This document provides an overview of Indian art until the 13th century, covering both Buddhist and Hindu art traditions. It discusses the major religions in India such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, and others. For Buddhist art, it describes the life of Buddha and key iconographic elements in Buddhist statues and architecture like stupas. For Hindu art, it outlines the main Hindu gods and concepts of dharma, karma, and samsara. It also examines architectural features of Hindu temples and provides examples from sites in India like Deogarh and Orissa as well as Angkor Wat in Cambodia. Sculptural styles are discussed through works like the Shiva Nataraja.
The document provides an overview of Indian art until the 13th century, covering many religions in India including Buddhism, Hinduism, and their artistic traditions. It discusses key Buddhist concepts like the first sermon of Buddha and important figures like Bodhisattvas. For Hinduism, it outlines the pantheon of major gods like Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva and covers elements of Hindu temples and iconic sculptures such as the Nataraja bronze. Regional artistic styles from areas like Orissa and important architectural works like at Sanchi and Angkor Wat are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of the history and major artistic developments in India and Southeast Asia after 1200 CE. It outlines the major political periods and dynasties, including the rise of Mughal rule in northern India from the 16th-18th centuries. The document also summarizes the key religious traditions of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism and how they were depicted artistically. Examples of major architectural sites are given, such as temples in Madurai and the Taj Mahal, as well as artistic styles that blended Islamic influence with local forms under the Mughals.
The document summarizes South and Southeast Asian art before 1200 CE. It was heavily influenced by Hinduism and Buddhism, which often coexisted. Sculpture and architecture in the form of temples and stupas were the predominant art forms used to decorate religious sites with sensuous deities. Buddhist art focused on images of the Buddha and concepts like the Wheel of the Law and the Four Noble Truths. Hindu art featured representations of important deities like Shiva, Vishnu, and Devi, sometimes shown with human-animal hybrid features. Major sites mentioned include Sanchi, Ajanta, Borobudur, Angkor Wat, and the Bayon.
3 rev - art of south and southeast asia before 1200 ceRoxanne Farrar
This document provides an overview of art in India before 1200 CE, beginning with the Indus Valley Civilization and its major sites like Mohenjo-Daro. It discusses Harappan artforms like painted pottery, seals, figures, and notable works. The Vedic period and its scriptures are introduced. Key Hindu concepts are defined, including the trimurti gods Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, samsara, bhakti, and puja. Hindu aesthetics principles of visual abundance, symbolism, and prana are covered. Sacred architecture of Hindu temples is analyzed, including elements like the garbhagriha and styles like Nagara and Dravida. Significant art
Hinduism is one of the oldest religions, originating over 5,000 years ago in India. It has no single founder but developed from the Vedic tradition and is based on sacred texts like the Upanishads and the epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. Hindus believe in an impersonal ultimate reality called Brahman that can manifest as personal deities. The goal of life is to be released from the cycle of rebirth and reunite with Brahman through practices like yoga and devotion to gods like Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva and goddesses.
The document summarizes art and architecture in South and Southeast Asia before 1200 CE. It discusses the Indus civilization and later periods in India like the Maurya dynasty under Ashoka, who erected the lion capital pillar. The Gupta period saw refined stone sculptures and cave paintings at Ajanta. Buddhism spread across Southeast Asia, seen at sites like Borobudur in Java and Angkor Wat in Cambodia under the Khmer. Hindu art featured gods like Shiva, Vishnu, and their avatars and consorts. Regional styles included flat-roofed temples in the south and spired temples in the north.
Southeast Asia was an early center of Buddhist art and architecture before 1200. Key sites included the great stupa at Sanchi from the 3rd century BCE, which was later enlarged. Buddhism arose in India in the 5th century BCE and was influenced by Hinduism and Jainism. Important Buddhist concepts include samsara, karma, nirvana, and the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama. Under King Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE, Buddhism spread across Asia and prominent sites associated with the Buddha's life, like Lumbini, Bodh Gaya, and Sarnath, became pilgrimage destinations.
Hinduism is one of the oldest religions, originating over 5,000 years ago in India. It has no single founder but developed from the Indus Valley civilization and the Vedic traditions. Hindus believe in an ultimate reality called Brahman that is manifest through many deities. The goal of life is to release one's soul (atman) from the cycle of rebirth (samsara) and reunite with Brahman through spiritual practices like yoga and devotion (bhakti).
The document provides an overview of Indian art until the 13th century, covering many religions in India including Buddhism, Hinduism, and their artistic traditions. It discusses key Buddhist concepts like the first sermon of Buddha and important figures like Bodhisattvas. For Hinduism, it outlines the pantheon of major gods like Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva and covers elements of Hindu temples and iconic sculptures such as the Nataraja bronze. Regional artistic styles from areas like Orissa and important architectural works like at Sanchi and Angkor Wat are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of the history and major artistic developments in India and Southeast Asia after 1200 CE. It outlines the major political periods and dynasties, including the rise of Mughal rule in northern India from the 16th-18th centuries. The document also summarizes the key religious traditions of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism and how they were depicted artistically. Examples of major architectural sites are given, such as temples in Madurai and the Taj Mahal, as well as artistic styles that blended Islamic influence with local forms under the Mughals.
The document summarizes South and Southeast Asian art before 1200 CE. It was heavily influenced by Hinduism and Buddhism, which often coexisted. Sculpture and architecture in the form of temples and stupas were the predominant art forms used to decorate religious sites with sensuous deities. Buddhist art focused on images of the Buddha and concepts like the Wheel of the Law and the Four Noble Truths. Hindu art featured representations of important deities like Shiva, Vishnu, and Devi, sometimes shown with human-animal hybrid features. Major sites mentioned include Sanchi, Ajanta, Borobudur, Angkor Wat, and the Bayon.
