The GT-BTX process uses extractive distillation to remove benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX) from refinery and petrochemical streams. It involves feeding the aromatic-rich stream to an extractive distillation column where non-aromatics are separated from the top and aromatics are extracted with rich solvent sent to a solvent recovery column. Lean solvent from the bottom of the solvent recovery column is then recycled back to the extractive distillation column. The process produces high purity benzene, toluene and xylenes at lower cost than conventional liquid-liquid extraction.
This document provides an overview of thermoacoustic refrigeration (TAR). It begins with introductions and basics of refrigeration and TAR. It then explains the main parts of TAR including the driver, resonator, stack, and heat exchangers. The document presents a case study on the Space Thermoacoustic Refrigerator launched in 1992. It discusses advantages and applications of TAR as well as challenges. In conclusion, TAR provides environmentally friendly refrigeration without ozone depleting chemicals or moving parts.
1. This manual provides guidance on creating effective showrooms and presentations to promote Daikin air conditioning products.
2. It outlines how to display products visually through proper use of space, models, piping/wiring demonstrations, and informational panels. Oral presentations are also covered, with scripts and points to effectively explain features and demonstrate operations.
3. Reference materials like diagrams, movies, and presentations are included to help explain key technologies like inverter control and support visual and oral presentations. Proper demonstrations are emphasized to help visitors understand product benefits.
This document summarizes provisions for flares in the RTR Flare rule. It discusses definitions, applicability, and enhanced operational standards for flares including requirements for pilot flame presence, visible emissions, flare tip velocity, combustion zone heating value, and net heating value dilution parameter. Monitoring methods are outlined for parameters like flow rates, temperatures, pressures and gas compositions needed to demonstrate compliance. Calculations for determining values like cumulative flare flows and net heating values are also described.
Understand the physical mechanism of convection and its classification.
Visualize the development of velocity and thermal boundary layers during flow over surfaces.
Gain a working knowledge of the dimensionless Reynolds, Prandtl, and Nusselt numbers.
Distinguish between laminar and turbulent flows, and gain an understanding of the mechanisms of momentum and heat transfer in turbulent flow.
Derive the differential equations that govern convection on the basis of mass, momentum, and energy balances, and solve these equations for some simple cases such as laminar flow over a flat plate.
Non dimensionalize the convection equations and obtain the functional forms of friction and heat transfer coefficients.
Use analogies between momentum and heat transfer, and determine heat transfer coefficient from knowledge of friction coefficient.
Fle xmark ® pm 200 white tc 200 l-23 90 pfw - dome retainer materialPhil Heft
This document provides three key points about FLEXcon products:
1) Any performance data or recommendations provided by FLEXcon are for reference only and do not constitute a warranty.
2) It is the purchaser's responsibility to independently determine if a product is suitable for its intended use.
3) No distributor or representative of FLEXcon is authorized to provide any warranties beyond what is stated.
This document discusses fuels and combustion. It defines fuels and combustion, describes types of fuels like solid, liquid and gaseous. It explains complete and incomplete combustion, oxidation of carbon, hydrogen and sulfur in combustion reactions. It discusses air composition, theoretical air requirements, combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. It also covers properties of fuels like heating value, viscosity and methods of determining heating value through bomb calorimeter and gas calorimeter.
The GT-BTX process uses extractive distillation to remove benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX) from refinery and petrochemical streams. It involves feeding the aromatic-rich stream to an extractive distillation column where non-aromatics are separated from the top and aromatics are extracted with rich solvent sent to a solvent recovery column. Lean solvent from the bottom of the solvent recovery column is then recycled back to the extractive distillation column. The process produces high purity benzene, toluene and xylenes at lower cost than conventional liquid-liquid extraction.
This document provides an overview of thermoacoustic refrigeration (TAR). It begins with introductions and basics of refrigeration and TAR. It then explains the main parts of TAR including the driver, resonator, stack, and heat exchangers. The document presents a case study on the Space Thermoacoustic Refrigerator launched in 1992. It discusses advantages and applications of TAR as well as challenges. In conclusion, TAR provides environmentally friendly refrigeration without ozone depleting chemicals or moving parts.
1. This manual provides guidance on creating effective showrooms and presentations to promote Daikin air conditioning products.
2. It outlines how to display products visually through proper use of space, models, piping/wiring demonstrations, and informational panels. Oral presentations are also covered, with scripts and points to effectively explain features and demonstrate operations.
3. Reference materials like diagrams, movies, and presentations are included to help explain key technologies like inverter control and support visual and oral presentations. Proper demonstrations are emphasized to help visitors understand product benefits.
This document summarizes provisions for flares in the RTR Flare rule. It discusses definitions, applicability, and enhanced operational standards for flares including requirements for pilot flame presence, visible emissions, flare tip velocity, combustion zone heating value, and net heating value dilution parameter. Monitoring methods are outlined for parameters like flow rates, temperatures, pressures and gas compositions needed to demonstrate compliance. Calculations for determining values like cumulative flare flows and net heating values are also described.
Understand the physical mechanism of convection and its classification.
Visualize the development of velocity and thermal boundary layers during flow over surfaces.
Gain a working knowledge of the dimensionless Reynolds, Prandtl, and Nusselt numbers.
Distinguish between laminar and turbulent flows, and gain an understanding of the mechanisms of momentum and heat transfer in turbulent flow.
Derive the differential equations that govern convection on the basis of mass, momentum, and energy balances, and solve these equations for some simple cases such as laminar flow over a flat plate.
Non dimensionalize the convection equations and obtain the functional forms of friction and heat transfer coefficients.
Use analogies between momentum and heat transfer, and determine heat transfer coefficient from knowledge of friction coefficient.
Fle xmark ® pm 200 white tc 200 l-23 90 pfw - dome retainer materialPhil Heft
This document provides three key points about FLEXcon products:
1) Any performance data or recommendations provided by FLEXcon are for reference only and do not constitute a warranty.
2) It is the purchaser's responsibility to independently determine if a product is suitable for its intended use.
3) No distributor or representative of FLEXcon is authorized to provide any warranties beyond what is stated.
This document discusses fuels and combustion. It defines fuels and combustion, describes types of fuels like solid, liquid and gaseous. It explains complete and incomplete combustion, oxidation of carbon, hydrogen and sulfur in combustion reactions. It discusses air composition, theoretical air requirements, combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. It also covers properties of fuels like heating value, viscosity and methods of determining heating value through bomb calorimeter and gas calorimeter.
