Hinduism originated around 4000 BC in the Indus River Valley region of the Indian subcontinent. Its beliefs integrated over time as Aryan invaders introduced their own system around 1500 BC. Key texts like the Vedas and Upanishads were written between 1700-500 BC and formed Hindu traditions. Hinduism is characterized by beliefs in dharma, reincarnation, and many deities including Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, and goddess figures representing the divine feminine creative force.
God shiva iconography in kushana kingdom of gandharaAdesh Katariya
The visual appearance of Śhiva is based on the iconography of the god Wēś, who is frequently depicted on the reverses of Kuṣāṇa coinage from the time of Vima onwards.
Wēś, as introduced by the Kuṣaṇas, was the outcome of a syncretism by merging attributes of Greek, Roman, native and Iranian deities .Thus, Wēś can be considered an intermediary deity who played a critical role in the formation of Hindu Śiva’s iconography in Gandhāra.
The visual manifestations of the Kuṣāṇa’s Wēś, as depicted on coins and the stone images of the Hindu Śiva from the same period, share strong resemblances.
God shiva iconography in kushana kingdom of gandharaAdesh Katariya
The visual appearance of Śhiva is based on the iconography of the god Wēś, who is frequently depicted on the reverses of Kuṣāṇa coinage from the time of Vima onwards.
Wēś, as introduced by the Kuṣaṇas, was the outcome of a syncretism by merging attributes of Greek, Roman, native and Iranian deities .Thus, Wēś can be considered an intermediary deity who played a critical role in the formation of Hindu Śiva’s iconography in Gandhāra.
The visual manifestations of the Kuṣāṇa’s Wēś, as depicted on coins and the stone images of the Hindu Śiva from the same period, share strong resemblances.
This is the PowerPoint presentation we covered Wed and Friday August 22 and 24. Please note: the video and audio components will not function in this format.
Within the larger pantheon of Hinduism, Shaivism is one of the major religious sects that worship Shiva as the Supreme Being. It is the one of the old religions of the east and is also known as one of the prominent religious cults of India. The doctrine which centers on the philosophical aspect of Rudra Shiva goes back through ages and it developed and flourished with time. Shaivism is not a single cult but a mixture of different cults. From prehistoric times down to the early centuries of the Christian era the annals of this cult was unluckily not prominent. The history of this cult may be traced to the beginnings of human civilization on earth, like the cult of mother Goddess. Both emerged from the fertility cult. The earliest historical record to the worship of Shiva was given by Megasthenes, a Greek ambassador, at Pataliputra about 300B.C. Dionysus and Herakles, two deities generally identified with Siva and Krishna respectively were described by him. In the Mahabhashya, Patanjali gave the reference to the Shiva bhagavatas and also describes the images of Shiva and Skanda being sold by Mauryas to raise money in the time of crisis during second century B.C. This shows the popularity of this cult. In this paper we would try to understand the evolution of Shaiva religion in the ambits of Jammu region. Kuljeet Singh "Tracing the Growth of Shaivaism in Jammu" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47536.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/47536/tracing-the-growth-of-shaivaism-in-jammu/kuljeet-singh
Vishnu is one of three main Gods, called Tridev.
In ancient Vedic time, he was not a main God but he occupied a central position in classical Hinduism.
Viṣṇu is a protector of the universe and appears in several incarnations to protect both the devotees and the society against adharma “disorder, chaos”.
When the Kuṣāṇas entered Gandhāra, they encountered Brahmanism, Iranian and Greek cults beside a dominant popular Buddhism. This fact is supported by their coins that show images of these cults simultaneously.
The religious life in the central india during c6th-c7th A.D.AmitabhKumar47
THE RELIGIOUS LIFE IN THE CENTRAL INDIA DURING THE C6th-C7th A.D. UNDER THE MINOR DYNASTIES: THE PROCESS OF SYNCRETISATION AND ASSIMILATION OF POPULAR DIVINITIES INTO THE BRAHMANICAL FOLD
This is the PowerPoint presentation we covered Wed and Friday August 22 and 24. Please note: the video and audio components will not function in this format.