3 rev - art of south and southeast asia before 1200 ceRoxanne Farrar
This document provides an overview of art in India before 1200 CE, beginning with the Indus Valley Civilization and its major sites like Mohenjo-Daro. It discusses Harappan artforms like painted pottery, seals, figures, and notable works. The Vedic period and its scriptures are introduced. Key Hindu concepts are defined, including the trimurti gods Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, samsara, bhakti, and puja. Hindu aesthetics principles of visual abundance, symbolism, and prana are covered. Sacred architecture of Hindu temples is analyzed, including elements like the garbhagriha and styles like Nagara and Dravida. Significant art
Hinduism is one of the oldest religions, originating over 5,000 years ago in India. It has no single founder but developed from the Vedic tradition and is based on sacred texts like the Upanishads and the epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. Hindus believe in an impersonal ultimate reality called Brahman that can manifest as personal deities. The goal of life is to be released from the cycle of rebirth and reunite with Brahman through practices like yoga and devotion to gods like Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva and goddesses.
The document summarizes art and architecture in South and Southeast Asia before 1200 CE. It discusses the Indus civilization and later periods in India like the Maurya dynasty under Ashoka, who erected the lion capital pillar. The Gupta period saw refined stone sculptures and cave paintings at Ajanta. Buddhism spread across Southeast Asia, seen at sites like Borobudur in Java and Angkor Wat in Cambodia under the Khmer. Hindu art featured gods like Shiva, Vishnu, and their avatars and consorts. Regional styles included flat-roofed temples in the south and spired temples in the north.
Southeast Asia was an early center of Buddhist art and architecture before 1200. Key sites included the great stupa at Sanchi from the 3rd century BCE, which was later enlarged. Buddhism arose in India in the 5th century BCE and was influenced by Hinduism and Jainism. Important Buddhist concepts include samsara, karma, nirvana, and the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama. Under King Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE, Buddhism spread across Asia and prominent sites associated with the Buddha's life, like Lumbini, Bodh Gaya, and Sarnath, became pilgrimage destinations.
Hinduism is one of the oldest religions, originating over 5,000 years ago in India. It has no single founder but developed from the Indus Valley civilization and the Vedic traditions. Hindus believe in an ultimate reality called Brahman that is manifest through many deities. The goal of life is to release one's soul (atman) from the cycle of rebirth (samsara) and reunite with Brahman through spiritual practices like yoga and devotion (bhakti).
The document lists terms related to ancient Indian empires and art from the Maurya and Kushan periods. It includes the names of rulers like Chandragupta Maurya and Kanishka, religions practiced such as Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism, and art forms such as sculptures of animals, humans in specific poses, and architectural features of structures like stupas and rock-cut caves. The Maurya Empire founded by Chandragupta was one of the largest in ancient times, while the Kushan Empire under Kanishka encouraged Greco-Buddhist and Hindu art styles and hosted an important Buddhist council.
The document provides information on the evolution of Buddhist architecture and key sites in India. It discusses the development of important architectural forms like the stupa, vihara, and chaitya hall during the time of Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. Major rock cut architecture from the period includes the Barabar caves, Ajanta and Ellora, and the vihara at Nasik. The symbolism of the stupa and its architectural elements are also summarized.
Art in south and southeast asia before 1200 bayla, kenn, eddiebassmanb
The document provides an overview of art in South and Southeast Asia before 1200 CE. It describes the major religions of Buddhism and Hinduism that influenced the art of the period. It then outlines the major time periods and dynasties, and highlights characteristics of art from each, including sculptures depicting Buddha and Hindu deities. The art combined influences from neighboring regions with local styles and was often used to illustrate religious stories and symbolism.
The document summarizes the key aspects of the four Vedas - Rig, Yajur, Sama, and Atharva. It discusses how they were compiled by Vyasa into four groups from over 1,131 branches that were preserved orally. Each Veda is then briefly described in terms of its content, associated deities, number of hymns, as well as important Upanishads and traditions associated with them.
The document provides an overview of the evolution of Hindu temple architecture during the Gupta period in India. Key developments include the emergence of the first free-standing stone temples, with a central sanctum and pillared porch. Early temples had flat roofs, while later brick and stone temples developed curved towers known as shikharas. Decorative elements like arched doorways and amalaka disks atop towers became characteristic of the Gupta style. By this period, the basic elements of the modern Hindu temple were established.
Ap Art History Art Of South Southeast Asiabassmanb
The document provides an overview of art in South and Southeast Asia before 1200 CE. It discusses the development of Buddhist and Hindu art in India under various dynasties like the Maurya and Gupta periods. Common Buddhist symbols and styles of Buddhist painting and sculpture are described. Architecture like the Great Stupa at Sanchi and rock-cut cave temples are examined. The spread of Indian cultural influences through Southeast Asia is also covered.
The document discusses Buddhist architecture. It provides an overview of key architectural features associated with Buddhism such as pillars, stupas, and rock-cut caves that were developed during the reign of Emperor Ashoka to spread Buddhism. It then describes the architectural developments during the early Mahayana phase, including masonry stupas, wooden chaitya halls, and rock-cut monasteries. Specific examples of notable Buddhist architectural structures are highlighted such as the Sanchi stupas, Ajanta caves, and Borobudur temple. In conclusion, it notes how Buddhist communities decided to promote their religion through architectural monuments that reflected the preachings of Buddha and spread Buddhism across many countries through a variety of styles
Hinduism is one of the oldest religions, originating over 5,000 years ago in India. It has no single founder but developed from the Vedic tradition and is based on sacred texts like the Upanishads and the epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. Hindus believe in an impersonal ultimate reality called Brahman that manifests as personal deities. The goal of life is to release the soul (atman) from the cycle of rebirth and reunite it with Brahman through karma, dharma, and moksha. Spiritual practices include yoga, devotion (bhakti), and worship of deities like Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, and goddesses like Lak
vedic architecture and buddhist architecture of asiasurya teja
The document provides information on Vedic, Buddhist, and Tibetan architectural styles. It discusses key elements of each style such as vastupurusha in Vedic architecture, stupas and viharas in Buddhist architecture, and the eight great stupas in Tibetan architecture. Pagodas are also summarized as evolving from stupas and varying in design across countries in Asia based on local architectural details. Specific historic structures exemplifying each style are highlighted such as the Great Sanchi Stupa and the Iron Pagoda of Kaifeng.
1. The document discusses several important aspects of Indian heritage including the Vedas, important sages like Vyasa and Yajnavalkya, the Yajur Veda, concepts of Yuga and Vedangas.
2. It also briefly outlines the Indus Valley civilization including aspects of urban planning, trade, and script.
3. Key concepts from Hindu mythology are summarized concisely such as the Dashavatars representing physical and social evolution, and references to embryology in ancient texts.
