This document discusses the importance and methods of highway drainage systems. It explains that highway drainage aims to remove excess surface water and control subsoil water levels to prevent issues like subgrade failure and pavement deterioration. Surface drainage is achieved through cross slopes, ditches, inlets, storm sewers, and culverts to divert water away. Subsurface drainage uses subsurface drains to intercept groundwater and prevent changes in subgrade moisture content. Proper drainage design is an essential part of highway construction.

1. HIGHWAY DRAINAGE SYSTEM
V.GOKULAKRISHNAN
III YEAR
B.E-CIVIL ENGINEERING
BIT,SATHY

2. INTRODUCTION
 One of the major reasons of deterioration of roads is rain water.
 During Rainfall, Part of water flows on ground surface and part of it percolates
through soil mass until it reaches the ground water below water table.
 Due to percolation of water in highway pavement moisture content of soil
increases which reduce the bearing capacity of the soil. Thus stability of highway
is reduced.
 Drainage of the highway is the process of removing and controlling surplus
water on the surface and sub soil water in sub surface with in the right way.

3. WHAT IS HIGHWAY DRAINAGE ?
 Highway drainage is an essential part of highway design and construction which
remove the surplus water with in the highway limits and dispose it.
 Road way drainage is mainly due to surface runoff from adjacent area,
precipitation of rain and moisture rising by capillarity from the ground water
table.
 Removal and diversion of surface water from road way and adjoining land is
known as surface drainage.
 Removal of excess sub soil water from the subgrade is termed as sub surface
drainage.

4. IMPORTANCE OF HIGHWAY DRAINAGE
 To prevent subgrade failure: Excess moisture reducing the stability of pavement which leads to
subgrade failure.
 To prevent reduction in strength of pavement material: The strength of pavement material like
stabilized soil and WBM (water bound macadam) is reduced.
 To prevent frost action: In flexible pavement the formation of waves and corrugation takes place
due to poor drainage.
 To prevent pavement edge: Excess water on pavement edge cause considerable damage.

5.  Prevent slope failure: Excess moisture causes increase in weight and thus increases in stress and
simultaneously reduction in strength of soil mass which result into failure of earth slopes and
embankment foundations.
 Prevent erosion of soil: Due to surface water, erosion of soil from top of road and slope of
embankment.
 Decrease volume changes: Volume of subgrade is changed especially in clayey soils due to
variation in moisture content. This sometimes leads to pavement failure.

6. SURFACE DRAINAGE
Under the surface drainage, water is to be collected in longitudinal drains and then disposed of
at the nearest stream, valley or water course. Surface water is removed from surface of road by
providing cross slope to the road surface. The road surface is also made impervious to prevent the
water entering the subgrade. The recommended ranges of cross slopes for different types of
pavement are as per Table-1.

7. Table-1
Recommended values of cross slopes for different types of road surface
S.NO PAVEMENT SURFACE RECOMMENDED RANGE
1 Earthen road 1 in 20 to 1 in 25
2 Gravel road 1 in 25 to 1 in 30
3 Water bound macadam 1 in 35 to 1 in 48
4 Bituminous road 1 in 48 to 1 in 60
5 Cement concrete road 1 in 60 to 1 in 72

8. SURFACE DRAINAGE METHODS
 For rural highways on embankments, runoff from the roadway should be allowed to flow evenly
over the side slopes and then spread over the adjacent terrain.
 This method, however, can sometimes adversely impact surrounding land, such as farms. In such
instances the drainage should be collected, for example, in longitudinal ditches and then
conveyed to a nearby watercourse. When a highway is located in a cut, runoff may be collected
in shallow side ditches.

9. INLETS
 These are parts of a drainage system that receive runoff at grade and permit the water to flow
downward into underground storm drains.
 Inlets should be capable of passing design floods without clogging with debris.
 The entrance to inlets should be protected with a grating set flush with the surface of gutters or
medians, so as not to be a hazard to vehicles.
 There are several types of inlets.
 A drop inlet is a box-type structure that is located in pipe segments of a storm-water collection
system and into which storm water enters from the top.

11. STORM SEWERS
 These are underground pipes that receive the runoff from a roadside inlet for
conveyance and discharge into a body of water away from the road.
 Storm sewers are often sized for anticipated runoff and for pipe capacity
determined from the Manning formula. In general, changes in sewer direction
are made at inlets, catch basins, or manholes.
 The manholes should provide maintenance access to sewers at about every 500
ft.

13. OPEN CHANNELS
 The ditches may be trapezoidal or V-shaped. The trapezoidal ditch has greater
capacity for a given depth. Most roadway cross sections, however, include some
form of V shaped channel as part of their cross-sectional geometry.
 In most instances, it is not economical to vary the size of these channels. As a
result, this type of channel generally has capacity to spare, since a normal depth
must be maintained to drain the pavement subbase courses.
 When steep grades are present, the possibility of ditch erosion becomes a
serious consideration. Erosion can be limited by lining the channel with sod,
stone, bituminous or concrete paving, or by providing small check dams at
intervals that depend on velocity, type of soil, and depth of flows.

15. CULVERTS
 A culvert is a closed structure for passage of runoff from one open channel to another. One
example is a corrugated metal pipe under a roadway.
 For small culverts, stock sizes of metal pipe may be used.
 For larger flows, however, a concrete box or multiple pipes may be needed.
 If the culvert foundation is not susceptible to erosion, a bridge may be constructed over the
waterway (bridge culvert).
 The section of a culvert passing under a highway should be capable of withstanding the loads
induced by traffic passing over the culvert. Since corrugated metal pipes are flexible, they can
carry gravity loads.
 Reinforced concrete culverts, however, have to support gravity loads without such assistance.

17. EFFECT OF ROAD GEOMETRY ON DRAINAGE
 Road surfacing materials are traditionally designed to be effectively impermeable, and only a
small amount of rainwater should percolate into the pavement layers.
 It is important that any such water is able to drain through underlying pavement layers and
away from the formation.
 Rainfall which does not permeate the pavement surface must be shed towards the edges of the
pavement.
 Drainage is a basic consideration in the establishment of road geometry and vertical alignments
should ensure that:
a) outfall levels are achievable and b) subgrade drainage can discharge.

18. THE USE OF SPECIALIST DESIGN SOFTWARE
While highway drainage schemes are relatively straightforward to model when compared to
things like housing estates or large urban areas they do require computer modelling unless
extremely small. This is done to calculate peak flow rates, storage volumes and flow control devices
and are based on further calculations done using computers to calculate peak “green field” run-offs.

19. SUB-SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM
 The change in moisture content of soil affects its bearing capacity of soil. The increase in
moisture content of soil reduces its bearing capacity.
 Thus keeping this point in view, there should not occur any change in moisture content of the
subgrade of the road.
 The change in moisture content of the subgrade is due to fluctuations in the ground water
table, seepage flow, percolation of rain water and capillary water.
 Thus the aim of the sub soil drainage is to prevent changes in the moisture content of the
subgrade.

20. CONCLUSION
 Based on above study we can say that Highway drainage is process of removing and controlling
excess surface and sub soil water with in the right way.
 Highway drainage is an important part for design and construction of highway.
 In surface drainage, surface water is intercepted and diverted to a natural stream. If it is not done
the surface water causing erosion.
 In sub surface water drainage, sub surface water is interrupted and disposed of to safe place.