Emergency Plans Act spoke
only to plans (preparedness) and response. The new Emergency Management and Civil Protection Act
laid the foundation for a coordinated mitigation strategy.
5. 1.6Responsibilities
Effective risk management requires the commitment to WHS from managers and Officer as well as the
input and involvement of workers. It is the responsibility of all managers and supervisors to ensure that
this policy is fully implemented in their area(s) of control and to consult with workers as part of
undertaking the hazard identification, risk assessment and control process. It is the responsibility of
workers to cooperate and comply with this policy. This includes providing effective and constructive
information and feedback to aid the risk management process. Officers have a responsibility to ensure that
the areas under their control are complying with legislative requirements. This includes the Officer
understanding the hazards and risks associated with their operations and ensuring that appropriate
resources and processes are in place to eliminate or minimize these risks.
2. RISK ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE
The risk assessment procedure can best be illustrated in the following way
2.1Identify Hazards
WHS legislation in New South Wales requires that PCBUs, in consultation with workers identify all
potentially hazardous things or situations that may cause harm. In general, hazards are likely to be found
in the following;
6. - Physical work environment,
- Equipment, materials or substances used,
- Work tasks and how they are performed,
- Work design and management
To identify hazards the following are recommended:
(i) Past incidents/accidents are examined to see what happened and whether the incident/accident
could occur again.
(ii) Employees be consulted to find out what they consider are safety issues, I.e. ask workers about
hazards near misses they have encountered as part of their work. Sometimes a survey or
questionnaire can assist workers to provide information about workplace hazards.
(iii)Work areas or work sites be inspected or examined to find out what is happening now.
Identified hazards should be documented to allow further action. The work environment, tool
and equipment as well as tasks and procedures should be examined for risks to WHS.
(iv)Information about equipment (e.g. plant, operating instructions) and Material Safety Data
Sheets be reviewed to determine relevant safety precautions.
(v) Welcome creative thinking about what could go wrong takes place, i.e. what hazardous event
could take place here?
2.2Assess risks
Risk assessment involves considering the possible results of someone being exposed to a hazard and the
likelihood of this occurring. A risk assessment assists in determining:
- How severe a risk is
- Whether existing control measures are effective
- What action should be taken to control a risk
- How urgently action needs to be taken.
A risk assessment should include:
(i) Identify factors that may be contributing to the risk,
(ii) Review health and safety information that is reasonably available from an authoritative source
and is relevant to the hazard,
7. (iii)Evaluation of how severe the harm could be. This includes looking at the types of
injuries/illnesses/harm/damage that can result from the hazard, the number of people exposed,
possible chain effects from exposure to this hazard.
(iv)Evaluation of how a hazard may cause harm. This includes examining how work is
completed, whether existing control measures are in place and whether they control the harm,
looking at infrequent/abnormal situations as well as standard operating situations. A chain of
events related to a risk may need to be considered.
(v) Determining the likelihood of harm occurring. The level of risk will increase as the
likelihood of harm and its severity increases. The likelihood of harm occurring may be affected
by how often the task is completed, in what conditions, how many people are exposed to the
hazard and for what duration.
(vi)Identify the actions necessary to eliminate or control the risk; and
(vii) Identify records that it is necessary to keep ensuring that the risks are eliminated or
controlled. Other risk factors should also be identified as they may contribute to the risk:
including
2.3Controlling Risks
Once a risk rating is determined, each hazard must have its existing risk control measures evaluated using
the Evaluation of Control Effectiveness. This allows for determination of any additional requirement
necessary.
2.4Implement Additional Risk Controls
Having identified the hazards in your workplace, assessed their risks and reviewed the existing controls,
all hazards must be managed before people are hurt, become ill or there is damage to plant, property or
the environment.
The management of risks in the workplace requires eliminating risks so far as reasonably practicable in
the first instance. Where elimination is not possible, then risks should be minimized, so far as reasonably
practicable.
All hazards that have been assessed should be dealt with in order of priority. The most effective control
option/s should be selected to eliminate or minimize risks. The Hierarchy of Controls (see diagram below)
ranks control options from highest level of protection and reliability to lowest. This should be used to
determine the most effective control/s.