The document provides an overview of Hindu culture and philosophy. It discusses:
1) Key figures in modern Hinduism like Ramakrishna, Vivekananda, and Aurobindo who taught the importance of higher civilization while integrating the best aspects of other cultures.
2) The six schools of Hindu philosophy - Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga, Purva Mimamsa, and Uttara Mimamsa (Vedanta) - which discuss concepts like Atman, Brahman, and the path to moksha or liberation.
3) Hindu society was divided based on one's duties (varna system) and stages of life (
Hinduism is one of the oldest religions, originating over 5,000 years ago in India. It has no single founder but developed from earlier Vedic traditions. Hindus believe in an ultimate reality called Brahman that is manifest in personal deities. The goal of life is to release one's soul (atman) from the cycle of rebirth and reunite with Brahman through practices like meditation, devotion, and following moral and social duties.
The document provides an overview of the origin and history of Vastu Shastra, an ancient Indian system of architecture and design that was formulated over thousands of years. Some key points:
- Vastu Shastra originated in the Stapatya Veda, a part of the Atharva Veda, dating back 4,000-5,000 years. Its principles were developed through meditation and observation by ancient sages in India.
- Evidence of Vastu principles can be found in ancient texts like the Ramayana and Mahabharata as well as archaeological sites like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro from the Indus Valley Civilization.
- Over time
The Maurya and Gupta periods saw the rise and fall of two large empires in ancient India.
The Maurya Empire, founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 322 BCE, united much of the Indian subcontinent under Ashoka's rule. Ashoka promoted Buddhism and ethical rule after converting following a bloody battle. The empire declined after his death as it split into separate kingdoms.
The Gupta Empire, founded by Chandragupta I in 320 CE, also covered much of India. It saw economic and cultural growth in the arts, literature, science, and mathematics during this "Golden Age of India." The empire declined due to corrupt governors and decentralization, falling to invaders by
Art Of South And Southeast Asia After 1200 Alex, Ivana, Callie 1bassmanb
The document provides an overview of art in South and Southeast Asia after 1200 CE. It discusses the luxury arts of India, Buddhist art in India featuring sculptures and architecture, Hindu art including temple architecture and sculpture, and the influence of Islam with the rise of the Mughal Empire and architecture like the Taj Mahal. Theravada Buddhism is described in Burma and Thailand along with notable structures like the Shwe Dagon Pagoda. The arts of Southeast Asian regions like Vietnam, Cambodia, and Indonesia are also summarized. The document concludes with the British colonial influence in India and modern Indian art.
The Gupta Empire ruled much of northern India from 320 to 550 CE and established a period of peace and prosperity. This Golden Age of India saw advancements in science, technology, art, literature, and religion that solidified Hindu culture. Gupta architecture can be seen in their elaborate temples built to various Hindu gods during this religiously intense time. Sculpture also flourished as figures of Hindu deities and Buddhas emerged.
The document discusses notable buildings, paintings, and books from ancient India. It describes the Iron Pillar at Mehrauli, which is over 7 meters tall and made over 1500 years ago without signs of rusting. It explains stupas, large mound-like structures containing Buddhist remains, with examples at Sanchi and Amravati. Hindu temples from the period worshipped deities like Shiva and contained areas for rituals. The Ajantha caves held Buddhist monasteries decorated with paintings. Famous books included Tamil epics like Silappadikaram and Sanskrit works by authors like Kalidasa.
Indian knowledge system can be summarized in 3 points:
1. It is a systematic transfer of knowledge from generation to generation through both oral and written traditions, based on the Vedas which were received by ancient sages.
2. It is comprised of various scriptures (shastras) like the Vedas, Upanishads, Aranyakas, Brahmanas and Sutras. It also includes schools (vidhyapithas/gurukulas) and languages like Sanskrit, Prakrit and Pali used to teach the knowledge.
3. The knowledge system is supported by auxiliary disciplines called Vedangas which help in understanding and applying Vedic knowledge. These
Buddhist religious architecture developed in the Indian subcontinent.
Three types of structures are associated with the religious architecture of early Buddhism:
monasteries , places to venerate relics , and shrines or prayer halls , also called , which later came to be called temples in some places.
The document lists terms related to ancient Indian empires and art from the Maurya and Kushan periods. It includes the names of rulers like Chandragupta Maurya and Kanishka, religions practiced such as Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism, and art forms such as sculptures of animals, humans in specific poses, and architectural features of structures like stupas and rock-cut caves. The Maurya Empire founded by Chandragupta was one of the largest in ancient times, while the Kushan Empire under Kanishka encouraged Greco-Buddhist and Hindu art styles and hosted an important Buddhist council.
The document provides information on the evolution of Buddhist architecture and key sites in India. It discusses the development of important architectural forms like the stupa, vihara, and chaitya hall during the time of Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. Major rock cut architecture from the period includes the Barabar caves, Ajanta and Ellora, and the vihara at Nasik. The symbolism of the stupa and its architectural elements are also summarized.
Art in south and southeast asia before 1200 bayla, kenn, eddiebassmanb
The document provides an overview of art in South and Southeast Asia before 1200 CE. It describes the major religions of Buddhism and Hinduism that influenced the art of the period. It then outlines the major time periods and dynasties, and highlights characteristics of art from each, including sculptures depicting Buddha and Hindu deities. The art combined influences from neighboring regions with local styles and was often used to illustrate religious stories and symbolism.
The document summarizes the key aspects of the four Vedas - Rig, Yajur, Sama, and Atharva. It discusses how they were compiled by Vyasa into four groups from over 1,131 branches that were preserved orally. Each Veda is then briefly described in terms of its content, associated deities, number of hymns, as well as important Upanishads and traditions associated with them.
The document provides an overview of the evolution of Hindu temple architecture during the Gupta period in India. Key developments include the emergence of the first free-standing stone temples, with a central sanctum and pillared porch. Early temples had flat roofs, while later brick and stone temples developed curved towers known as shikharas. Decorative elements like arched doorways and amalaka disks atop towers became characteristic of the Gupta style. By this period, the basic elements of the modern Hindu temple were established.