This document discusses different types of methanol synthesis reactors, including quench converters, ARC converters, tube cooled converters, and adiabatic bed reactors. It provides details on the benefits and drawbacks of each type, such as the quench converter being simple and reliable but prone to temperature maldistribution issues across the catalyst beds. The document also examines techniques for improving reactor design and operation, such as the ARC retrofit developed to improve gas mixing in quench converters.
This document provides an overview of fundamentals of refrigeration. It begins with definitions and applications of refrigeration systems. It then discusses the reversed Carnot cycle and presents the temperature-entropy and pressure-enthalpy diagrams for the refrigeration cycle. The key components of a vapor-compression refrigeration system are described along with diagrams illustrating the thermodynamic processes. Mathematical analysis equations for determining refrigeration effect, mass of refrigerant, theoretical piston displacement, and theoretical power required are provided. Examples are also given to demonstrate calculations of performance metrics like COP for refrigeration and heat pump applications.
This lab report summarizes a penetration test experiment conducted to examine the consistency of a bitumen sample. The experiment involved heating the bitumen sample to 120°C, cooling it to 25°C, and vertically penetrating it with a standard needle under a specified load, time, and temperature. Readings were taken over three trials and averaged. The report documents the aim, theory, tools, procedure, readings table, discussion of potential errors and how to correct them, advantages of the penetration test, and references.
This document discusses Fourier's law of heat conduction and the heat equation. It begins by recapping one-dimensional steady-state conduction and then discusses applying Fourier's law to different geometries. It derives the general heat conduction equation and describes how to write it for Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate systems. Special cases of the heat equation like steady-state, no heat generation, and transient conditions are also covered. The document concludes by discussing the necessary boundary and initial conditions required to solve the heat equation.
Coal is composed primarily of carbon along with variable quantities of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulphur, oxygen, nitrogen. Ultimate analysis is also known as elemental analysis, it is the method to determine the Carbon,Hydrogen,Nitrogen,Sulphur and Oxygen content present in solid fuel.
Oleochemicals - What are they?
fatty acids
fatty alcohols
fatty methyl esters
fatty amines
glycerine
Oleochemical pathways
What are they used for?
Where do they come from?
Review of Organic Functional Groups
Fatty Acids
- Uses
- Process
- Splitting
- Hydrogenation
Ni Catalyst for FA hydrogenation
Catalyst deactivation in fatty acids by corrosion
Ni soap decomposition
Nickel dissolution in the presence of hydrogen
Comparison pore size & TG/FA molecules
Effect of pore dimensions in fatty acid hardening
Effect of premixing timeon catalyst activity
Effects of catalyst dissolution summarized:
Reducing Ni soaps
Issues
Alternative catalyst for FA hydrogenation (i)
Precious metal catalyst cycle
Alternative catalyst for FA hydrogenation (ii)
Fatty Alcohols
- Uses
- Process
Fatty Ester Hydrogenolysis
Fixed Bed Hydrogenolysis
Slurry Phase Hydrogenolysis
Fatty OH polishing
Fatty Methyl Esters
- Uses
Advantages of ME vs FA as a feedstock
FME - Biodiesel
Fatty Amines
Glycerin
- Uses
- The Future
REFERENCE:
Some graphs and photographs, in particular the photo of "The nickel deposits in the tube section", were extracted from Johnson Matthey contributions to International conferences.
1. The document discusses properties of pure substances and phase changes that occur in pure substances like water. It defines terms like saturated liquid, saturated vapor, quality, and superheated vapor.
2. Key points covered include the constant pressure process that water undergoes when heated from liquid to vapor, involving processes like boiling and vaporization. Phase change occurs at the saturation temperature for a given pressure.
3. The document also discusses the temperature-volume and pressure-volume diagrams for pure substances and identifies important points like the triple point and critical point on these diagrams.
Thermo acoustic refrigeration BY SHOEB M KHANshoeb khan
1) The document discusses thermo acoustic refrigeration, which uses sound waves to convert acoustic energy into a heat transfer process for cooling.
2) Thermo acoustic refrigeration consists of an acoustic driver, resonator tube, stack of thin plates, and seals, and uses inert gases as the working medium.
3) As high frequency sound waves travel through the inert gas, the gas is compressed, causing its temperature and pressure to rise. When the compressed gas hits the stack, it transfers heat and cools down before expanding again.
This document provides an overview of Elf lubricant products for motorcycles and automotive engines. It discusses the basics of lubrication and different types of lubricants including their composition and functions. Specific Elf products covered include Elf Super Sporti ADV 15W50, Elf Molygraphite 15W50, Elf Molygraphite 10W30, Elf Grapholia MS 15W40, Elf Synthetic Pro 10W50, Elf Moto 2T Power, and Elf Moto 4T Power.
Hey...Guys I am Gaurav Bhagat
In this presentation topic Lubricants,
I Have Covered many Parts...
1. Lubricants and their Examples.
2. Friction and Real life Examples.
3. Lubrication and its Composition.
4. Additives and its Certain Chemicals.
5. Objective of Lubrication.
6. Lubricating Methods.
7. Types of Lubricants.
8. Classification of Lubricants.
9. Properties of Lubricants.
10. Function of Lubricants.
Thankyou guys!!
I Hope its help you !!
This document summarizes the key features and benefits of Roadtrek motorhomes. It highlights their storage capacity, comfortable interior, driving ease due to their small size, fuel efficiency, and innovative design features. Roadtreks are described as the #1 selling class B motorhome in North America since 1990 due to their ability to provide the comforts of home while also being nimble to drive, easy to park, and having lower operating costs than other motorhomes or a second vehicle.
Fired heaters face challenges regarding safety, inefficient operations, asset sustainability, and operator skillset. Most fired heaters have low levels of control and lack instrumentation for measuring critical parameters like oxygen and carbon monoxide in the combustion chamber. This introduces safety risks and prevents optimization of air-to-fuel ratio for efficiency. Industry standards recommend continuous monitoring of combustibles in the radiant section to improve safety.
Lubricants are materials that are applied between moving parts to reduce friction and dissipate heat. They can be solid, semi-solid, or liquid. Greases are commonly used semi-solid lubricants that are applied between parts using grease guns. Oils are widely used liquid lubricants, with mineral oils being the most common. Solid lubricants like graphite are used in high temperature applications over 200°C. Relubrication intervals for grease lubricated roller bearings can range from 20 hours to over 20,000 hours depending on factors like bearing size, speed, and temperature.
