Hepatic abscess -Diagnostics
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A liver ultrasound found a complex mass measuring 5.0 X 6.8 cm in the right lobe, consistent with an amoebic liver abscess. The gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys and urinary bladder showed no abnormalities. References included diagnostic imaging textbooks describing hepatic abscesses.
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Pediatric urinary tract infection..the role of imaging
Urinary tract infections are common in children and imaging plays an important role. Ultrasound can be used to detect underlying causes of infection like vesicoureteral reflux or obstructions. It can also identify complications of urinary tract infections like renal scarring, abscesses, or stones. The goals of ultrasound are to discover causes of infection, determine if the kidneys are involved or at risk, and identify any anatomical abnormalities that may contribute to recurrent infections. Ultrasound is beneficial for evaluating the urinary tract in children with urinary tract infections.
Amoebic liver abscess.ppt
1) Amoebic abscess is a complication of amoebic dysentery caused by the protozoa Entamoeba histolytica entering the liver via the portal vein.
2) Within the liver, the protozoa causes thrombosis, infarction and cytolytic activity resulting in the formation of a large, viscous abscess that often appears reddish-brown in color.
3) Symptoms include fever, abdominal pain localized to the liver, and tender hepatomegaly. Diagnosis is confirmed by abscess aspiration which reveals anchovy sauce-like pus.
Liver abscess
This document discusses different types of liver abscesses including their etiology, morphology, clinical features, and complications. Pyogenic liver abscesses are most commonly of bacterial origin such as E. coli. Amoebic liver abscesses are caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica and are more common in developing countries. Hydatid disease is caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus and presents as slow-growing cysts in the liver that can rupture and spread to other organs. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging, and biopsy of the abscess.
Liver abscess
Liver abscesses are usually caused by bacteria, parasites or fungi entering through the biliary tract or portal vein. The most common type is a pyogenic abscess in the right lobe of the liver. Risk factors include chronic alcoholism. Entamoeba histolytica, the cause of amebic dysentery, can spread from the colon to the liver and cause an amoebic abscess. Symptoms include fever, right upper quadrant pain and tenderness. Diagnosis involves blood tests and imaging scans like ultrasound, CT or MRI. Treatment is with antibiotics and sometimes drainage of the abscess.
Liver abscess
Liver abscesses are relatively rare but mortality has decreased to 5-30% due to improved diagnostic and treatment methods. Risk factors include diabetes, liver transplants, and immunosuppression. Symptoms include fever, right upper quadrant pain, and referred shoulder pain. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging like CT or ultrasound, and abscess drainage or long-term antibiotic therapy. Complications can include sepsis, empyema, or peritonitis if left untreated. Prognosis is worse with multiple abscesses, underlying illnesses, or delays in diagnosis and treatment.
Case Liver Abscess.
1. An 18-year-old female student presented with progressive lethargy, fever, and body aches for one month. She had a history of similar symptoms since age 12.
2. Initial examinations found splenomegaly but no clear diagnosis. Imaging showed a liver mass. Biopsies and further testing were needed to determine the cause.
3. The patient ultimately underwent laparotomy and biopsy of the liver mass. Post-operative histopathological examination revealed the diagnosis and further testing was done.
Amoebic Liver Abscess
Amoebic liver abscess is a medical condition caused by the amoeba Entamoeba histolytica. It most commonly presents with right upper abdominal pain and fever. Diagnosis involves blood tests and imaging studies to identify abscesses in the liver, and treatment involves antibiotics to eliminate the infection.
Clinicas quirurgicas expo
The document discusses the liver, liver trauma, and liver abscesses. It describes the functions of the liver, types of liver trauma including piercing and blunt trauma, and symptoms of liver trauma like shock. It also discusses grades of liver injuries and ways to diagnose trauma. Finally, it examines pyogenic and amebic liver abscesses, comparing their clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment which involves drainage and antibiotics or antifungals.
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Amoebic liver abscess.ppt
1) Amoebic abscess is a complication of amoebic dysentery caused by the protozoa Entamoeba histolytica entering the liver via the portal vein.
2) Within the liver, the protozoa causes thrombosis, infarction and cytolytic activity resulting in the formation of a large, viscous abscess that often appears reddish-brown in color.