Ap Art History Art Of South Southeast Asiabassmanb
The document provides an overview of art in South and Southeast Asia before 1200 CE. It discusses the development of Buddhist and Hindu art in India under various dynasties like the Maurya and Gupta periods. Common Buddhist symbols and styles of Buddhist painting and sculpture are described. Architecture like the Great Stupa at Sanchi and rock-cut cave temples are examined. The spread of Indian cultural influences through Southeast Asia is also covered.
The document discusses Buddhist architecture. It provides an overview of key architectural features associated with Buddhism such as pillars, stupas, and rock-cut caves that were developed during the reign of Emperor Ashoka to spread Buddhism. It then describes the architectural developments during the early Mahayana phase, including masonry stupas, wooden chaitya halls, and rock-cut monasteries. Specific examples of notable Buddhist architectural structures are highlighted such as the Sanchi stupas, Ajanta caves, and Borobudur temple. In conclusion, it notes how Buddhist communities decided to promote their religion through architectural monuments that reflected the preachings of Buddha and spread Buddhism across many countries through a variety of styles
Hinduism is one of the oldest religions, originating over 5,000 years ago in India. It has no single founder but developed from the Vedic tradition and is based on sacred texts like the Upanishads and the epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. Hindus believe in an impersonal ultimate reality called Brahman that manifests as personal deities. The goal of life is to release the soul (atman) from the cycle of rebirth and reunite it with Brahman through karma, dharma, and moksha. Spiritual practices include yoga, devotion (bhakti), and worship of deities like Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, and goddesses like Lak
vedic architecture and buddhist architecture of asiasurya teja
The document provides information on Vedic, Buddhist, and Tibetan architectural styles. It discusses key elements of each style such as vastupurusha in Vedic architecture, stupas and viharas in Buddhist architecture, and the eight great stupas in Tibetan architecture. Pagodas are also summarized as evolving from stupas and varying in design across countries in Asia based on local architectural details. Specific historic structures exemplifying each style are highlighted such as the Great Sanchi Stupa and the Iron Pagoda of Kaifeng.
1. The document discusses several important aspects of Indian heritage including the Vedas, important sages like Vyasa and Yajnavalkya, the Yajur Veda, concepts of Yuga and Vedangas.
2. It also briefly outlines the Indus Valley civilization including aspects of urban planning, trade, and script.
3. Key concepts from Hindu mythology are summarized concisely such as the Dashavatars representing physical and social evolution, and references to embryology in ancient texts.
The document provides an overview of Hindu culture and philosophy. It discusses:
1) Key figures in modern Hinduism like Ramakrishna, Vivekananda, and Aurobindo who taught the importance of higher civilization while integrating the best aspects of other cultures.
2) The six schools of Hindu philosophy - Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga, Purva Mimamsa, and Uttara Mimamsa (Vedanta) - which discuss concepts like Atman, Brahman, and the path to moksha or liberation.
3) Hindu society was divided based on one's duties (varna system) and stages of life (
Hinduism is one of the oldest religions, originating over 5,000 years ago in India. It has no single founder but developed from earlier Vedic traditions. Hindus believe in an ultimate reality called Brahman that is manifest in personal deities. The goal of life is to release one's soul (atman) from the cycle of rebirth and reunite with Brahman through practices like meditation, devotion, and following moral and social duties.
The document provides an overview of the origin and history of Vastu Shastra, an ancient Indian system of architecture and design that was formulated over thousands of years. Some key points:
- Vastu Shastra originated in the Stapatya Veda, a part of the Atharva Veda, dating back 4,000-5,000 years. Its principles were developed through meditation and observation by ancient sages in India.
- Evidence of Vastu principles can be found in ancient texts like the Ramayana and Mahabharata as well as archaeological sites like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro from the Indus Valley Civilization.
- Over time
The Maurya and Gupta periods saw the rise and fall of two large empires in ancient India.
The Maurya Empire, founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 322 BCE, united much of the Indian subcontinent under Ashoka's rule. Ashoka promoted Buddhism and ethical rule after converting following a bloody battle. The empire declined after his death as it split into separate kingdoms.
The Gupta Empire, founded by Chandragupta I in 320 CE, also covered much of India. It saw economic and cultural growth in the arts, literature, science, and mathematics during this "Golden Age of India." The empire declined due to corrupt governors and decentralization, falling to invaders by
Art Of South And Southeast Asia After 1200 Alex, Ivana, Callie 1bassmanb
The document provides an overview of art in South and Southeast Asia after 1200 CE. It discusses the luxury arts of India, Buddhist art in India featuring sculptures and architecture, Hindu art including temple architecture and sculpture, and the influence of Islam with the rise of the Mughal Empire and architecture like the Taj Mahal. Theravada Buddhism is described in Burma and Thailand along with notable structures like the Shwe Dagon Pagoda. The arts of Southeast Asian regions like Vietnam, Cambodia, and Indonesia are also summarized. The document concludes with the British colonial influence in India and modern Indian art.
The Gupta Empire ruled much of northern India from 320 to 550 CE and established a period of peace and prosperity. This Golden Age of India saw advancements in science, technology, art, literature, and religion that solidified Hindu culture. Gupta architecture can be seen in their elaborate temples built to various Hindu gods during this religiously intense time. Sculpture also flourished as figures of Hindu deities and Buddhas emerged.
The document discusses notable buildings, paintings, and books from ancient India. It describes the Iron Pillar at Mehrauli, which is over 7 meters tall and made over 1500 years ago without signs of rusting. It explains stupas, large mound-like structures containing Buddhist remains, with examples at Sanchi and Amravati. Hindu temples from the period worshipped deities like Shiva and contained areas for rituals. The Ajantha caves held Buddhist monasteries decorated with paintings. Famous books included Tamil epics like Silappadikaram and Sanskrit works by authors like Kalidasa.
Indian knowledge system can be summarized in 3 points:
1. It is a systematic transfer of knowledge from generation to generation through both oral and written traditions, based on the Vedas which were received by ancient sages.
2. It is comprised of various scriptures (shastras) like the Vedas, Upanishads, Aranyakas, Brahmanas and Sutras. It also includes schools (vidhyapithas/gurukulas) and languages like Sanskrit, Prakrit and Pali used to teach the knowledge.
