Heterotrophs obtain their food from other living things rather than producing their own through photosynthesis. There are three main types of heterotrophic nutrition: holozoic, saprophytic, and parasitic. [Holozoic organisms ingest and digest solid food internally. Saprophytes feed on dead and decaying matter to recycle nutrients. Parasites live in or on a host organism and obtain nutrients at their expense, sometimes killing the host.]
Nutrition in plants cbse class 10 biology Life Processes Pt. 1IgnitedMindsCBSE
This slides explains the life processes, types of nutrition, mechanism of photosynthesis in plants and the structure of leaf.
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Nutrition in plants cbse class 10 biology Life Processes Pt. 1IgnitedMindsCBSE
This slides explains the life processes, types of nutrition, mechanism of photosynthesis in plants and the structure of leaf.
Ignited Minds CBSE tuition classes
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https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCsGu08EmuAY9H3L16bft1ig
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Austin Journal of Nutrition and Food sciences is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of nutrition and food sciences.
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Nutrition is the process of taking food and using it for obtaining energy, growth and repair of the body. Animals depend on other organisms for getting their food. They cannot make their own food, so they are heterotrophs.
What single , unique characteristic of a protist would be conside.pdfivylinvaydak64229
What single , unique characteristic of a protist would be considered most animal - like ? Fungus
- like ? Plant - like ?
What single , unique characteristic of a protist would be considered most animal - like ? Fungus
- like ? Plant - like ?
Solution
Kingdom protista iis the most diverse group of eukaryotic organisms. They exhibit most diverese
forms of obtaining nutrition, movement etc.
Like animals, protozoan protists, do not make their own food, rather they obtain food from their
environment. Thus they are heterotrophs, that move around and obtain food.
Like fungus, protists occur in both unicellular and multicellular forms, feeding on decaying
organic matter, and reproducing by forming spores.
Also,some protists resemble plants and algae as they are autotrophs and they produce their own
food. Presence of chloroplast have been found in some species of protists..
During what process do two haploid nuclei within a heterokaryotic fun.pdfvikasbajajhissar
During what process do two haploid nuclei within a heterokaryotic fungal cell fuse?
Fertilization Gametogenesis Plasmogamy Karyogamy This process does not occur in fungi
Which of the following best describes the role of fungi in an ecosystem? Producers Herbivores
Carnivores Decomposers Autotrophs Which of the following statements comparing fungal and
animal nutrition is/are correct? Select all correct choices. Fungi and animals are both
heterotrophs. Fungi and animals both actively move through the environment in search of food.
Fungi digest and then absorb food, whereas animals absorb and then digest food. Fungi are able
to break down cellulose, whereas animals can\'t break down cellulose. Fungi and animals both
absorb the nutrients that can cross their cell walls. Fungi and animals both ingest their food prior
to digestion.
Solution
Q.4 Ans-C plasmogamy
Plasmogamy is life cycle stage in fungi sexual reproduction. During plasmogamy the cytoplasm
of the 2[two] parent cells are fuses together without a fusion of the nuclei and effectively
bringing 2[two] haploid nuclei near together in same cell, next stage is karyogamy,in this stage
two nuclei fudsed together & undergo meiosis, so that they produce spores. dikaryotic state
comes after the plasmogamy stage, and dikaryotic stage frequently persist for too many
generations,and before fungi undergoes for karyogamy. And lower fungi group plasmogamy is
immediately & usually followed by the karyogam
Q.5 Ans-D decomposer
Fungi play important role in ecosystem in several ways, like-Decomposer- is very important to
decomposition of plant and animal dead organic matter in ecosystem, by using degradative
enzyme to hydrolysis of complex organic matter. It this process Saprophytic fungi play important
role, and decomposition necessary for life, Such as oxygen carbon nitrogen cycles. By the
breaking-down dead organic matter,the fungi release [oxygen carbon nitrogen ] into soil &a
tmosphere.Another role is Mutualistic relationship-for example-Lichen [fungal + algae] algae
provide food for fungi by photosynthesis and fungi absorbed essential nutrient to algae for
complete mutualistic life of liches. Another fungi also grow in plant root, they absorbed nutrient
for plant and in exchange sugars and amino acide fungi take from palnt.
Q.6 Ans
1. correct-Fungi and animals both are heterotrophs because they depend on plant for obtaining
nutrient and energy and oxygen for survival.
2. wrong- only animal can move actively not fungi because in fungi they using hyphae or
mycelium to reach to food, that’s way fungi is in different category in domain
3.wrong statement-, in animal mode of nutrient is ingestion than digestion than absorb through
stomach wall cell, fungi usually decomposition of dead organic matter and digestion and mode
of nutrient in fungi are absorption
4.correct- fungi are capable in degrading plant cellulose because they secrete cellulase enzyme to
break-down of cellulose into less complex form but in .
Protozoa (also protozoan, plural protozoans) is an informal term for a group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, which feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
2. Heterotroph is an organism that is unable to synthesize
its own food, and therefore, has to rely on other
sources, specifically plant and animal matter.
4. Holozoic nutrition involves the ingestion and internal
processing of solid and liquid food in an organism. This
involves the steps of ingestion, digestion, absorption,
assimilation and excretion.
Examples of animals that exhibit holozoic nutrition
include all vertebrates. Even some unicellular organisms
such as amoeba also exhibit holozoic nutrition
5.
6. Saprophytes (animals which follow saprophytic nutrition)
feed on dead and decayed organisms for energy. They
are an important part of the ecosystem as they help to
keep our environment clean and recycle nutrient back into
the ecosystem.
Some examples of saprophytes are fungi and certain types
of bacteria. These are also responsible for the staling of
bread and other similar food products.
7.
8. Organisms that live in or on other organisms and
acquire food at the expense of its host are called
parasites.
Most parasites are harmful to the hosts’ health; sometimes,
they even kill the host. Both animals and plants may serve
as a host.
Examples of parasites are lice on a human head,
Cuscuta plant and tapeworms.
9.
10. Que-1. What do you understand by
heterotrophic mode of nutrition?
Que-2. What are the different types of
heterotrophic nutrition?
Que-3. What are the different types of
Heterotrophs?