8. Hierarchy of Controls
2.5Monitor & Review
Hazard identification, risk assessment and control is an on-going process. Therefore, regularly review the
effectiveness of your hazard assessment and control measures at least every 3 years. Make sure that you
undertake a hazard and risk assessment when there is a change to the workplace including when work
systems, tools, machinery or equipment change. Provide additional supervision when new employees with
reduced skill levels or knowledge are introduced to the workplace. The effectiveness of control measures
can be checked through regular reviews as well as consultation with workers.
Maintaining records of the risk management process assists when undertaking subsequent reviews or risk
assessments as it demonstrates decision making processes and informs how controls were intended to be
implemented.
9. 3. RISK EQUATION
At the core of all risk assessments is the equation Risk = Frequency * Consequence. The suggested
methodology in this document incorporated a third variable. This third variable, Changing Risk introduces
projected changes in frequency and vulnerability into the equation. The resulting equation for the Ontario
Provincial HIRA is:
Risk = Frequency*Consequence*Changing Risk
3.1Frequency
Frequency should be calculated whenever possible based on existing data from official and/or scientific
sources. It should be remembered that some hazards do not have a long historical record and that their
frequencies can be estimated based on the best sources available. Ideally, the frequency would be
calculated based on the number of times that the event has occurred, rather than in years, however the
differing lengths of the historical records in Ontario did not make this possible.
3.2Consequence
To produce a HIRA that is a true depiction of the actual level of risk faced by a certain area, care must be
taken to assure that the frequency and consequence of each hazard are well understood and are
representative of possible occurrences of each hazard.
The consequence is determined by examining past events at which the hazard occurred at a level that met
the criteria. The table below displays the different consequence sub variables. The total consequence value
can be obtained by adding the values obtained from each of the sub variables. (Note: The social impacts
sub variable was further divided into the fatality rate, injury rate and evacuation rate. Since human impacts
are often the most ‘jarring’ result of an emergency and have an unquantifiable impact on the community,
social impact was intentionally weighted higher than the other sub variables.)
3.3Changing Risk
Hazards and their risks do not remain static over time. The frequency and consequence of future events
can be affected by things like prevention and mitigation practices and climate change. While it is difficult
to predict what policy and technological changes lie ahead, there is a substantial amount of scientific
information on the possible impacts of future trends on the different hazards. The inclusion of this variable
10. also leaves open the possibility of including other agents of change (e.g. new technology) in future
revisions. Only scientific information on future changes to frequency and consequence from reliable
sources was used. Since the information that provides a basis for this variable was based on scientific
assessments of future trends and was not based on trends or impacts that have already been observed, the
variable has a maximum value of four, rather than six like consequence and frequency since uncertainly
still exists in most scientific projections and there could be a significant variation in the amount of time
before actual trends are observed.
Changing Risk = Change in Frequency + Change in Vulnerability
3.3.1Change in Frequency
1. Is the number of reported non-emergency occurrences of the hazard increasing?
2. Is human activity (e.g. population expansion, altering of drainage flow patterns) likely to lead to
more interaction with the hazard or an increase in frequency?
3. Is there an environmental reason (e.g. climate change) why the frequency of this hazard may
increase?
4. Are human factors such as business, financial, international practices more likely to increase the
risk?
3.3.2Change in Vulnerability
1. Is a large percentage of the population vulnerable to this hazard or is the number of people
vulnerable (see vulnerable groups) to this hazard increasing?
2. Does critical infrastructure reliance or our ‘just-on-time’ delivery system (e.g. stores not keeping
a supply of food and relying on frequent shipments for restocking) make the population more
vulnerable?
3. Are response agencies not aware of, practiced and prepared to response to this hazard?
4. Are no prevention/mitigation measures currently in use for this hazard?
11. 4. CONCLUSION
Hazard identification and risk assessment documents are an important factor in enhancing the focus of
emergency management programs. An emergency management program can use a HIRA to assist in
determining prevention, preparedness, and mitigation, response and recovery activities based on risk.
After the hazards which are identified as being priorities are addressed, a revision of the HIRA will be
done since hazards and their risks may change significantly over time.