Plate type heat exchanger by vikas sainiVikas Saini
A plate heat exchanger consists of thin corrugated metal plates clamped together in a frame. Liquid flows through alternating plates in a counter-current fashion, transferring heat between the two liquids through the metal. Plate heat exchangers are compact, have a large surface area for heat transfer, and can be easily opened for cleaning. They are commonly used for processes requiring heat transfer between liquids but have limitations for high pressure, flow rate differences, or handling solids.
The document defines different types of bodies in heat transfer:
1. A black body absorbs all radiation falling on its surface and is a perfect emitter.
2. A white body reflects all incident radiation falling on it.
3. A gray body's absorptivity does not vary with temperature or wavelength of incident radiation.
4. An opaque body does not transmit any radiation through it, while a transparent body transmits all radiation.
The ppt contains detailed study of refrigerants used in refrigeration and air conditioning system with description. It is well formed as per the syllabus of GTU.
Cooling towers are used in power plants to cool the hot water from the condenser so it can be reused. There are two main types: natural draft towers, which rely on natural air flow, and mechanical draft towers, which use fans to force air movement. Mechanical draft towers are more commonly used and can be either forced draft, with fans at the base, or induced draft, with fans at the top. Both tower types rely on evaporating some of the water to cool the remaining water through heat transfer with the air flow. Factors like air temperature and flow rate affect the cooling efficiency.
The document discusses different types of refrigeration systems including vapour absorption refrigeration (VAR) systems, vapour compression refrigeration (VCR) systems, and magnetic refrigeration systems. It provides details on the basic working principles of VAR systems including the use of an absorber, generator, condenser, and evaporator. Ammonia-water and lithium-bromide water are commonly used refrigerant-absorbent combinations. Absorption systems have advantages over compression systems like being quieter and able to operate using thermal energy. A domestic Electrolux refrigerator that uses the VAR principle is also described.
LUBRICATION + SEMISOLID&SOLID LUBRICANTS +ONE TYPE OF LUBRICATIONSHEIKHASINAH S.M
Lubrication reduces friction between moving parts by placing a lubricant such as oil or grease between the parts. There are three main types of lubrication: hydrodynamic lubrication where a thick fluid film separates surfaces, boundary lubrication using a thin film, and extreme pressure lubrication for high loads. Grease is a lubricant made of oil and soap that is suitable for situations where oil cannot stay in place easily, such as low-speed, high-load applications. The type of grease used depends on factors like temperature range, consistency, and resistance to water and oxidation.
This document discusses diesel fuel properties and uses. It notes that diesel fuel is used in trucks, locomotives, ships, and increasingly passenger cars. Properties like specific gravity, flash point, viscosity, and sulfur content increase with more severe service conditions, while cetane number decreases. Refinery capacity must expand to increase diesel production. In India, there are two main types of diesel - high speed for vehicles and light diesel oil for stationary uses. The document outlines characteristics and properties that make certain hydrocarbons suitable for diesel fuel, including cetane number, density, distillation points, and additives that can improve ignition quality.
GE JebachersGas Engine JGS620 technical specifications
• Gas engine
• General Principal
• 4 stroke principal
• Engine parts
• Product range
• Salient features
• Parts of generators
• Generator working
• Main components of a generator
• Technical Data (at Genset)
• Main dimensions and weights (at genset)
• Connections
• Output / fuel consumption
• Technical data of engine JGS 620
• Thermal energy balance
• Exhaust gas data
• Combustion air data
• Sound pressure level
• Sound power level
This document discusses different types of methanol synthesis reactors, including quench converters, ARC converters, tube cooled converters, and adiabatic bed reactors. It provides details on the benefits and drawbacks of each type, such as the quench converter being simple and reliable but prone to temperature maldistribution issues across the catalyst beds. The document also examines techniques for improving reactor design and operation, such as the ARC retrofit developed to improve gas mixing in quench converters.
This document provides an overview of fundamentals of refrigeration. It begins with definitions and applications of refrigeration systems. It then discusses the reversed Carnot cycle and presents the temperature-entropy and pressure-enthalpy diagrams for the refrigeration cycle. The key components of a vapor-compression refrigeration system are described along with diagrams illustrating the thermodynamic processes. Mathematical analysis equations for determining refrigeration effect, mass of refrigerant, theoretical piston displacement, and theoretical power required are provided. Examples are also given to demonstrate calculations of performance metrics like COP for refrigeration and heat pump applications.
This lab report summarizes a penetration test experiment conducted to examine the consistency of a bitumen sample. The experiment involved heating the bitumen sample to 120°C, cooling it to 25°C, and vertically penetrating it with a standard needle under a specified load, time, and temperature. Readings were taken over three trials and averaged. The report documents the aim, theory, tools, procedure, readings table, discussion of potential errors and how to correct them, advantages of the penetration test, and references.
This document discusses Fourier's law of heat conduction and the heat equation. It begins by recapping one-dimensional steady-state conduction and then discusses applying Fourier's law to different geometries. It derives the general heat conduction equation and describes how to write it for Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate systems. Special cases of the heat equation like steady-state, no heat generation, and transient conditions are also covered. The document concludes by discussing the necessary boundary and initial conditions required to solve the heat equation.
Coal is composed primarily of carbon along with variable quantities of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulphur, oxygen, nitrogen. Ultimate analysis is also known as elemental analysis, it is the method to determine the Carbon,Hydrogen,Nitrogen,Sulphur and Oxygen content present in solid fuel.
Oleochemicals - What are they?
fatty acids
fatty alcohols
fatty methyl esters
fatty amines
glycerine
Oleochemical pathways
What are they used for?
Where do they come from?
Review of Organic Functional Groups
Fatty Acids
- Uses
- Process
- Splitting
- Hydrogenation
Ni Catalyst for FA hydrogenation
Catalyst deactivation in fatty acids by corrosion
Ni soap decomposition
Nickel dissolution in the presence of hydrogen
Comparison pore size & TG/FA molecules
Effect of pore dimensions in fatty acid hardening
Effect of premixing timeon catalyst activity
Effects of catalyst dissolution summarized:
Reducing Ni soaps
Issues
Alternative catalyst for FA hydrogenation (i)
Precious metal catalyst cycle
Alternative catalyst for FA hydrogenation (ii)
Fatty Alcohols
- Uses
- Process
Fatty Ester Hydrogenolysis
Fixed Bed Hydrogenolysis
Slurry Phase Hydrogenolysis
Fatty OH polishing
Fatty Methyl Esters
- Uses
Advantages of ME vs FA as a feedstock
FME - Biodiesel
Fatty Amines
Glycerin
- Uses
- The Future
REFERENCE:
Some graphs and photographs, in particular the photo of "The nickel deposits in the tube section", were extracted from Johnson Matthey contributions to International conferences.