Within the larger pantheon of Hinduism, Shaivism is one of the major religious sects that worship Shiva as the Supreme Being. It is the one of the old religions of the east and is also known as one of the prominent religious cults of India. The doctrine which centers on the philosophical aspect of Rudra Shiva goes back through ages and it developed and flourished with time. Shaivism is not a single cult but a mixture of different cults. From prehistoric times down to the early centuries of the Christian era the annals of this cult was unluckily not prominent. The history of this cult may be traced to the beginnings of human civilization on earth, like the cult of mother Goddess. Both emerged from the fertility cult. The earliest historical record to the worship of Shiva was given by Megasthenes, a Greek ambassador, at Pataliputra about 300B.C. Dionysus and Herakles, two deities generally identified with Siva and Krishna respectively were described by him. In the Mahabhashya, Patanjali gave the reference to the Shiva bhagavatas and also describes the images of Shiva and Skanda being sold by Mauryas to raise money in the time of crisis during second century B.C. This shows the popularity of this cult. In this paper we would try to understand the evolution of Shaiva religion in the ambits of Jammu region. Kuljeet Singh "Tracing the Growth of Shaivaism in Jammu" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47536.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/47536/tracing-the-growth-of-shaivaism-in-jammu/kuljeet-singh
Vishnu is one of three main Gods, called Tridev.
In ancient Vedic time, he was not a main God but he occupied a central position in classical Hinduism.
Viṣṇu is a protector of the universe and appears in several incarnations to protect both the devotees and the society against adharma “disorder, chaos”.
When the Kuṣāṇas entered Gandhāra, they encountered Brahmanism, Iranian and Greek cults beside a dominant popular Buddhism. This fact is supported by their coins that show images of these cults simultaneously.
The religious life in the central india during c6th-c7th A.D.AmitabhKumar47
THE RELIGIOUS LIFE IN THE CENTRAL INDIA DURING THE C6th-C7th A.D. UNDER THE MINOR DYNASTIES: THE PROCESS OF SYNCRETISATION AND ASSIMILATION OF POPULAR DIVINITIES INTO THE BRAHMANICAL FOLD
Talk I developed and delivered for The Wearable Adoption & Monetization Summit in San Francisco, April 20-21, 2015.
Please let me know if you believe I have missed any wearables in this space I have missed. Thanks.
This talk is derived from work I have done on The Digital Mental Health Project. Read more about it here: http://bit.ly/1ES2kim
The chapter aims at reconstructing life ways of the authors of the Indus Civilization based on the artefacts unearthed from various sites in India and Pakistan. We will also discuss the major hindrances for the identification of religious institutions of the civilization.
FA 210 Art of the World
Several lectures' worth of information - early Japanese culture, Japanese ceramics, Zen Buddhism, Samurai, the Edo period Ukiyo-e woodcuts
FA 210 Art of the World
Some of the world's most important sites are being systematically destroyed by ISIS, but there are many other destroyed or endangered historic and cultural sites. Here are a bunch of reasons and examples.
2137ad - Characters that live in Merindol and are at the center of main storiesluforfor
Kurgan is a russian expatriate that is secretly in love with Sonia Contado. Henry is a british soldier that took refuge in Merindol Colony in 2137ad. He is the lover of Sonia Contado.
Hadj Ounis's most notable work is his sculpture titled "Metamorphosis." This piece showcases Ounis's mastery of form and texture, as he seamlessly combines metal and wood to create a dynamic and visually striking composition. The juxtaposition of the two materials creates a sense of tension and harmony, inviting viewers to contemplate the relationship between nature and industry.
2137ad Merindol Colony Interiors where refugee try to build a seemengly norm...luforfor
This are the interiors of the Merindol Colony in 2137ad after the Climate Change Collapse and the Apocalipse Wars. Merindol is a small Colony in the Italian Alps where there are around 4000 humans. The Colony values mainly around meritocracy and selection by effort.
Explore the multifaceted world of Muntadher Saleh, an Iraqi polymath renowned for his expertise in visual art, writing, design, and pharmacy. This SlideShare delves into his innovative contributions across various disciplines, showcasing his unique ability to blend traditional themes with modern aesthetics. Learn about his impactful artworks, thought-provoking literary pieces, and his vision as a Neo-Pop artist dedicated to raising awareness about Iraq's cultural heritage. Discover why Muntadher Saleh is celebrated as "The Last Polymath" and how his multidisciplinary talents continue to inspire and influence.