3) Symptoms include fever, abdominal pain localized to the liver, and tender hepatomegaly. Diagnosis is confirmed by abscess aspiration which reveals anchovy sauce-like pus.
Liver abscess
This document discusses different types of liver abscesses including their etiology, morphology, clinical features, and complications. Pyogenic liver abscesses are most commonly of bacterial origin such as E. coli. Amoebic liver abscesses are caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica and are more common in developing countries. Hydatid disease is caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus and presents as slow-growing cysts in the liver that can rupture and spread to other organs. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging, and biopsy of the abscess.
Liver abscess
Liver abscesses are usually caused by bacteria, parasites or fungi entering through the biliary tract or portal vein. The most common type is a pyogenic abscess in the right lobe of the liver. Risk factors include chronic alcoholism. Entamoeba histolytica, the cause of amebic dysentery, can spread from the colon to the liver and cause an amoebic abscess. Symptoms include fever, right upper quadrant pain and tenderness. Diagnosis involves blood tests and imaging scans like ultrasound, CT or MRI. Treatment is with antibiotics and sometimes drainage of the abscess.
Liver abscess
Liver abscesses are relatively rare but mortality has decreased to 5-30% due to improved diagnostic and treatment methods. Risk factors include diabetes, liver transplants, and immunosuppression. Symptoms include fever, right upper quadrant pain, and referred shoulder pain. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging like CT or ultrasound, and abscess drainage or long-term antibiotic therapy. Complications can include sepsis, empyema, or peritonitis if left untreated. Prognosis is worse with multiple abscesses, underlying illnesses, or delays in diagnosis and treatment.
Case Liver Abscess.
1. An 18-year-old female student presented with progressive lethargy, fever, and body aches for one month. She had a history of similar symptoms since age 12.
2. Initial examinations found splenomegaly but no clear diagnosis. Imaging showed a liver mass. Biopsies and further testing were needed to determine the cause.
3. The patient ultimately underwent laparotomy and biopsy of the liver mass. Post-operative histopathological examination revealed the diagnosis and further testing was done.
Amoebic Liver Abscess
Amoebic liver abscess is a medical condition caused by the amoeba Entamoeba histolytica. It most commonly presents with right upper abdominal pain and fever. Diagnosis involves blood tests and imaging studies to identify abscesses in the liver, and treatment involves antibiotics to eliminate the infection.
Clinicas quirurgicas expo
The document discusses the liver, liver trauma, and liver abscesses. It describes the functions of the liver, types of liver trauma including piercing and blunt trauma, and symptoms of liver trauma like shock. It also discusses grades of liver injuries and ways to diagnose trauma. Finally, it examines pyogenic and amebic liver abscesses, comparing their clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment which involves drainage and antibiotics or antifungals.
Liver abscess (AHN)
Hepatic abscess is a pus-filled cyst in the liver caused most commonly by bacterial infection spreading from the bile ducts or portal vein. Common symptoms include fever, pain, chills, and right upper quadrant discomfort. Diagnosis is typically made through ultrasound, CT scan, or blood tests. Treatment involves antibiotics such as cephalosporin and metronidazole. For large abscesses, ultrasound-guided needle aspiration may be used. Complications can include lung or abdominal inflammation if the abscess ruptures.
3. liver dr fidel
1. The liver develops from the endodermal layer of the foregut during the 4th week of gestation. Hepatic cords grow into the transverse septum and invest the vitelline and umbilical veins.
2. The liver has 8 segments and is supplied by the hepatic artery and portal vein. It has both excretory and metabolic functions that can be assessed through various blood tests and imaging modalities.
3. Common surgical conditions of the liver include benign tumors such as hemangiomas and focal nodular hyperplasia. Malignant primary tumors include hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatoblastoma, and cholangiocarcinoma.
Abscess of liver
1) Liver abscesses can be either pyogenic (caused by bacteria) or amebic (caused by Entamoeba histolytica parasites). Pyogenic abscesses are more common in the right lobe of the liver, while amebic abscesses can occur in any lobe.
2) Amebic abscesses result from ingesting contaminated food or water containing E. histolytica cysts which survive the stomach and excyst in the intestines. The parasites can invade the colonic epithelium and spread to the liver and other organs.