1. The document discusses properties of pure substances and phase changes that occur in pure substances like water. It defines terms like saturated liquid, saturated vapor, quality, and superheated vapor.
2. Key points covered include the constant pressure process that water undergoes when heated from liquid to vapor, involving processes like boiling and vaporization. Phase change occurs at the saturation temperature for a given pressure.
3. The document also discusses the temperature-volume and pressure-volume diagrams for pure substances and identifies important points like the triple point and critical point on these diagrams.
Thermo acoustic refrigeration BY SHOEB M KHANshoeb khan
1) The document discusses thermo acoustic refrigeration, which uses sound waves to convert acoustic energy into a heat transfer process for cooling.
2) Thermo acoustic refrigeration consists of an acoustic driver, resonator tube, stack of thin plates, and seals, and uses inert gases as the working medium.
3) As high frequency sound waves travel through the inert gas, the gas is compressed, causing its temperature and pressure to rise. When the compressed gas hits the stack, it transfers heat and cools down before expanding again.
This document provides an overview of Elf lubricant products for motorcycles and automotive engines. It discusses the basics of lubrication and different types of lubricants including their composition and functions. Specific Elf products covered include Elf Super Sporti ADV 15W50, Elf Molygraphite 15W50, Elf Molygraphite 10W30, Elf Grapholia MS 15W40, Elf Synthetic Pro 10W50, Elf Moto 2T Power, and Elf Moto 4T Power.
Hey...Guys I am Gaurav Bhagat
In this presentation topic Lubricants,
I Have Covered many Parts...
1. Lubricants and their Examples.
2. Friction and Real life Examples.
3. Lubrication and its Composition.
4. Additives and its Certain Chemicals.
5. Objective of Lubrication.
6. Lubricating Methods.
7. Types of Lubricants.
8. Classification of Lubricants.
9. Properties of Lubricants.
10. Function of Lubricants.
Thankyou guys!!
I Hope its help you !!
This document summarizes the key features and benefits of Roadtrek motorhomes. It highlights their storage capacity, comfortable interior, driving ease due to their small size, fuel efficiency, and innovative design features. Roadtreks are described as the #1 selling class B motorhome in North America since 1990 due to their ability to provide the comforts of home while also being nimble to drive, easy to park, and having lower operating costs than other motorhomes or a second vehicle.
Fired heaters face challenges regarding safety, inefficient operations, asset sustainability, and operator skillset. Most fired heaters have low levels of control and lack instrumentation for measuring critical parameters like oxygen and carbon monoxide in the combustion chamber. This introduces safety risks and prevents optimization of air-to-fuel ratio for efficiency. Industry standards recommend continuous monitoring of combustibles in the radiant section to improve safety.
Lubricants are materials that are applied between moving parts to reduce friction and dissipate heat. They can be solid, semi-solid, or liquid. Greases are commonly used semi-solid lubricants that are applied between parts using grease guns. Oils are widely used liquid lubricants, with mineral oils being the most common. Solid lubricants like graphite are used in high temperature applications over 200°C. Relubrication intervals for grease lubricated roller bearings can range from 20 hours to over 20,000 hours depending on factors like bearing size, speed, and temperature.
Plate type heat exchanger by vikas sainiVikas Saini
A plate heat exchanger consists of thin corrugated metal plates clamped together in a frame. Liquid flows through alternating plates in a counter-current fashion, transferring heat between the two liquids through the metal. Plate heat exchangers are compact, have a large surface area for heat transfer, and can be easily opened for cleaning. They are commonly used for processes requiring heat transfer between liquids but have limitations for high pressure, flow rate differences, or handling solids.
The document defines different types of bodies in heat transfer:
1. A black body absorbs all radiation falling on its surface and is a perfect emitter.
2. A white body reflects all incident radiation falling on it.
3. A gray body's absorptivity does not vary with temperature or wavelength of incident radiation.
4. An opaque body does not transmit any radiation through it, while a transparent body transmits all radiation.
The ppt contains detailed study of refrigerants used in refrigeration and air conditioning system with description. It is well formed as per the syllabus of GTU.
Cooling towers are used in power plants to cool the hot water from the condenser so it can be reused. There are two main types: natural draft towers, which rely on natural air flow, and mechanical draft towers, which use fans to force air movement. Mechanical draft towers are more commonly used and can be either forced draft, with fans at the base, or induced draft, with fans at the top. Both tower types rely on evaporating some of the water to cool the remaining water through heat transfer with the air flow. Factors like air temperature and flow rate affect the cooling efficiency.
The document discusses different types of refrigeration systems including vapour absorption refrigeration (VAR) systems, vapour compression refrigeration (VCR) systems, and magnetic refrigeration systems. It provides details on the basic working principles of VAR systems including the use of an absorber, generator, condenser, and evaporator. Ammonia-water and lithium-bromide water are commonly used refrigerant-absorbent combinations. Absorption systems have advantages over compression systems like being quieter and able to operate using thermal energy. A domestic Electrolux refrigerator that uses the VAR principle is also described.
LUBRICATION + SEMISOLID&SOLID LUBRICANTS +ONE TYPE OF LUBRICATIONSHEIKHASINAH S.M
Lubrication reduces friction between moving parts by placing a lubricant such as oil or grease between the parts. There are three main types of lubrication: hydrodynamic lubrication where a thick fluid film separates surfaces, boundary lubrication using a thin film, and extreme pressure lubrication for high loads. Grease is a lubricant made of oil and soap that is suitable for situations where oil cannot stay in place easily, such as low-speed, high-load applications. The type of grease used depends on factors like temperature range, consistency, and resistance to water and oxidation.
This document discusses diesel fuel properties and uses. It notes that diesel fuel is used in trucks, locomotives, ships, and increasingly passenger cars. Properties like specific gravity, flash point, viscosity, and sulfur content increase with more severe service conditions, while cetane number decreases. Refinery capacity must expand to increase diesel production. In India, there are two main types of diesel - high speed for vehicles and light diesel oil for stationary uses. The document outlines characteristics and properties that make certain hydrocarbons suitable for diesel fuel, including cetane number, density, distillation points, and additives that can improve ignition quality.
