This document discusses the relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and coronary artery disease. It begins with a review of infectious and non-infectious triggers of atherosclerosis. It then examines studies showing a relationship between H. pylori infection, especially strains expressing CagA, and markers of inflammation associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease. The document explores potential pathogenic mechanisms such as inflammatory responses, lipid modification, molecular mimicry of heat shock proteins, and hyperhomocysteinemia. It also notes findings of H. pylori DNA in atherosclerotic plaques and recommends treatment regimens to eradicate H. pylori infection.
Cross talk between covid-19 and ischemic strokeafnaanqureshi1
Here are some linkages between SARS-CoV-2 and Ischemic Stroke;
I made this under the guidance of my professor:- Dr. Suhel Parvez (Professor and Head of Department Toxicology)
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus.
Most people who fall sick with COVID-19 will experience mild to moderate symptoms and recover without special treatment.
It includes new definition, pathophysiology, management of sepsis, septic shock and neutropenic sepsis and even newer evolving concepts or types of sepsis.
With improvement in the care available for HIV patients since the mid 1990s most HIV patients are living longer. Patients with HIV are now being afflicted with conditions associated with aging including atheroscerotic heart disease. This presentation reviews the current data on coronary artery disease in HIV patients and discusses the management and prevention of these conditions in this population.
Cross talk between covid-19 and ischemic strokeafnaanqureshi1
Here are some linkages between SARS-CoV-2 and Ischemic Stroke;
I made this under the guidance of my professor:- Dr. Suhel Parvez (Professor and Head of Department Toxicology)
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus.
Most people who fall sick with COVID-19 will experience mild to moderate symptoms and recover without special treatment.
It includes new definition, pathophysiology, management of sepsis, septic shock and neutropenic sepsis and even newer evolving concepts or types of sepsis.
With improvement in the care available for HIV patients since the mid 1990s most HIV patients are living longer. Patients with HIV are now being afflicted with conditions associated with aging including atheroscerotic heart disease. This presentation reviews the current data on coronary artery disease in HIV patients and discusses the management and prevention of these conditions in this population.
Report on LUS for post COVID19 Infection Patients, NGUYEN THIEN HUNG et al, M...hungnguyenthien
Report of LUS on 11 patients (5 man and 6 female) underwent COVID-19 infection for average 30 days showed that lung lesions were still existed with small evident and LUS score total <10.
Lung Ultrasound Post-COVID-19 Infection, Hung Nguyen Thien and Ultrasound Dep...hungnguyenthien
11 cases (5 male and 6 female) were post COVID-19 infection, enrolled in LUS with remained lesions in left posterior basal lung than right one. LUS score total < 10 according to protocol of ROUBY.
Evaluation of Hyperferritinemia in Diabetic Patientshungnguyenthien
Hyperferritinemia with normal transferrin saturation, with or without iron overload is often found in patients with hepatic steatosis and/or hepatitis. The metabolic hyperferritinaemia (disorder of iron and glucose and/or lipid metabolism) may occur with the incidence up to 49% in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
A review on of AAA at Medic Center for 10 years (1990-2000), 246/987 cases of AAA dissecting were detected and documented by ultrasound and CT scanning confirmed, # 24.9%, that had been prothesis grafting later in Binh dan hospital.
BIRADS- 5 NON CANCER, Dr Đỗ Bình Minh Dr Hương Gianghungnguyenthien
Một số bệnh lý vú lành tính có hình ảnh học giống ung thư được trình bày gồm sẹo nan hoa (radial scar), bệnh tuyến xơ hóa (sclerosing adenosis), bệnh vú xơ hóa do đái tháo đường (diabetic fibrous breast disease), viêm vú mạn tính gồm hoại tử mỡ (fat necrosis) và lao vú.
CAP va ARFI trong Gan Mỡ , Nguyễn Thiện Hùng, Nguyễn thị Hồng Anh , Phạm thị ...hungnguyenthien
Đối chiếu CAP, Fibroscan,ARFI, và Siêu âm B-Mode trên 84 bệnh nhân gan mỡ không do rượu. B-Mode và CAP tương hợp trong khi Fibroscan và ARFI không tăng theo độ mỡ CAP.
Case 430: FACIAL EDEMA, Dr PHAN THANH HẢI, Dr LÊ NGỌC VINHhungnguyenthien
Woman 33yo, with history onset one year ago, fever and some red macula appeared at abdominal skin that biopsy result of macula was lipoma. But it is not in stop of progress, a lot of red macula were getting more over 2 legs and upper arms to her right face.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
9. REVIEW
Helicobacter pylori:
Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative
microaerophilic bacillus. It measures 0.5 mm to 1.0
mm in diameter by 2.5 mm to 5.0 mm long. It requires
an atmosphere of 5% O2 and 5% to 10% CO2 .