3) Pyogenic abscesses are typically treated with antibiotics while amebic abscesses respond well to metronidazole or iodoquin
Liver infections and infestations
Pyogenic and amebic liver infections and infestations are described. Pyogenic liver abscesses are usually caused by bacteria spreading from another infected site via the bloodstream and are typically treated with antibiotics and drainage. Amebic liver abscesses are caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica and present with right upper quadrant pain, fever, and tenderness. Diagnosis involves blood tests and imaging, and treatment consists of antiparasitic medications and sometimes drainage. Hydatid cysts are caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus and seen endemic areas; they may cause liver masses, pain, or allergic reactions.
Liver, liver metastasis, liver transplant
The liver is the largest organ in the body and performs several important functions including removing harmful substances from the blood, producing enzymes and bile to aid digestion, and converting food into substances needed for life and growth. Liver metastasis and liver abscesses are two conditions that can affect the liver. Liver metastasis occurs when cancer spreads from its original site such as the breast, colon, or lungs to the liver. Liver abscesses are pus-filled cavities that can be caused by bacteria (pyogenic) or amoebas (amoebic) and may require treatment such as antibiotics or surgery. Liver transplantation is sometimes used to treat life-threatening liver disease when no other treatment options are available.
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A 50-year-old farmer from Gujranwala presented with abdominal pain, jaundice, and urticaria. Differential diagnoses include liver abscess and hydatid disease. Investigations would include blood tests, imaging like ultrasound and CT, and fluid aspiration/culture. Initial management depends on diagnosis but may include antibiotics, drainage, or anti-parasitic drugs. Liver abscesses are generally pyogenic, amoebic, or fungal in origin and present variably. Hydatid disease involves cyst formation from Echinococcus tapeworms and usually affects the liver. Treatment involves surgery, percutaneous drainage, or anti-parasitic drugs depending on individual factors.
L23 liver abscess st
A liver abscess is a pus-filled mass inside the liver that can have several causes. There are three main types - pyogenic liver abscess makes up 80% of cases in the US and is usually caused by polymicrobial infection elsewhere in the body. Amoebic liver abscess accounts for 10% of cases and results from Entamoeba histolytica infection. Fungal abscesses account for less than 10% of cases. Risk factors include debilitating diseases that cause immune deficiency. Abscesses form when bacteria or parasites reach the liver through the biliary tract, blood vessels, or direct invasion from a nearby infection site. Treatment involves antibiotics and sometimes drainage of the abscess.
Live abscess
This document discusses liver abscesses, including types (pyogenic, amoebic, fungal), causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment. Pyogenic liver abscess is most common, often caused by bacteria spreading from infections in other organs. Amoebic liver abscess is caused by a parasite and presents with thick pus. Imaging tests can identify abscesses, which are usually treated with antibiotics; drainage may be needed for large abscesses. With treatment, prognosis is generally good especially for amoebic liver abscess.
Management of liver abscess
This document provides information on the management of liver abscesses. It discusses the two main types - pyogenic and amebic liver abscesses. For pyogenic liver abscesses, it outlines the etiology, clinical features, investigations, and treatment options including antibiotics, aspiration, percutaneous drainage, and surgical drainage. It also discusses amebic liver abscesses, noting they are more common in tropical areas. It provides details on the pathology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of amebic liver abscesses, which typically involves antibiotics or therapeutic aspiration.
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Liver disease is common and can have various causes. A liver abscess, caused by bacterial or amebic infection, can lead to fever, liver pain, and enlargement. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging like CT or ultrasound, and aspiration of pus. Treatment depends on the size and number of abscesses but generally involves antibiotics, drainage of pus, and treating any underlying causes.
Gastric outlet obstruction
This document describes gastric outlet obstruction (GOO), including its causes, symptoms, examinations, investigations, differential diagnosis, and treatment options. GOO is caused by any mechanical impediment to gastric emptying. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting of undigested food, early satiety, and weight loss. Investigations may include blood tests, imaging like x-rays and endoscopy, and gastric function tests. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may involve resuscitation, antisecretory drugs, endoscopic procedures, or surgery like vagotomy with pyloroplasty or gastric resection. Post-operative complications can include bleeding, strictures, dumping syndrome, and duodenal blowout.