GE JebachersGas Engine JGS620 technical specifications
• Gas engine
• General Principal
• 4 stroke principal
• Engine parts
• Product range
• Salient features
• Parts of generators
• Generator working
• Main components of a generator
• Technical Data (at Genset)
• Main dimensions and weights (at genset)
• Connections
• Output / fuel consumption
• Technical data of engine JGS 620
• Thermal energy balance
• Exhaust gas data
• Combustion air data
• Sound pressure level
• Sound power level
13 ta data sheet - flypartsguy.com - 10.2018FrankEasel
- The document provides specifications for a Weichai America Corp WP13GTA engine, including its type, dimensions, performance ratings, thermal balance, weight and other technical details.
- It is an inline 6-cylinder 4-stroke engine with a displacement of 12.54 liters. Maximum power output is 313.9 kW at the flywheel on natural gas and 202.4 kW on liquid propane gas.
- Additional details provided include air and fuel system specifications, cooling and lubrication systems, electrical system specifications, and performance curves.
Furnace Improvements provides low-cost solutions for improving fired heaters and boilers. They have over 15 years of experience and 40 professionals with over 300 years combined experience. Their services include revamping, capacity increase, efficiency improvement, NOx reduction, and heater design. They have successfully completed over 200 projects for clients in refineries and petrochemical plants. Their patented technologies include split flow technology and inclined firing systems to improve heater performance.
The document discusses various technologies for producing hydrogen and synthesis gas, including steam reforming, partial oxidation, coal gasification, and water electrolysis. It provides an overview of the main industrial processes used for ammonia synthesis gas production, noting that about 85% is based on steam reforming of natural gas or other light hydrocarbons. Various hydrogen and syngas production processes are also compared in terms of energy consumption, investment cost, and production cost.
Vacuum carburizing provides advantages over traditional gas carburizing methods, including faster carbon transfer without surface oxidation, improved case depth uniformity, and integration into manufacturing processes with little consumption of carburizing gas and no need for furnace atmospheres. Vacuum carburizing allows for higher carburizing temperatures and shorter treatment times compared to gas carburizing. Parts treated with vacuum carburizing have cleaner surfaces without intergranular oxidation, more consistent case depths and carbon profiles, less distortion and variation, and potential operational cost advantages.
10 ta data sheet - flypartsguy.com - 8.2018FrankEasel
This document provides specifications for a Weichai America Corp WP10GTA engine. It includes basic data on displacement, cylinder configuration, aspiration, power ratings, thermal balance, weight and dimensions, cooling system details, lubrication system specs, and fuel consumption curves. The engine is an inline 4-cycle diesel with a bore and stroke of 126mm x 130mm, producing 284.6 kW at 212.2 HP on natural gas and 216.8 kW at 161.7 HP on liquid propane gas under ISO 3046 test conditions.
The document provides an overview of topics related to improving boiler performance and extending boiler life. It discusses boiler design considerations for Indian coals, including conservative furnace heat loadings and plain tube arrangements. It also covers life assessment of boilers, combustion optimization measures like minimum flue gas temperature and excess air, and operation and maintenance topics such as valve fundamentals and safety relief valves. Case studies on clinkering buildup issues and questions from attendees are also included.
The document discusses various aspects of ammonia production processes including:
1) Simplified block diagrams of typical ammonia, methanol, and hydrogen production plants showing the main process units.
2) Modern conventional ammonia plant flowsheets have the same main process steps but differ in equipment designs between vendors.
3) Other flowsheet options for ammonia production including the Braun Purifier process, ICI AMV, ICI LCA, dual pressure Uhde process, and Linde LAC process.
4) Additional process modifications and options such as gas turbine drives, pre-reformers, heat recovery techniques, synthesis gas driers, and booster converters.
This document provides information about gas turbines, including:
- The basic components and working mechanism of a gas turbine, including the compressor, combustor, and turbine.
- Details on the Brayton cycle that gas turbines use.
- Descriptions of key components like the axial compressor and reverse-flow combustor.
- Applications of gas turbines in power generation systems like combined cycle and cogeneration plants.
- Performance variables that affect gas turbine efficiency like ambient temperature and exhaust temperature.
The document provides information on upgrades made to Tata's 5L diesel engine to meet stringent BS6 emission norms in India. Key changes include improved combustion systems, new sensors, a closed loop after-treatment system using a diesel oxidation catalyst, diesel particulate filter and selective catalytic reduction using urea injection. The exhaust system was upgraded with new components like a urea dosing system and additional sensors for closed loop control of the upgraded engine and after-treatment systems.
This document provides specifications for a Weichai America Corp WP06GNA engine. It includes details on the engine type, cylinder configuration, displacement, power ratings, thermal balance, weight and dimensions. Performance data is given for both natural gas and liquid propane fuel including power curves, fuel consumption curves and net power values. Additional information covers the cooling, electrical, lubrication and fuel systems. Tolerances and derating factors are also specified.
Googol Engine-Tech Co. manufactures large output diesel, gas, and dual fuel engines at facilities in Los Angeles and Chongqing. Their main products are the P and Q series of engines. The P series has a 128mm bore and the Q series has a 170mm bore. The engines come in various output ranges depending on fuel type and RPM. Googol aims to produce high quality and high performance engines to reduce air pollution and pursue sustainable energy solutions.
This document provides specifications for a Weichai America Corp. WP4GNA 4.5L engine. It has 4 cylinders, is naturally aspirated, and has a displacement of 274.8 cubic inches or 4.5 liters. At rated load, it produces 59 horsepower on natural gas and 63 horsepower on liquid propane gas. It has a mean piston speed of 1279.5 feet/minute and rotates clockwise when viewed from the flywheel.
Ntpc (national thermal power corporation) sipat boiler haxxo24 i~ihaxxo24
The document discusses key points about subcritical and supercritical boiler design, operation, and control including:
- Differences between subcritical and supercritical boiler technologies
- Design parameters like steam pressure and temperature, air flow rates, and coal requirements
- Chemical treatment, feedwater, and boiler control systems
- Startup procedures including boiler filling and transitioning between wet and dry modes
The document discusses points related to sub critical and super critical boiler design, including boiler design parameters, chemical treatment systems, operation, feedwater systems, boiler control, and startup curves. It provides explanations of sub critical and super critical boiler technologies, comparing drum type sub critical boilers to drumless super critical boilers. Key differences in operation and response to load changes are highlighted.
Purpose
Key to good performance
Problem Areas
Catalysts, heat shields and plant up-rates
Burner Guns
Development of High Intensity Ring Burner
Case Studies
Conclusions
6 ta data sheet - flypartsguy.com - 8.2018FrankEasel
This document provides specifications for a Weichai America Corp. WP06GTA engine. It includes basic data on displacement, cylinder configuration, bore, stroke, compression ratio and other details. Performance data is given for both natural gas and liquid propane gas fuels under gross standby and prime power ratings according to ISO 3046 standards. Thermal balance numbers and fuel consumption curves over engine speed are also specified.