3. The knowledge system is supported by auxiliary disciplines called Vedangas which help in understanding and applying Vedic knowledge. These
Buddhist religious architecture developed in the Indian subcontinent.
Three types of structures are associated with the religious architecture of early Buddhism:
monasteries , places to venerate relics , and shrines or prayer halls , also called , which later came to be called temples in some places.
The document provides a timeline and overview of art in India from 2700 BCE to 1947 CE. It summarizes key periods such as the Indus Valley Civilization around 2700-1200 BCE, during which seals with images including horned figures and yoga poses were produced. The Maurya Period from 322-185 BCE is described, including Emperor Ashoka's pillars engraved with edicts and Buddhist teachings.
he stupas, temples, viharas, and stambha at Sanchi in central India are among the oldest and most mature examples of aniconic arts and free-standing architecture that comprehensively document the history of Buddhism from the 3rd century BCE to the 12th century CE. About 10 km from Vidisha, the Buddhist monuments at Sanchi, located on a serene and picturesque forested plateau, are also considered to be the sacrosanct Cetiyagiri in the Sri Lankan Buddhist chronicles, where Mahindra, the son of Emperor Aśoka, stopped prior to undertaking his journey as a missionary to Sri Lanka. The enshrined remains of Sariputra and Maudgalyayana (chief disciples of Buddha) in Sanchi were venerated by Theravadins, and continue to be revered to the present day.
The inception of Sanchi as a sacred centre is attributed to the Mauryan emperor Aśoka. His reign in the 3rd century BCE is considered instrumental to the spread of Buddhism throughout the Indian subcontinent. With the establishment of the monolithic Aśoka Stambha (pillar) bearing a highly elaborate capital, Emperor Aśoka distinguished Sanchi as a site of great importance. Contemporary with the stambha was a brick stupa, which was later increased in scale during the Sunga dynasty (184-72 BCE), covered with an ashlar stone veneer, and augmented with circumambulatory paths and staircases with ornate balustrades, harmika, yashti, chhatra, and four torana, which were later ornamented during the Satavahanas dynasty in the 1st century CE. The last addition to the grand stupa was during the Gupta dynasty (5th century CE), when four shrines were added at the cardinal entry points. Today, this grand structure of Sanchi (“Stupa 1”) is considered an incomparable example of the mature phase of Indian stupas. Since Aśokan times, subsequent powerful empires that reigned over this region – such as the Sunga, Kushana, Kshatrapa, and finally Gupta dynasties – continued to contribute to the expansion of Sanchi with the construction of hypostyle, apsidal, and other temples and shrines, comparatively smaller stupas (Stupas 2 and 3), and numerous viharas. Corroborated by inscriptions present in the property, Sanchi remained an important seat of Buddhism until the 13th century CE.
The document provides an overview of traditional arts in Asia, including India, Southeast Asia, China, and Japan. It discusses the evolution of Buddhist architecture from early Indian stupas to Chinese pagodas and Japanese pagodas. In India, it describes ancient Indus Valley art, Buddhist art at Sanchi featuring relief sculptures, and Hindu temples featuring erotic sculptures. In Southeast Asia, it examines the massive Borobudur temple in Java and the Angkor Wat temple in Cambodia. In China, it outlines ancient bronzes, terra cotta warriors, landscape painting traditions, and in Japan it examines Shinto shrines, the Katsura Palace, Zen ink paintings, and Ukiyo-e woodblock prints.
Hinduism originated in India and remained influential there. Important Hindu art includes rock cut cave temples and sculptures from the Pallava dynasty in southern India between the 7th-8th centuries. Northern Indian temples from the 10th-11th centuries tended to be more compact with tall towers. Buddhism also spread from India, influencing art in places like Afghanistan with giant Buddha statues, Tibet with painted thangkas, and Sri Lanka where Buddhism was established.
The document provides details about Buddhist architecture and key structures found in Buddhist temples. It describes the major architectural features developed during the time of Emperor Ashoka in India, including stupas, stambhas, chaitya halls, and viharas. It provides in-depth descriptions of the design and symbolic meaning of stupas, such as those found at Sanchi and Sarnath. Stupas served as burial mounds containing Buddhist relics and came to represent cosmic symbols in response to the human condition of death in Buddhism.
Buddhist architecture in ancient India included structures like stupas, chaityas, viharas, and stambhas. Stupas housed sacred Buddhist relics and had a rounded dome-like shape. Chaityas were prayer halls with a stupa at one end and were made in rock-cut caves. Viharas were monasteries that provided living quarters for monks. Stambhas were tall, polished stone pillars sometimes topped with sculptures. These structures developed under emperors like Ashoka who built many early Buddhist monuments to spread the religion across India.
The Sanchi Stupa is located in Sanchi, India and was originally commissioned by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. It is one of the oldest stone structures in India and was built to house Buddhist relics. The stupa has undergone several phases of construction, with Ashoka building the original structure and later additions including four ornately carved toranas or gateways around the 1st century BCE. The stupa complex contains numerous sculptures depicting Buddhist art and symbolism from its various periods of construction and was an important early center of Buddhism, until it fell into disrepair with the decline of the religion in India.
Buddhist monuments_ sanchi, amaravathi & monolithic pillars.Jeevan Lal
The document summarizes several important Buddhist monuments in India, including stupas at Sanchi, Amaravati, and monolithic pillars erected by Emperor Ashoka. It describes the key architectural features of stupas, such as the dome structure, railing, and gateways. Reliefs at Sanchi depict stories from Buddha's life and the Jataka tales. The Amaravati stupa contained elaborate carvings but most were removed and are now in museums. Ashoka's pillars served to spread his ethical edicts and had inscriptions describing Buddhism; some were crowned with lions and erected near important Buddhist sites.
Stupas architecture by abhishek abhinav sagar Abhishek Singh
The document provides information about Buddhist architecture and stupas. It describes how stupas originated as burial mounds containing Buddhist relics and became places of worship. The principal features of stupas are then outlined, including the dome shape, harmika section at the top, and circular railing or vedica surrounding it. The Great Stupa at Sanchi is discussed as the oldest stone structure in India, with details on its construction and ornamental gateways. Different types of Tibetan stupas are also listed that commemorate important events in the Buddha's life.
