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Similar to hereditary and environment.pptx for medical
hereditary and environment.pptx for medical
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- 2. Woodworth andMarquis ( 1956), “heredity covers all factors that were present in the individual when he began life, not at birth, but at the time of conception, but month before birth.”
- 3. The individual’spersonality is the product of both heredity and environment. In some cases heredity may overpower development and in certain other cases environment may very strongly influence growth and development. It is because of this difference, individuals differ in physique, character and other personality traits. • A Child’s development represent the interaction of Heredity and Environment. • Heredity determines the potential of child, while the Environment influences the extent to which that potential is achieved
- 4. Nature refersto all of the genes and hereditary factors that influence who we are— from our physical appearance to our personality characteristics. Nurture refers to all the environmental variables that impact who we are, including our early childhood experiences, how we were raised, our social relationships, and our surrounding culture.
- 5. • Every humanbeing is born as a result of conception which takes place due to certain biological Factors and process. • The child carries with himself several physiological and psychological peculiarities that are present in the parents. In fact it is the heredity that determines structure, complexion, structure of hair, height. Facial features nasal index etc. of the child. Thus different types of the genes help in the formation of a body.
- 8. Biology affectsbehavior also through mechanisms of heredity regulated by genetic principles. The nature versus nurture controversy— that is, how much of our behavior is due to inherited factors and how much to environmental factors—is a question that has plagued scientists for years and is still unresolved.
- 9. Genetic principles.Genetics is the study of heredity, the manner in which traits and characteristics (for example, eye color) are passed from parent to offspring. Each human cell, except sex cells, contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, a total of 46. (Sex cells—the sperm and the egg—each contain 23 chromosomes but form a total of 46 when they unite.) Chromosomes are strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) in the nuclei of cells that carry genetic information, genes
- 10. Genetic studiesin psychology. Researchers in the field called behavioral genetics study, through both family and twin studies, the way in which genetic factors affect behavioral traits. In family studies, the focus is on the investigation of blood relatives to see how similar they are with respect to some trait (for example, the occurrence of a mental disorder such as schizophrenia). Twin studies compare identical twins and fraternal twins for various similarities in appearance and behavior to see which traits/behaviors are affected by genetic makeup. In some cases when twins have been adopted into separate families, it is possible to expand the information and determine which traits are affected by environment rather than heredity. Studies of genetic defects (for example, certain types of developmental disabilities) also provide pertinent information on the effects of heredity/environment upon behavior.
- 11. Down syndromeis a human genetic defect in which there is an extra 21st chromosome. People with Down syndrome have distinctive physical features and often some type of developmental disability. Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inherited metabolic disorder. The presence of a particular gene keeps the individual from being able to process the amino acid phenylalanine. An excess of this chemical interferes with the formation of myelin in the brain and can produce a type of developmental disability.
- 12. Environment isnothing but the sum total of the surrounding in which the individual has to live. Psychologically an individual environment is related to those stimuli which has faces from the moment of fertilization till death. Environment is divided into 2 category : physical and psychological
- 13. Physical environmentconsist of physical objects which can be touched and felt Psychological environment consist of those situation in life span of man which effect the development of man.
- 18. 1. Theforegoing discussion reveals that both heredity and environment have their share in moulding the life and personality of the individual. But as regards the extent of their influence opinions differ. 2. Heredity is responsible for all the inborn traits, the instincts, emotions, I.Q., reflex action and physical traits.
- 19. 3. Environmentis responsible for the growth and development of the physical, mental and social traits. 4. The two forces heredity and environment are not opposed to each other, but are complementary like seed and soil, ship and current, ‘warp and woof, bed and stream etc. Both of these forces are required for the same purpose. The heredity is the raw material out of which the object is to be prepared, and environment in the technique and other material for the manufacture.
- 20. Environment isnothing but a process under suitable conditions to change the shape of raw material just as potter does while making toys of mud. Human behaviour is the product of heredity and environment. Hence both are equally important.
- 21. 5. Interactionof Environment and Heredity: Human behaviour is determined by interaction of heredity and environment. The individuality of person is characterised by some inborn traits inherited by the person. The task of the environment is to shape these traits in a proper form, to give opportunities for their unfoldment and fulfillment, and to help making improvements. Thus the personality of the individual is a product of heredity and environment.
- 22. 6. Improvementthrough Environment: Environment can definitely improve upon the behaviour of a person. Increase the environmental situation, improve its quality, even though the heredity remains constant, the behaviour will improve..