This presentation features ALD's DualTherm® two chamber Vacuum Furnace and it's numerous design and performance benefits including convective heating for faster cycles and minimized distortion, faster to temperature uniformity reversible gas flow during quenching, it's Dynamic-Quench® and that it can be integrated into automated lines.
Production Integrated Vacuum Heat Treatment Systems in the Automotive IndustryALD Vacuum Systems Inc.
To secure the required properties of highly stressed parts from the automotive industry these parts need to be heat treated, in many cases case hardened. This is traditionally performed in central hardening shops. However, the separation between machining and heat treatment involves great efforts regarding transport and buffering of parts leading to extended throughput times and therefore additional costs. The use of modern vacuum heat treatment technologies and the introduction of flexible, modular heat treatment systems allows for the integration of heat treatment into the mechanical production environment, and as of recently also directly into the process chain of part manufacturing.
Improved Material and Enhanced Fatigue Resistance for Gear ComponentsALD Vacuum Systems Inc.
Abstract
This paper shows the latest progress in steel grades and in case hardening technology for gear components.
To answer the demand for fuel-efficient vehicles, modern gear boxes are built much lighter. Improving fatigue resistance is a key factor to allow for the design of thin components to be used in advanced vehicle transmissions. The choice of material and the applied heat treat process are of key importance to enhance the fatigue resistance of gear components.
By applying the technology of Low Pressure Carburizing (LPC) and High Pressure Gas Quenching (HPGQ), the tooth root bending strength can be significantly enhanced, compared to traditional heat treatment with atmospheric carburizing and oil quenching.
Besides heat treatment, significant progress has been made over the past years on the steels being used for gear components. The hardenability of case hardening steels such as 5130H, 5120H, 20MnCr5, 27MnCr5, 18CrNiMo7-6 etc. has been stepwise increased in recent years. An important factor for fatigue resistance is the grain size after heat treatment. Therefore, grain size control is a key goal when developing new modifications of steel grades.
After enhancing grain size control, it was possible to increase the carburizing temperatures over the past years from 930°C to 980°C (1700°F to 1800°F) which resulted in shorter heat treatment cycles and thus in significant cost savings.
With the introduction of new microalloyed steels for grain size stability, carburizing temperatures can now be even further increased to temperatures of up to 1050°C (1920°F), leading to even more economic process cycles. By adding microelements such as Niobium or Titanium in the ppm-range, nitride and carbonitride-precipitates are formed. These precipitates effectively limit the grain-growth during the heat treatment process.
by V. Heuer, T. Leist, G. Schmitt
ABSTRACT:
Controlling distortion is of key importance during the case
hardening process for the production of automotive and
non-automotive metallic components. By effective control of
distortion and the variation of distortion, significant costs in
post heat treatment machining processes can be avoided. In
some cases it is even possible to eliminate all post-machining.
In other cases it may be possible to avoid the press-quenching
of individual components, resulting in huge cost-benefits.
A recently introduced new vacuum furnace design allows the
treatment of small batches in a single layer of parts (“2D-treatment”)
which allows for easy automated loading and unloading
of the fixture-trays. By using the small batch concept,
a continuous flow of parts can be established (“One Piece
Flow”). There is no need to wait until enough parts are collected
to build a large batch with multiple layers (“3D-batch”).
This compact furnace unit can be implemented into the heart
of the production chain and provides heat-treatment processes
which can be fully synchronized with the green and hard
machining-operations. When performing case hardening, the
components are Low Pressure Carburized (LPC) at high temperatures
(1050 °C) followed by gas quenching. The treatment
in single layers offers an optimum in quality regarding: temperature
homogeneity, quench homogeneity and distortion
control. Typical components for this technology come from
the automotive, aerospace and tool industry. The directly following
contribution in this Journal (A. Schüler et al., p. 90-98)
shows more results achieved with this technology on selected
truck-components such as gears and sliding-sleeves.
Distortion of Gears and Sliding Sleeves for Truck Gear Boxes – a Systematical...ALD Vacuum Systems Inc.
1. The study analyzes the distortion potential of gears and sliding sleeves subjected to different heat treatment concepts, including the conventional case hardening process and a new SyncroTherm® concept.
2. Key findings include the SyncroTherm® concept producing stable distortion characteristics even at elevated carburizing temperatures without pre-heating, as well as good performance from two-dimensional batch quenching compared to individual press quenching.
3. Processing cold formed blanks without annealing before machining was found to limit the ability to use the SyncroTherm® concept for distortion-sensitive sliding sleeves.
Enhancing Energy Efficiency of Thermochemical Vacuum-Processes and SystemsALD Vacuum Systems Inc.
The energy optimization of thermoprocessing equipment is of great ecological and economical importance. Thermoprocessing equipment consumes up to 40% of the energy used in industrial applications in Germany. Therefore it is necessary to increase the energy efficiency of thermoprocessing equipment in order to meet the EU’s targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In order to exploit the potential for energy savings, it is essential to analyze and optimize processes and plants as well as operating methods of electrically heated vacuum plants used in large scale production.
High Temperature Vacuum Carburizing for Large Carburizing Depths in Highly St...ALD Vacuum Systems Inc.
In order to complete the existing heat treatment
shop and expand capacity, the chain
works HEKO in Wickede was looking for a
modern, clean, ecological and, most of all,
flexible heat treatment process as an alternative
to conventional gas carburizing with
oil quenching.
MWF Heat Treatment: Solutions for a Critical Process by Dr. Neil CanterALD Vacuum Systems Inc.
When the topic of metalworking is raised, most of us think of drilling a hole in a piece of metal or bending a metal part to form a component for an automobile. Not as many individuals realize that another process included under the realm of metalworking is heat treating or quenching.
Heat treatment is utilized to adjust the physical and mechanical properties of metals so that they can be used in subsequent metalworking applications. These properties are changed by the controlled heating and then cooling of metals. In many cases, the objective of heat treatment is to increase the strength of a specifi c metal alloy. Most operations are conducted on steel alloys, but nonferrous metals such as
aluminum and titanium also can be heat treated.
ALD Holcroft® - Low Pressure Carburizing for Large Transmission PartsALD Vacuum Systems Inc.