1. Hinduism
• ca.
4000
BC
part
of
Indian
subcon5nent
(the
Indus
River
Valley)
was
inhabited
by
people
of
Harappan
culture.
• Ca.
1500
BC,
Aryan
invaders
brought
their
own
belief
system,
which
was
integrated
with
that
of
the
Harappans.
• Aryans
developed
a
system
of
“cosmic
law”
or
dharma
which
governed
all,
including
social
order
(caste
system)
• Vedas
–
sacred
texts
da5ng
between
1700
–
500
BCE.
Upanishads
are
the
collec5on
of
Hindu
founda5onal
thoughts
and
tradi5ons,
wriNen
pre-‐
Buddha,
ca.
500
BCE.
2.
3. Indus River Valley/Harappan
Civilization
• The
least
known
of
the
3
great
ancient
civiliza5ons
(along
with
Egypt
and
Mesopotamia/Babylonia)
ca.
5000
–
1900
BCE
• Copper
metallurgy,
ceramics,
stone
sculpture
and
coins
found.
Undeciphered
wri5ng
system
found
on
stone
seals
since
ca.
2600
BCE
• Advanced
grid-‐paNern
city
plans
(at
Harappa
and
Mohenjo-‐daro)
and
last
but
not
least–
sewers!
4.
5. Harappan seal with writing
• These
were
merchants’
marks
to
iden5fy
the
owners
of
goods
or
shipments.
7. Dancing Girl,
ca. 2500 BC
• Found
in
Mohenjo-‐daro
• Lost-‐wax
process
• Predecessor
to
Hindu
Goddess
figures:
Shak5,
Kali,
etc.
• Dancing
pose
seen
throughout
Indian
sculpture,
including
both
Hindu
and
Buddhist
sculpture
8. Left: Harappan linga, ca. 3000 BCE;
Right: Hindu linga, ca. 200 BCE
• Symbol
of
Hindu
God
Shiva
9. Hindu deities
• While
there
is
one
Divine
Being
(Brahman),
there
are
many
dei5es
who
each
embody
some
aspect
of
the
Divine
Being.
• Hinduism
has
grown
and
evolved
through
regional
tradi5ons,
so
that
each
has
dis5nct
gods;
even
the
common
ones
may
have
different
aNributes
or
incarna5ons
in
each
tradi5on.
VERY
confusing!
• Since
each
incarna5on
of
a
god
is
a
separate
being,
there
are
virtually
limitless
gods
in
the
pantheon
–
hundreds
and
hundreds.
Main
ones
are:
• Shiva
(the
Destroyer)
• Vishnu
(the
Preserver)
• Brahma
(the
Creator)
• Goddess
aka
Shak5
10.
11. Brahma
• The
Creator
(the
first
god
–
created
good/evil
and
light/dark
from
his
own
person.
• Created
gods,
demons,
ancestors
and
men,
along
with
all
living
creatures.
• Abstract
or
metaphysical
god,
so
few
myths
about
him
exist.
Less
important
in
modern
5mes,
except
in
southeast
Asia.
• Brahma,
ca.
1700,
northern
India
5.5
x
3.75
inches,
wc/paper
12. Vishnu
10
reincarna5ons
(avataras):
• Matsya
the
fish
• Kurma
the
tortoise
• Varaha
the
boar
• Narasimha
the
man-‐lion
• Vamana
the
dwarf
• Parasurama
the
Brahman
• Prince
Rama
• Krishna
the
god
• Krishna
as
Buddha
• Kalki
(future
–
end
of
world)
13. Vishnu, ca. 900
– 1000 AD
Everyone’s
here!
• Vishnu
at
center
(his
aNributes:
chakra,
conch,
mace,
abhaya
mudra)
• Upper
lej:
Brahma
(4-‐
headed)
• Upper
right:
Shiva
(trident
&
chakra)
14. Shiva Nataraja: Lord of the Dance
Chola
period,
ca.
1000
AD,
South
India,
following
precepts
of
Shilpa
Shastras
(Science
or
Rules
of
Sculpture)
15. Shiva - Lord
of the Dance
• Ca.