Benign gastric outlet obstruction
Benign gastric outlet obstruction can result from various benign conditions that cause mechanical impediment to gastric emptying. Peptic ulcer disease, particularly chronic ulcers, was previously a leading cause but has declined with treatment of Helicobacter pylori and use of proton pump inhibitors. Other benign causes include corrosive injury, certain drugs like NSAIDs, and inflammatory conditions of the stomach or duodenum. Patients present with epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and endoscopy. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include endoscopic balloon dilation, surgery such as vagotomy and gastrojejunostomy, or management of the underlying disease in cases of inflammation. Complications can
Gastric Outlet Obstruction
Gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) is caused by any disease process that mechanically impedes gastric emptying. Common benign causes include peptic ulcer disease and gastric polyps, while pancreatic cancer is the most common malignant cause. GOO presents with non-bilious vomiting, weight loss, and dehydration. Management involves resuscitation with IV fluids and correcting metabolic abnormalities, then treating the underlying cause surgically if medical management fails or for palliation of malignant obstructions. Diagnosis in resource-limited areas relies on clinical exam findings, while challenges include limited imaging and laboratory resources.
Gastric outlet obstruction
Gastric outlet obstruction is a complication of chronic peptic ulcer disease where the stomach fails to empty normally due to scarring or swelling at the pylorus. It presents with vomiting, weight loss, and abdominal swelling. Treatment involves resuscitation followed by either non-operative measures like lavage and dilation or surgery to relieve the obstruction through procedures like vagotomy and gastrojejunostomy. The goals are to restore gastric emptying, prevent recurrence, and manage complications.
GASTRIC OUTLET OBSTRUCTION
Gastric outlet obstruction is caused by benign or malignant diseases that obstruct gastric emptying. Common benign causes include peptic ulcer disease while pancreatic cancer is a frequent malignant cause. Patients experience nausea, vomiting and weight loss. Diagnosis involves distinguishing functional from mechanical causes and identifying the underlying etiology. Treatment focuses on rehydration and correcting metabolic abnormalities as well as addressing the mechanical obstruction through endoscopic or surgical interventions.
Gastric outlet obstruction
This document provides an overview of gastric outlet obstruction (GOO). It discusses that GOO can result from benign or malignant causes that obstruct gastric emptying. The most common benign causes are peptic ulcer disease and gastric polyps, while pancreatic cancer is the most common malignant cause. Patients present with nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and dehydration. Diagnosis involves distinguishing mechanical from functional causes, and benign from malignant etiologies. Treatment depends on the underlying cause, with surgery considered for benign cases unresponsive to medical management or in select malignant cases for palliation.
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Hepatic abscess is a pus-filled cyst in the liver caused most commonly by bacterial infection spreading from the bile ducts or portal vein. Common symptoms include fever, pain, chills, and right upper quadrant discomfort. Diagnosis is typically made through ultrasound, CT scan, or blood tests. Treatment involves antibiotics such as cephalosporin and metronidazole. For large abscesses, ultrasound-guided needle aspiration may be used. Complications can include lung or abdominal inflammation if the abscess ruptures.
3. liver dr fidel
1. The liver develops from the endodermal layer of the foregut during the 4th week of gestation. Hepatic cords grow into the transverse septum and invest the vitelline and umbilical veins.
2. The liver has 8 segments and is supplied by the hepatic artery and portal vein. It has both excretory and metabolic functions that can be assessed through various blood tests and imaging modalities.
3. Common surgical conditions of the liver include benign tumors such as hemangiomas and focal nodular hyperplasia. Malignant primary tumors include hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatoblastoma, and cholangiocarcinoma.
Abscess of liver
1) Liver abscesses can be either pyogenic (caused by bacteria) or amebic (caused by Entamoeba histolytica parasites). Pyogenic abscesses are more common in the right lobe of the liver, while amebic abscesses can occur in any lobe.
2) Amebic abscesses result from ingesting contaminated food or water containing E. histolytica cysts which survive the stomach and excyst in the intestines. The parasites can invade the colonic epithelium and spread to the liver and other organs.