Often, the required hardness qualities of parts manufactured from steel can only be obtained through suitable heat
treatment. In transmission manufacturing, the case hardening process is commonly used to produce parts with a hard and
wear-resistant surface and an adequate toughness in the core. A tremendous potential for rationalization, which is only
partially used, becomes available if the treatment time of the case hardening process is reduced. Low pressure carburizing
(LPC) offers a reduction of treatment time in comparison to conventional gas carburizing because of the high carbon
mass flow inherent to the process (Ref. 1).
By increasing the carburizing temperature, a further significant increase in productivity is obtained, which is not
possible in gas carburizing systems to this extent due to furnace component and process limitations (Ref. 2). By adding micro-alloy elements such as aluminium, niobium and titanium as well as properly adjusting the nitrogen content, modern case hardening steels have become sufficiently fine-grain resistant even in temperatures above 1,000°C (1,830°F)
(Ref. 3). Today’s vacuum carburizing systems are suited for heat treatment in temperature above 1,000°C.
Integrating heat treatment into the manufacturing line has been a topic of discussion for many years. Today’s production philosophy for gear components
usually relies on the traditional separation between
soft machining, heat treatment, and hard machining. Heat
treatment is performed in a central hardening shop, and
there is no continuous flow of production parts between
the different operations such as soft machining, heat
treatment, shot peening, and hard machining. Instead the
parts are first collected into batches and then moved from
operation to operation, so large numbers of production
parts are being stored in buffers or are in transit between
the different operations. A continuous flow of production
parts between operations is only occurring today between
some of the soft machining operations and some hard
machining operations. This discontinuous flow of production
results in increased logistical and documentation
efforts, increased turnaround times and, ultimately, in
increased production costs.
Dual chamber vacuum furnace for Low Pressure Carburizing (LPC) and High Press...ALD Vacuum Systems Inc.
Dual vacuum furnaces with separated heating and cooling processes are providing several advantages when compared to single chamber vacuum furnaces. This includes faster heating up, less energy consumption, more quenching severity and less maintenance. Accordingly a new, “second
generation” of dual vacuum furnace for low pressure carburizing and high pressure gas quenching, DualTherm®, was developed using proven technologies from the ModulTherm® series of vacuum furnace systems.
The first furnace was recently installed at a commercial heat treater and is now in three-shift-operation.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Iron and Steel Technology Roadmap - Towards more sustainable steelmaking.pdf
High Pressure Gas Quenching
1. High Pressure Gas Quench
High Pressure
Gas Quenching
Advantages of Gas Quenching
2. High Pressure Gas Quench
Reduction of hardening distortion and/or variation of distortion
Quenching intensity adjustable by of gas pressure and
gas velocity
Process flexibility
Clean, non-toxic working conditions
Integration into manufacturing lines
Reproducible quenching result
Clean and dry parts, no washing
Simple process control
Advantages of Gas Quenching
3. High Pressure Gas Quench
High Pressure Gas Quench
Quench Media vs. Heat Transfer Coefficient α
Data taken from:
George E. Totten, PhD, FASM
Portland State University
Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
Heat Transfer rate, W M-2
K-1
4. High Pressure Gas Quench
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
10 bar N2
10 bar He
20 bar He
40 bar He
Fast quenching oil
Bellini FS (70ƒC)
Hot quenching oil
Quench Behavior – 3D Loads
Oil vs. HPGQ
Time
Temperature
5. High Pressure Gas Quench
Bubble Boiling
Film Boiling
Convection
t = 10 s
750°C
700°C
700°C
600°C
500°C
400°C
300°C
200°C
Temperature distribution
t = 10 s
Heat transfer coefficient α
5000 10000 15000 20000
Öl
oil Wasser
water
[W/m K]
2
ref.: Stick, Tensi, HTM 50, 1995
Heat Transfer & Temperature Distribution
Immersion Quenching
6. High Pressure Gas Quench
Heat transfer coefficient α
1000 2000 3000 4000 [W/m K]
2
Temperature distribution
750°C
650°C
550°C
450°C
350°C
250°C
Gas direction
Only convection
Heat Transfer & Temperature Distribution
High Pressure Gas Quenching
7. High Pressure Gas Quench
- Gas (N2, He, H2)
- Gas pressure
- Gas velocity
HPGQ Parameters
Quenching Gas
8. High Pressure Gas Quench
Chemical symbol
Density at 15 o
C
and 1 bar
Density relative to air
Molar mass
(kg / kmol)
Specific heat capacity
Cp (kJ / kg K)
Dynamic viscosity
η (N s / m 2
)
Thermal conductivity
λ (W / m K)
Argon Nitrogen Helium Hydrogen
Ar
1,6687
1,3797
39,948
0,5024
177x10- 4
22,6x10- 6
N 2
1,170
0,967
28,0
1,041
259x10- 4
17,74x10- 6
He
0,167
0,138
4,0026
5,1931
1500x10- 4
19,68x10- 6
H 2
0,0841
0,0695
2,0158
14,3
1869x10- 4
8,92x10- 6
(at 25o
C und 1 bar)
Quench Gas Properties
9. High Pressure Gas Quench
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
N2
He
H2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Relative Motorpower for
cooling gas fans
Relative
Heat Transfer Coefficient
Gas pressure (bar) Gas pressure (bar)
N2
He
H2
HPGQ Parameters
Influencing Factors
10. High Pressure Gas Quench
Helium with Recycling,
Consumption per Quench 0.3 m³ = 10.6 cft
Nitrogen without Recycling,
Consumption per Quench 55 m³ = 1942 cft
HPGQ Cost
Helium vs. Nitrogen
11. High Pressure Gas Quench
- Gas Paths
- Gas Fan(s)
- Heat Exchanger(s)
- Loading
- Process flow
- Kind of Flow
- Gas ( N2, He, H2 )
- Gas pressure
- Gas velocity
HPGQ Parameters
Quenching Chamber
12. High Pressure Gas Quench
HPGQ Parameters
Quenching Chamber
Multi Chamber Furnace
(Cold Chamber)
Backfill time to
final pressure >> 10 sec
Backfill time to
final pressure << 10 sec
Gas flows
through the
charge and inpart
around the charge
Hot wall
and hot
graphite elements
Gas must
flow through
the charge
Cold Wall
Single Chamber Furnace
(Hot Chamber)
13. High Pressure Gas Quench
Reversing Gas Flow Increased Quenching Uniformity
Modular Design Flexible and Expandable
Compact Chamber Design Short Gas Recycling Cycles
HPGQ Quenching Chamber
14. High Pressure Gas Quench
ModulTherm – Options
Reverse Quenching
Top to bottom gas flow Reversing gas flow
15. High Pressure Gas Quench
ModulTherm
Quench Flow Advantage
• Use of 2 radial fans
• homogeneous gas inlet flow above the
load by using a guide system in the gas
duct
• 100% load density
• no wake behind the hub
• no swirling of the gas flow
• high gas flow uniformity
⇒ homogeneous hardness
distribution ⇒ lower distortion
• 2 axial fans
• In homogeneous gas inlet flow above the load
• wake behind the hub:
• shortfall of hardness at parts positioned in the
wake
• possible spreading of hardness
• 100% load density not achievable (loading map)
Wärme-
tauscher
Wake behind the hub
ALD-Holcroft Quenching Concept Concept using Axial Fans
16. High Pressure Gas Quench
Cooling curves in the tooth root of Truck- Gear Wheels (GW)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250
Time /sec.