- 23. The abilityto solve problems and to adapt to and learn from life’s everyday experiences The ability to solve problems The capacity to adapt and learn from experiences Includes characteristics such as creativity and interpersonal skills The mental abilities that enable one to adapt to, shape, or select one’s environment The ability to judge, comprehend, and reason The ability to understand and deal with people, objects, and symbols The ability to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively with the environment
- 24. The Child’sInfluence: ◦ Genetics ◦ Genotype–Environment Interaction ◦ Gender Boys and girls tend to be equivalent in most aspects of intelligence The average IQ scores of boys and girls is virtually identical The extremes (both low and high ends) are over- represented by boys
- 25. • Girls asa group • Tend to be stronger in verbal fluency, in writing, in perceptual speed (starting as early as the toddler years) • Boys as a group: • Tend to be stronger in visual-spatial processing, in science, and in mathematical problem solving (starting as early as age 3)
- 26. • The ImmediateEnvironment’s Influence: 1. Family Environment 2. School Environment Attending school makes :children smarter Children from families of low SES and those from families of high SES make comparable gains in school achievement during the school year What about during summer break? During the academic year -- schools provide children of all backgrounds with the same stimulating intellectual environment. Over the summer, children from low-SES families are less likely to have the kinds of experiences that would maintain their academic achievement.
- 27. The Society’sInfluence 1. Poverty The more years children spend in poverty, the lower their IQs tend to be ◦ Children from lower- and working-class homes average 10-15 points below their middleclass age mates on IQ tests In many countries, children from wealthier homes score better on IQ test than children from poorer homes The greater the gap in wealth in a country the greater the difference in IQ scores ◦ Chronic inadequate diet can disrupt brain development ◦ Chronic or short-term inadequate diet at any point in life can impair immediate intellectual functioning Reduced access to health service, poor parenting, and insufficient stimulation and emotional support can impair intellectual growth
- 28. 2. Race/Ethnicity Overall,differences in IQ scores of children from different racial and ethnic groups describe children’s performance ONLY in the environments in which the children live. These findings do not indicate potential, nor do they tell us what these children would do if they live someplace else. The current group differences in IQ are due to environmental differences -- as discrimination and inequality decrease -- IQ differences decrease.
- 29. According toGordon Allport, “Personality is the dynamic organisation within the individual of those psychological systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environment.”
- 30. 1. Heredity: Somecharacteristics of our behaviour are genetic, which we inherit. Some of the traits like physical height, slimness, dexterity, intellectual capacity, ability to learn, logical power, etc. are also inherited. All these have a significant influence on our behavioural patterns. 2. Family background: The socio-economic status of the family, education of the parents, and other family members shape the personality of an individual to a considerable extent. In fact, family members themselves try to influence the behaviour of children in a desperate attempt to personify their own values, roles, etc.
- 31. 3. Natureof people with whom we interact: People influence each other and such influences shape the personality. For this reason, we often say that one’s personality is constantly evolving and is shaped throughout one’s life. 4. Culture: Culture shapes our personal values and predispositions. It is the unique characteristic of a social group. The values and norms shared by its member’s sets it apart from other social groups. The essence of culture is the collective programming of the mind. According to anthropological concepts, culture relates to a shared system of beliefs, attitudes, possessions, attributes, customs, and values that define group behaviour. Values are assumptions about ‘how things ought to be’ in the group. Thus, culture plays a significant role in influencing the behaviour of an individual
- 32. (A) Heredity: The concept that heredity is a determinant of personality is embedded in our minds. In our day to day life, so many times we use the term “Like father like son” as “Like mother like daughter.” When we use these terms we generally refer to the traits like physique, eye colour, hair colour, height, temperament, energy level, intelligence, reflexes etc. However, the importance of heredity varies from one personality trait to another. For example, heredity is generally more important in determining a person’s temperament than his values and ideals.
- 33. According toS.P. Robbins, the heredity approach argues that the ultimate explanation of an individual’s personality is the molecular structure of the genes, located in the chromosomes. Three different streams of research lend some credibility to the argument that heredity plays an important part in determining an individual’s personality. The first looks at the genetic underpinnings of human behaviour and temperament among young children. The second addresses the study of twins who were separated at birth and the third examines the consistency in job satisfaction over time and across situations.
- 34. (B) Environment: If all personality traits are determined by heredity, they would be fixed at birth and would not be changed throughout the life. But this is not so. The personality traits are not completely dictated by heredity, environment also plays a very important role in the development of personality of a person.