The document provides information on art and architecture in India before 1200 CE, including:
1) Mohenjo-Daro, an ancient Indus Valley city constructed in a grid-like plan with fired brick houses and a large plumbing system.
2) Seal impressions from the Indus Valley Civilization depicting figures like a meditating yogi, suggesting continuities with later South Asian cultures.
3) A terra-cotta figurine from the Indus Valley Civilization that may represent a priest-king, showing both Mesopotamian and distinct Indian influences.
The document provides an overview of art from the Indus Valley Civilization through Southeast Asia. It describes early steatite figures and seals from sites like Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus Valley dating back to 2600 BCE. Buddhist art developed under the Mauryan emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE, including the lion capital at Sarnath. Major Buddhist stupas were constructed at Sanchi and cave temples decorated at sites like Ajanta and Ellora. Hindu art emerged, depicting gods like Shiva, Vishnu, and Devi. Regional styles developed like the ornate Khajuraho temples and towering Angkor Wat in Cambodia.
The document provides an overview of the evolution of Hindu temple architecture from early periods like the Gupta period to later dynasties like the Chalukyas and Cholas. It describes key elements of Hindu temple design that emerged during the Gupta period like the sanctum, porch, and circumambulatory path. The Gupta style influenced later styles and introduced decorative features like arched doorways, sculpted panels, and amalaka discs atop shikhara towers. Subsequent dynasties further developed and refined temple architecture through new elements, construction techniques, and regional variations.
This document discusses the history and key architectural elements of Buddhist architecture in India, beginning with its origins in the Indus Valley civilization. It describes the three main types of Buddhist structures - monasteries (viharas), places of relic veneration (stupas), and prayer halls (chaityas or temples). Specific examples like the Great Stupa at Sanchi and caves at Ajanta and Ellora are highlighted. Distinctive features of stupas, chaityas and viharas like their layouts, components, and ornamentation are outlined. The document also notes how Buddhist architectural styles have been adapted in other countries as Buddhism spread.
The document provides details about the Khajuraho temples located in Madhya Pradesh, India. The temples were built between the 9th and 12th centuries by the Chandela dynasty and are known for their erotic sculptures. 25 temples remain today belonging to Hinduism and Jainism. The temples showcase the perfect fusion of architecture and sculpture in the Nagara style and are adorned with sculptures of deities, celestial beings, and secular scenes.
DUJ 2017 - Preparatory Talk - Buddhist centres of Lalitagiri, Ratnagiri and U...tamilheritagetrust
A large number of sites in Odisha have yielded Buddhist remains. The major centres are Lalitagiri, Ratnagiri and Udayagiri, about two and a half hours away from Bhubaneswar. While the area has been mentioned in official records since 1870, periodic archaeological excavations from 1958 and more recently in 1997-2000 have unearthed the ruins of a grand monastic complex with magnificent shrines. The sites have numerous sculptures of the Mahayana and Vajrayana pantheon as well as hundreds of votive stupas. Remains at Lalitagiri have been dated as early as 3rd C CE; Ratnagiri and Udayagiri developed subsequently. They were great centres of Vajrayana buddhism between the 7th and 11th centuries.
The talk will include a quick overview of the three sites as well as a detailed introduction to the Buddhist iconography in Odisha (please refer separate presentation deck on that)
The document discusses Hindu cosmology, iconography, and key terms related to Hindu art and religion. It provides details on the Hindu pantheon including the three main godheads - Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva. It describes their attributes, vehicles, and qualities. Additionally, it discusses important Hindu goddesses and their consorts as well as demons. The document also summarizes important temples and artworks including the Kailasa Temple at Ellora and Shiva as Nataraja. Key terms related to Hindu religious concepts, deities, and artistic traditions are also defined.
The Buddhist architecture developed in South Asia in the 3rd century BCE and included three main structure types - monasteries (viharas), stupas, and temples (chaitya grihas). Stupas began as structures to house Buddhist relics and later became incorporated into chaitya-grihas or temple halls. Pagodas evolved from stupas and spread across Asia, incorporating regional architectural details. Distinctive Buddhist structures like stupas, pagodas, viharas, and cave temples quietly illustrate the development of Buddhism over different eras.
The document discusses Late Antique and Byzantine art from the 4th to 7th centuries CE. It provides context on the emergence of Christian art and its influences from Roman art. Specifically, it summarizes that early Christian art appeared in the catacombs of Rome using Roman painting styles and symbols to represent Old Testament stories. As Christianity became the official religion, churches were built based on Roman basilica and central plans, adapting pagan elements. The document also discusses the rise of Byzantine art under the patronage of Justinian, including Hagia Sophia, and the use of mosaics and icon paintings in the Byzantine tradition following the Iconoclastic controversy.
The document discusses several works of art from the Early Middle Ages and Romanesque period in Europe. It provides information on a 6th century Merovingian fibula, pages from the 8th century Lindisfarne Gospels including portraits of Matthew and Luke, and the Romanesque Church of Sainte-Foy in France from the 11th-12th century along with its relic container. It also mentions the Bayeux Tapestry from the 11th century depicting the Norman invasion of England. The works demonstrate evolving styles in medieval Europe like animalistic decoration, illuminated manuscripts, stone architecture, sculpture, and narrative embroidery.
Late Antique and Byzantine Art spanned from the 4th to 15th centuries in Europe. Key developments included the legalization of Christianity under Constantine, which led to new church building types adapting Roman basilica and central plans. Early Christian art appeared primarily in the catacombs of Rome using symbols like the Chi Ro and Good Shepherd. The Byzantine Empire continued imperial patronage of art beginning with Justinian, seen in mosaic masterpieces like San Vitale and Hagia Sophia. Icon painting emerged as a distinctive tradition, though it faced bans during the Iconoclastic Controversy.
The document summarizes developments in Northern Europe during the 16th century, including the Protestant Reformation led by Martin Luther, the impact on art with an increased focus on portraits and genre scenes over religious images, and the work of major artists like Bosch, Bruegel, and Dürer. Key events were Luther nailing his 95 theses in 1517, sparking reforms like salvation through faith alone and translating the Bible into local languages. Artists explored new subjects and styles within the technical developments of printmaking and responded to religious and social changes in Northern Europe during this period.