Temp./°C
GW bottom, no rev.
GW, top, no rev.
gas-temp. bottom, no rev.
GW bottom, with rev.
GW, top, with rev.
gas-temp. bottom, with rev.
HPGQ Quenching Chamber
Reverse Gas Flow Quenching
Quench behavior in the tooth root of heavy truck gears
17. High Pressure Gas Quench
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
No reversing With reversing
CorehardnessatMid-tooth/HV30
Bottom min
Bottom average
Bottom max
Top min
Top average
Top max
Gas flow Gas flow
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
No reversing With reversing
CorehardnessatToothroot/HV30
Bottom min
Bottom average
Bottom max
Top min
Top average
Top max
Gas flow Gas flow
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
No reversing With reversing
CorehardnessatBulk/HV30
Bottom min
Bottom average
Bottom max
Top min
Top average
Top max
Gas flow Gas flow
BulkBulk
ToothTooth
rootroot
Mid-Mid-
toothtooth
ModulTherm – Options
Reverse Quenching
Core hardness with and without reversing the gas flow
Modified SAE 5120
18. High Pressure Gas Quench
HPGQ Quenching Chamber
Cold Chamber, 20 Bar with Reverse Gas Flow Quenching
19. High Pressure Gas Quench
- Material
- Chem. Composition
- Delivery Condition
- Part Geometry
- Dimension, Form
- Manufacturing
- Load Weight
- Gas paths
- Gas Fan(s)
- Heat Exchanger(s)
- Loading
- Process flow
- Kind of Flow
- Gas (N2, He, H2)
- Gas pressure
- Gas velocity
HPGQ Parameters
Materials
20. High Pressure Gas Quench
Nitrogen Helium
GasQuenchingPressure
10bar20bar
- Hot-/Cold working Steels
X155CrMo12 1(D2)
X38CrMoV5 1(H13)
- High Speed Steels
(1.3343)
- Ni-Alloyed Case Hardening Steels
(18CrNi8, 17CrNiMo6)
- Ball Bearing Steels (Small Sizes)
100Cr6 (SAE 52100) 100CrMn6
- Heat Treatable Steels
42CrMo4 HH (4140 HH)
- Low Alloyed Case Hardening Steels
(16MnCr5, 20MoCr4, SAE 8620)
- Ball Bearing Steels (Medium Sizes)
100 Cr6 (SAE 52100)
- Al-, Ti-Alloys
ALD-Patented
Material, Part Dimension and Hardness Specif.
determine Quenching Process Parameters
HPGQ Process Matrix
21. High Pressure Gas Quench
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Hardness(HRC)
Jominy Distance (mm)
20NiCrMo2 (SAE 8620)
20MoCr4 (SAE 4118)
16MnCr5 (SAE 5115)
20MnCr5 (SAE 5120)
20NiCrMoS6-4
18CrNiMo7-6
20
bar
He
20
bar
N2
Jominy Curves of steel grades with
high hardenability acc. to EN 10084
Core Hardness Influences
Case Hardened Steel
22. High Pressure Gas Quench
∆ Ovality of Outer Diameter (mm)
Oil A : Houghton
Quench A
Oil B : Bellini FN
10 bar He
20 bar He
Cold Chamber
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
10 bar
He
20 bar
He
Oil A Oil B
Average and
Standard Deviation
n=12
7
12
6
Material: SAE 52100
(D=70 mm, H=15 mm, S=5 mm)
Dimensional Changes
Bearing Rings
23. High Pressure Gas Quench
Process Comparison
Drive Shafts
Shaft Length up to 750 mm (29.5 inches)
Material 17CrNiMo6 (similar SAE 9310)
Past H. T. Process
Gas Carburizing
Quench in Salt Bath
Distortion over Length of Shaft
Average 3 mm (0.12 inches)
Straightening Scrap 20 %
New H. T. Process
Vacuum Carburizing with
High Pressure Gas Quench with 8 bar
Helium
No Washing – Clean and Dry Parts
Distortion over Length of Shaft Average
1.0 mm (0.039 inches)
Less Straightening Work
No Scrap
Significant Characteristics
Product Quality
24. High Pressure Gas Quench
500 kg gross Load of Pinions, 20 bar Helium, SAE 8620
High Pressure Gas Quenching
Product Quality
25. High Pressure Gas Quench
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
1 2 3 4 5 6
Roundness (1/1000 inch)
NumberofParts
Gas Carburizing
with Oil Quench
Vacuum Carburizing with
High Pressure Gas Quench
Material: SAE 8620
Part Weight: 1.5 kg (3.3 lbs)
Drive Shafts
Significant Characteristics
Distortion Comparison
26. High Pressure Gas Quench
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
µ
m
left flank
right flank
Ölabschreckung
Gasabschreckung dyna-
misch (20 sec.- Ventila-
torstopp)
Gasabschreckung
ohne Dynamik
spread of helix slope
deviation after heat
treatment
f Hβ,max - f Hβ,min
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
30 60 90 120 150
Zeit / s
Temp./°C
dynamisch
konventionell
Ventilatorstopp Wiederstarten des
Ventilators
Material: SAE 5115
(16MnCr5)
Quality Control – Gas Quenching
Dynamic Quenching
27. High Pressure Gas Quench
• High Pressure Gas Quenching can significantly reduce distortion
and/or variation of distortion
• Microstructure, Hardness and Distortion are strongly
influenced by
- Part
- Quenching Parameters
- Cold Chamber Design
• 20 bar Helium Quenching Technology is capable of successfully
hardening low alloyed case hardening steels if material hardenability
can be controlled
• Alloy modification offers the chance to reduce gas pressure/velocity
thereby reducing distortion and/or investment costs
Summary