3) Pyogenic abscesses are typically treated with antibiotics while amebic abscesses respond well to metronidazole or iodoquin
Liver infections and infestations
Pyogenic and amebic liver infections and infestations are described. Pyogenic liver abscesses are usually caused by bacteria spreading from another infected site via the bloodstream and are typically treated with antibiotics and drainage. Amebic liver abscesses are caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica and present with right upper quadrant pain, fever, and tenderness. Diagnosis involves blood tests and imaging, and treatment consists of antiparasitic medications and sometimes drainage. Hydatid cysts are caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus and seen endemic areas; they may cause liver masses, pain, or allergic reactions.
Liver, liver metastasis, liver transplant
The liver is the largest organ in the body and performs several important functions including removing harmful substances from the blood, producing enzymes and bile to aid digestion, and converting food into substances needed for life and growth. Liver metastasis and liver abscesses are two conditions that can affect the liver. Liver metastasis occurs when cancer spreads from its original site such as the breast, colon, or lungs to the liver. Liver abscesses are pus-filled cavities that can be caused by bacteria (pyogenic) or amoebas (amoebic) and may require treatment such as antibiotics or surgery. Liver transplantation is sometimes used to treat life-threatening liver disease when no other treatment options are available.
Liver abscesses and hydatid disease
A 50-year-old farmer from Gujranwala presented with abdominal pain, jaundice, and urticaria. Differential diagnoses include liver abscess and hydatid disease. Investigations would include blood tests, imaging like ultrasound and CT, and fluid aspiration/culture. Initial management depends on diagnosis but may include antibiotics, drainage, or anti-parasitic drugs. Liver abscesses are generally pyogenic, amoebic, or fungal in origin and present variably. Hydatid disease involves cyst formation from Echinococcus tapeworms and usually affects the liver. Treatment involves surgery, percutaneous drainage, or anti-parasitic drugs depending on individual factors.
L23 liver abscess st
A liver abscess is a pus-filled mass inside the liver that can have several causes. There are three main types - pyogenic liver abscess makes up 80% of cases in the US and is usually caused by polymicrobial infection elsewhere in the body. Amoebic liver abscess accounts for 10% of cases and results from Entamoeba histolytica infection. Fungal abscesses account for less than 10% of cases. Risk factors include debilitating diseases that cause immune deficiency. Abscesses form when bacteria or parasites reach the liver through the biliary tract, blood vessels, or direct invasion from a nearby infection site. Treatment involves antibiotics and sometimes drainage of the abscess.
Live abscess
This document discusses liver abscesses, including types (pyogenic, amoebic, fungal), causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment. Pyogenic liver abscess is most common, often caused by bacteria spreading from infections in other organs. Amoebic liver abscess is caused by a parasite and presents with thick pus. Imaging tests can identify abscesses, which are usually treated with antibiotics; drainage may be needed for large abscesses. With treatment, prognosis is generally good especially for amoebic liver abscess.
Management of liver abscess
This document provides information on the management of liver abscesses. It discusses the two main types - pyogenic and amebic liver abscesses. For pyogenic liver abscesses, it outlines the etiology, clinical features, investigations, and treatment options including antibiotics, aspiration, percutaneous drainage, and surgical drainage. It also discusses amebic liver abscesses, noting they are more common in tropical areas. It provides details on the pathology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of amebic liver abscesses, which typically involves antibiotics or therapeutic aspiration.
Liver Disease
Liver disease is common and can have various causes. A liver abscess, caused by bacterial or amebic infection, can lead to fever, liver pain, and enlargement. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging like CT or ultrasound, and aspiration of pus. Treatment depends on the size and number of abscesses but generally involves antibiotics, drainage of pus, and treating any underlying causes.
Gastric outlet obstruction
This document describes gastric outlet obstruction (GOO), including its causes, symptoms, examinations, investigations, differential diagnosis, and treatment options. GOO is caused by any mechanical impediment to gastric emptying. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting of undigested food, early satiety, and weight loss. Investigations may include blood tests, imaging like x-rays and endoscopy, and gastric function tests. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may involve resuscitation, antisecretory drugs, endoscopic procedures, or surgery like vagotomy with pyloroplasty or gastric resection. Post-operative complications can include bleeding, strictures, dumping syndrome, and duodenal blowout.