The document summarizes Mannerism in the later 16th century in Italy. It emerged in the 1520s in reaction to High Renaissance styles like Raphael. Key features included artificiality, twisted figures, and complex compositions that were difficult to interpret. Major mannerist artists included Pontormo, Bronzino, and Parmigianino. Architecture during this period synthesized mannerist and classical elements, as seen in the works of Palladio. The Counter Reformation also influenced art through directives from the Council of Trent.
The document provides an overview of the High Renaissance period in Italy from 1500-1524. It discusses important artists of the time like Leonardo da Vinci, Bramante, Michelangelo, Raphael, Bellini, Giorgione and Titian. Their works embodied classical ideals of balance, symmetry, and ideal proportions. Key locations included Rome, which saw a revitalization under Pope Julius II, and Venice, where artists used oil paint and canvas to create colorful works with sensuous forms.
The document provides an overview of early Renaissance art in Northern Europe during the 15th century. It focuses on Flanders, which was a wealthy region under Burgundian rule. Oil painting became popular among Flemish artists, allowing for richer colors than previous techniques. Notable painters mentioned include the Limbourg Brothers, Robert Campin, Jan van Eyck, Rogier van der Weyden, Hans Memling, and Hugo van der Goes. Their works, such as van Eyck's Ghent Altarpiece and Arnolfini Portrait, were renowned for their luminous colors, intricate details, and naturalistic style.
In 15th century Italy, Florence emerged as an intellectual, financial, and artistic center under the patronage of the Medici family. Humanism flourished during this period, emphasizing secular ideals and the study of classical Greek and Latin texts. Important early Renaissance artists included Filippo Brunelleschi, who pioneered the use of linear perspective in painting and constructed the dome of Florence Cathedral, and Lorenzo Ghiberti, whose Gates of Paradise on the Florence Baptistery made use of classical influences and set new standards for realism in sculpture. Masaccio's frescoes in Florence further advanced the use of linear perspective and naturalism in figure painting.
Giotto and other early Italian Renaissance artists like Duccio and Lorenzetti moved painting away from the flat Byzantine style towards realistic three-dimensional naturalism through techniques like foreshortening and realistic proportions. Giotto's frescoes in the Scrovegni Chapel showing biblical scenes with complex emotions helped establish him as the father of modern European painting. Duccio and Simone Martini combined Byzantine elements with Italian trends towards realism, creating works with elegant lines and refined colors.
3. Many Religions
• Place of birth of Buddhism (but only 2% of the
population today)
• Hindus (80%)
• Muslims
• Christians
• Jains
• Sikhs …
4. Many of these religions have in
common:
• The material world (yoga) is an illusion
• The spiritual world (Brahman) is real and
everlasting
• Achievement through meditation – Reach the
Nirvana
• Images = aids for meditation
• Images = products of meditation
25. Characteristics of Buddha statues
• Uniformity for centuries
• Compact pose
• Little negative space
• Usually seated in the lotus position
(sometimes standing or lying down)
• Frontal and symmetrical
• Usually detached, in meditation
59. Hinduism
• Only major religion without a founder
• Universe is cyclical
• Cosmic struggles between Gods, Humans and
Demons
• Vast pantheon (millions of God)
• Personal bond with the deities
• Reincarnation
• Nirvana
60. Hinduism
• Infinite variety of the divine
• Reincarnation
• Nirvana (ultimate release from the cycle of
rebirth)
• Importance of Karma (quality of behavior in a
previous life)
• World ruled by Dharma (the law)
• Each caste has its own code of conduct
61. 3 main gods
Brahma – the
creator
Vishnu- the
preserver
(10 avatars – most
famous Krishna)
Shiva- the
destructor
(3 eyes and one
trident)
64. Hindu Temple: Rich symbolism
• Long preparation to prepare the construction
of a temple
• Axis: East/west (like sun)
• Symbol of the Mount Meru
• Abode of the god
• “Womb of the World”
• Only accessible to priests / not congregational
• Cult image in inner sanctuary (garbha griha)
65. Temple of Vishnu, Deogarh, Uttar
Pradesh, India, early 6th century CE
Shikhara = tower
68. Vishnu sleeping on Ananta,early 6th
century
1) Vishnu
( 4 arms)
2) Brahma
(4 heads)
3) Shiva and
Parvati on a
bull
4) Lakshmi
69.
70.
71.
72.
73. Temple of Vishnu, Deogarh, Uttar
Pradesh, India, early 6th century
• Complete integration of architecture and
sculpture
• Pairs of divine couple (mithuna) appear upon
the exterior and the doorways
• Sinuous curves and lines of the body
• Dance posed
74. Orissan Temples (8th-13th century)
• Orissa – region in the
North East of India
• Center of architectural
development
• By the 8th century,
Temples became
extremely complex
• Temple cities
88. Hindu Temple Characteristics
• Thick walls
• Small interior rooms for the statue
• Post and Lintel
• Corbelled vaulting
• Riche outside decoration : to teach People
90. Shiva Nataraja, ca. 11th century
Demon of Ignorance
Flaming nimbus = world
Cobras
Drum
Flame
91. Characteristic of Indian Art
• Interconnectiveness of all arts: architecture,
painting and sculpture
• Monuments = combination of arts
• Uniformity of style
• Respect of proportions and iconography
Editor's Notes
Main River Indus and Ganges
Lot of Invasion and assimilations
18 languages
Hindi spoken by only 20% of the population
Before 1st century CE – 1st Human (Kushan Period)
representation of Buddha (before symbols) Aniconic
Siddharta Gautama
Spiritual force that teaches individual how to cope with a life full of misery
Buddha (not a god) – renounce to the royal court
Fulfillment through meditation / ascetism
Endless cycle of Birth and rebirth – until you reach the supreme spirit
Accumulation of spiritual merits: good work, charity, love of beings and religious fervor
Enlightment under a tress
1st sermon in the Deer Park in Sarnath
Set in motion the wheel (Chakra) of the Law (Dharma)
Helper of buddha
Person with a high level of enlightment
wheel
Dharma
Mud slides off its surface