900
AD
• Figure
set
in
center
of
universe
• Creator:
hand
drum
in
upper
right
hand
• Preserver:
lower
right
hand
gesture
of
abhaya,
protec5on.
• Destroyer:
agni,
fire
of
dynamic
destruc5on
• Right
foot:
tramples
illusion
and
ignorance
• Lej
hand
points
to
leg
in
gaja
hasta:
refuge
for
troubled
soul
• Ganga
caught
in
hair
16. Linga and Yoni
• Linga
=
phallus
=
male
crea5ve
energy,
symbolizing
Shiva’s
role
as
Creator
• Yoni
=
vaginal
form
=
female
crea5ve
energy,
symbol
of
the
Goddess,
or
Shak5
(energizing
force
of
the
universe),
par5cularly
Parva5
• This
18th
century
pain5ng
shows
2
women
worshiping
the
god
Shiva
at
a
linga-‐yoni
(most
sacred
part
of
a
Hindu
shrine)
17. Linga with
one face
• 9th
century
• Linga
is
the
most
sacred
object
in
a
temple
dedicated
to
Shiva
• Emphasis
on
male/
female
energy
led
to
an
abundance
of
ero5c
Hindu
art
–
both
metaphoric
and
lusty.
19. The Goddess
The
Goddess
is
the
manifesta5on
of
female
primordial
cosmic
energy
or
feminine
crea5ve
power,
called
Shak5.
She
can
be
personified
as
a
goddess
named
Shak5,
and
there
are
some
Hindu
sects
in
which
she
is
synonymous
with
Brahman,
the
Divine
Being.
When
Shak5
is
presented
as
a
goddess,
she
has
many
aNributes
and
roles,
as
protector,
healer,
and
bringer
of
well-‐
being.
She
also
has
many
incarna5ons,
including:
Ganga
(of
Ganges
River)
and
Manasa.
21. Duality of Hindu gods
In
her
various
forms,
the
Goddess
is
the
consort
of
the
Great
Gods,
and
considered
to
be
the
female
energy
of
each:
• Saraswa5
–
knowledge
(Brahma
-‐
creator)
Lakshmi
–
wealth
and
prosperity
(Vishnu-‐
preserver)
• Parva5,
Durga,
Kali
-‐
power
(Shiva
-‐
destroyer)
22. Saraswati
• Consort
of
Brahma
• Known
from
Vedas
• Also
revered
in
Jain
religion
and
some
Buddhist
sects
• Goddess
of
knowledge,
music,
arts
and
learning
23. Lakshmi
• Consort
of
Vishnu
• Goddess
of
wealth,
fortune
and
prosperity
(material
and
spiritual)
• Revered
in
Buddhism
and
Jainism
as
well
• ANributes
include
lotus
blossom
(ojen
shown
standing
on
a
lotus
blossom,
due
to
her
origin
myth)
and
4
arms
• Apparently
Scythians
worshipped
her
too!
25. Goddess as Durga
• Like
her
male
counterparts,
the
Goddess
has
many
names
and
personas:
Devi,
Durga
(warrior/protector),
Kali
(destroyer
of
evil)
• It
is
believed
she
evolved
from
a
mountain-‐
goddess
worshipped
in
the
Himalayas
• A
war
goddess,
usually
pictures
with
10
arms
and
astride
a
lion
or
5ger
• Consort
of
Shiva
26. Durga Killing
the Buffalo
Demon Mahisha
• 12th
century
• Argillite
• She
holds
a
variety
of
weapons,
including:
• Spear,
arrow,
sword,
chisel,
hammer,
thunderbolt,
goad,
discus.
27. Standing
Parvati
• Chola
period,
ca.
925
AD
• Note
similarity
to
Harappan
dancing
girl
• Cast
copper
• Parva5
is
the
gentle
aspect
of
the
Goddess
(usually
2
armed),
while
Durga
is
the
protectress
and
Kali
the
ferocious
destroyer
• Note
her
aNribute
of
the
mountain-‐shaped
hat,
deno5ng
her
origin
as
a
Himalayan
mountain
god
• She
has
108
names!