Benign gastric outlet obstruction
Benign gastric outlet obstruction can result from various benign conditions that cause mechanical impediment to gastric emptying. Peptic ulcer disease, particularly chronic ulcers, was previously a leading cause but has declined with treatment of Helicobacter pylori and use of proton pump inhibitors. Other benign causes include corrosive injury, certain drugs like NSAIDs, and inflammatory conditions of the stomach or duodenum. Patients present with epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and endoscopy. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include endoscopic balloon dilation, surgery such as vagotomy and gastrojejunostomy, or management of the underlying disease in cases of inflammation. Complications can
Gastric Outlet Obstruction
Gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) is caused by any disease process that mechanically impedes gastric emptying. Common benign causes include peptic ulcer disease and gastric polyps, while pancreatic cancer is the most common malignant cause. GOO presents with non-bilious vomiting, weight loss, and dehydration. Management involves resuscitation with IV fluids and correcting metabolic abnormalities, then treating the underlying cause surgically if medical management fails or for palliation of malignant obstructions. Diagnosis in resource-limited areas relies on clinical exam findings, while challenges include limited imaging and laboratory resources.
Gastric outlet obstruction
Gastric outlet obstruction is a complication of chronic peptic ulcer disease where the stomach fails to empty normally due to scarring or swelling at the pylorus. It presents with vomiting, weight loss, and abdominal swelling. Treatment involves resuscitation followed by either non-operative measures like lavage and dilation or surgery to relieve the obstruction through procedures like vagotomy and gastrojejunostomy. The goals are to restore gastric emptying, prevent recurrence, and manage complications.
GASTRIC OUTLET OBSTRUCTION
Gastric outlet obstruction is caused by benign or malignant diseases that obstruct gastric emptying. Common benign causes include peptic ulcer disease while pancreatic cancer is a frequent malignant cause. Patients experience nausea, vomiting and weight loss. Diagnosis involves distinguishing functional from mechanical causes and identifying the underlying etiology. Treatment focuses on rehydration and correcting metabolic abnormalities as well as addressing the mechanical obstruction through endoscopic or surgical interventions.
Gastric outlet obstruction
This document provides an overview of gastric outlet obstruction (GOO). It discusses that GOO can result from benign or malignant causes that obstruct gastric emptying. The most common benign causes are peptic ulcer disease and gastric polyps, while pancreatic cancer is the most common malignant cause. Patients present with nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and dehydration. Diagnosis involves distinguishing mechanical from functional causes, and benign from malignant etiologies. Treatment depends on the underlying cause, with surgery considered for benign cases unresponsive to medical management or in select malignant cases for palliation.
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Case report: White matter disease vs. Meningitis
1. The document discusses a case report of a 13-year-old boy presenting with changes in sensorium and headache. Imaging findings show demyelination in the white matter.
2. The objectives are to correlate clinical and imaging findings of white matter diseases and discuss differential diagnoses of various disease entities.
3. Key points of a practical approach to white matter diseases are classifying them as multifocal, confluent/diffuse, or selective based on location; and evaluating for etiologies like infections, inflammatory conditions, and vascular or metabolic causes based on patient history and exam.
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This document provides an overview of gastrointestinal anatomy including:
1. The embryonic precursors of the GI tract - foregut, midgut, and hindgut - and their derivatives.
2. The anatomy of the individual organs that make up the GI tract from the pharynx to the anus.
3. Key anatomical structures such as the peritoneum, mesentery, retroperitoneal space, and pelvic compartments.
4. Radiographic anatomy seen on abdominal x-rays including the liver and spleen shadows, bowel gas patterns, and signs of abnormalities.
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A one-month-old baby girl presented with fever and began having seizures two days later. Tests found her sodium levels were low at 115. She screened positive for G6PD deficiency. The document also mentions two other babies, a boy and another girl, but provides no other details about their cases.
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An elderly male presented with acute abdominal distention. Imaging showed dilated small bowel over 2.5-3 cm in diameter and colon over 5 cm in diameter, with the cecum over 8 cm. Small bowel obstruction is most common at 80%, usually from post-surgical adhesions, while large bowel obstruction is 20%, often from colon cancer or diverticulitis. Sigmoid volvulus, more common in elderly and high fiber diets, presents as a twisted sigmoid colon appearing as a large gas-filled structure without haustral markings arising from the pelvis.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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