Buddha was aniconic until 1st century BCE – Contact with western world
Kushan empire (Afghanistan / Pakistan and Nothern India)
1st representation anthropomorphic of Buddha
Large halo
Robe deeply carved rhytmically curving folds
Spiritual Ruler
Earlobes / ushnisha (topknot)
Urna -
Silk Road
Lot of trade with West and influence
Treatment of the hair different than traditional Buddhist representation
No frontality nor symetry
Gupta Empire - encouraged art and architecture
Creation of the stereotyped image of Buddha
Incredible uniformity of its representation – for Thousand year and across continent
Frontal / symmetry
Compact pose with little negative space
Usually seated (but standing or lying as well)
Lotus position
Draperies are different from one part to another
Tight fitting / one shoulder (diagonal)
Mudra – hand gesture codified
Ushinisha – top knot
Urna – spiral or dot on the frehead – 3rd eye
Asana - position
Chakra on feet
Halo or nimbus
Mandala – complex support for meditation
Predella: 2 groups of monks facing a wheel (symbol of preaching)
Important narrative moment: Sakyamuni’s followers returned to Buddha at the sermon in Deer Park
Curls (snail shell)
Shoulder like elephant trunk
Archeological Museum Sarnath (north of India)
Place where Buddha preached for the 1st time – one of the 4th holiest place of India
Column erected along a pilgrimage route to see the holy sites connected with the life of Buddha
Inverted lotus blossom – Bell
4 wheels and 4 symbolic animals (lion, horse, elephant and bull)
Lions are stylized faces, noses and whiskers
Repetitive pattern of the manes
Influence from Persepolis, PersiaPower of the emperor
// Trajan
Legislative document on stone
Emperor // God
National emblem of India
Thruth alone triumph
Shunga period
What is a stupa:
mound.-shaped shrine without interior
For relics (monks)
Originaly – tumulus for the ashes of Buddha
Pray walking around clockwise or Eastern direction- Sun’s course
Cosmic symbolism
Center of the world
Axis connecting Heaven and Earth
Stairs to the base of the drum
Walkway for circumambulation
4 Toranas / 4 points of the compass
Dome - heaven
On the top : 3 umbrellas – Buddha, Buddha’s law and Monastic Orders (3 Jewels of Buddhism)
Originally painted in white
Vedica // Wooden fence
From wooden prototype
Horror Vacui / High relief
No representation of Buddha (aniconic)
Emèty throne
Tree under which he taught
North Torana
4 Elephants
2 rectangular posts with 3 architraves
Vertical elements
Wheel and element tripartite (3 jewels of Buddhism)
Manguo tree
Sensuous – Fertility
Pre boudhist representation
Cut in the mountain / imitation of the free standing buildingUsually along the main road
Chaitya hall – Huge space for congregation
Chaitya – typology of buildingTo host many devoteescut in rock or notCarved in the mountain (typical Indian)
Sexual connotation – penetrating the womb of a mountain
Stupa at the end with an ambulatory for ritual circumambulation
Basilica form with long nave defined by colonnade
Capital bell-shaped
Base of the column vase – originally in wood and the bases were placed in vases to prevent insects from destroying them
Curved rafter – remind of wooden architecture
Constructed to offer a shelter for large number of devotees
2 kinds if Chaita: cut rock living
Buddhist monastery
30 caves carved in the mountain
Chaitya hall and vihara
More elaborated than Karli’s
Relief and painting
No light
3 layers of plaster
Last painted
Pigment
Little blue (lapi lazuli expensive)
Importance of the pictural cycle // Ravenna
Political significance
Padmapani (one who holds the lotus) // Avalokiteshvara (Bodhisattva of Compassion)Blue lotus
Noble countenance
Naturalism (shadow of the beck)
Downcast eyes- humility
Graceful curves – Dance rhythms
Pointed crown – high caste
Royal attribute / great spiritual attainment
Sensuous // typical of pre-Bouddhist figure
Different way to spirituality
Shiva – creator / desctructo
Many avatar Buddha is an Avatar of Vishnu
Kali is Devi’s avatar
Kali – fertility and war and destruction
Ganesh is Shiva and Parvati’s son
Many procedures to prepare a templeFertile ground
Ritual
Cows have to pasture…
Recitation o Sutra
Platform
One chambered structure
4 altars
4 stairs
Statue in the Garbha Griha
Vishnu sleeping (4 arms = power)
Sleeping on the Endless snake with 1000 heads (Ananta)
His wife, Lakshmi is massaging him the leg (his female side)
From his navel : lotus – beginning of the new world / beginning of the time
Brahma is going to build the world
The demons tried to kill Brahma – they will be killed by Vishnu
Shiva and Parvati his wife on a bull
Underneath – 2 brothers and their wife are fighting against 2 demons
Double rhythm: Vishnu still and movement all around
Vishnu on enthroned on Ananta’s coil
His wife stroke his foot
Richness of the jam of the door
Danse
Vurve
Sensuality
More elaborated
Elevation of typical Orissan temples
Corbelled roof
Only Temple city surviving (500 temples / originally 7000)
Only Temple city surviving (500 temples / originally 7000)
Behind Sacred water
Tower . Series of shapes that build to become a large tower
Capital of Medieval Cambodia
Spread of the Hindu art in Cambodia –
Patronage of the Khmers
Khmer ruler deified during his ownlife time
Royal palaces disappeared (perishable material)
Bricks and stone
Oriented so viewers passing throught the western gate at sunrise on June 21sr would see the sun rise directly over the central tower
Capital of Medieval Cambodia
Spread of the Hindu art in Cambodia –
Patronage of the Khmers
Khmer ruler deified during his ownlife time
Royal palaces disappeared (perishable material)
Bricks and stone
Oriented so viewers passing throught the western gate at sunrise onJune 21sr would see the sun rise directly over the central tower
Main pyramid surrouned by 4 corner towers : temple mountain
(( Mountain Meru)
Main pyramid surrouned by 4 corner towers : temple mountain
(( Mountain Meru)
Complex plan
Central sanctuary surrouned by 3 enclosures
Lika a mandal //
Corbelled gallery roof
Elegance
Sprituality and erotism
Jewel
Horror Vacui
Repetition of shape
MET
Vigourously dancing with one foot on a dwarf, the demon of Ignorance
MET
Periodicly destroy universe so it can be reborn again
He unfolds the universe out of the drum primordial vibrating sound of creation
Flame he consuming fire of dynamic destruction
3rd eye