Its morphology is heterogeneous: it can take a
helicoidal, spiral, or curved shape, with 2 to 6 flagella.
In aged cultures it tends to present in coccoid form.
It products a urease that, via the production of
ammonia, creates a microenvironment with a pH
greater than that of gastric mucous, allowing it to
survive.
9
10. REVIEW
Helicobacter pylori:
It is considered the etiopathogenic agent of
both benign and malignant gastro duodenal
disease. In fact, it has been classified as a
type 1 carcinogen by the World Health
Organization (WHO).
In recent years it has been proposed
that H. pylori has a role in the
atherothrombotic process .
10
11. RELATION BETWEEN H. PYLORI
INFECTION
AND CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
Case-control epidemiological
studies:
- Mendall M et al (Br Heart J 1994;71:437-9):
A greater prevalence of infection by H. pylori in patients with
coronary cardiopathy and in patients with cerebrovascular
ischemia.
- Pasceri et al (Circulation 1998;97:1675-9):
Revealed a greater prevalence of infection by strains of H.
pylori cagA+ in patients with coronary cardiopathy vs a control
group, while the prevalence of infection by strains of cagA–
did not reveal differences between the patients and the control
group.
11
12. RELATION BETWEEN H. PYLORI
INFECTION
AND CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
Case-control epidemiological studies:
- Kowalski M, Konturek
JW et al [J Physiol
Pharmacol 1999; 50
( Suppl 2): A28]:
Frequency of the Hp
infection in patients with
coronariographically
confirmed CAD (one- to
three-vessel-disease and
PTCA or CABG in the past)
was significantly higher than
in the healthy population of
similar age and gender.
12
13. RELATION BETWEEN H. PYLORI
INFECTION
AND CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
The seroprevalence of H. pylori and
markers of inflammatory processes:
- Niemëla et al (Heart 1996;75:573-5):
Found significant differences between triglyceride and HDL
values among seropositive and seronegative subjects vs H.
pylori.
- Patel et al (BMJ 1995;311:711-4):
Found a significant increase in fibrinogen in seropositive
patients, but did not find differences in the plasma cholesterol or
triglyceride values.
- Ossei-Gerning N et al (Cardiovasc Res 1997;35:1204):
Factor VII has also been studied, but no significant differences
have been found among patients seropositive for H. pylori with
regard to those who were seronegative.
13
14. RELATION BETWEEN H. PYLORI
INFECTION
AND CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
The seroprevalence of H. pylori and
markers of inflammatory processes:
- Rengström et al (J Int Med 1998;243:109-13):
Did not observe significant differences in plasma fibrinogen,
cholesterol, or triglyceride levels among seropositive and
seronegative patients.
- Liuzzo G et al (N Engl J Med 1994;331:417-24.),
Yarnell J et al (Circulation 1991; 83:836-44) and Xu
Q, Willeit J et al (Lancet 1993;341:255-9):
Some markers of inflammation are associated with a greater
risk of coronary cardiopathy or a worse prognosis, such as C
reactive protein, white blood cell count, plasma fibrinogen or
the presence of heat shock proteins (hsp ).
14
15. RELATION BETWEEN H. PYLORI
INFECTION
AND CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
The seroprevalence of H. pylori and
markers of inflammatory processes:
- Patel P et al (BMJ 1995;311:711-4):
Comparison of patients seropositive for H. pylori with seronegative
patients: found a significant elevation in the white blood cell count..
- Birnie D et al (Eur Heart J 1998;19:387-94):
Detected an hsp increase 60/65; and the elevation of C reactive
protein has been associated with a worse prognosis in patients with
unstable angina or recent myocardial infarction.
- Regnström J et al (J Int Med 1998;243:109-13):
The association of coronary cardiopathy with TNF-α values, but
statistically significant differences have not been detected.
15
16. RELATION BETWEEN H. PYLORI
INFECTION
AND CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
Presence of H. pylori in atheromatous
plaques:
(Studies have been performed using the polymerase chain reaction
(PCR) to detect ADN of H. pylori in the tissues analyzed):
Cunningham et al (Rev Esp Cardiol 2002; 55(6):652-6 ):
Found the presence of H. pylori in atheromatous plaques.
- Gunn M et al (Heart 2000; 84: 267-271):
+ The significantly higher detection of Hp DNA in considerable
number of atherosclerotic plaques in CagA-positive patients.
+ The H.pylori with CagA-positive may be higher virulent factor to
atherosclerotic plaques.
-
16
17. RELATION BETWEEN H. PYLORI
INFECTION
AND CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
c
Carotid atherosclerotic
plaques:
Immunostaining for H
pylori, original
magnification 1000:
A, Immunodetection of
the bacillus in
subendothelial clefts.
B, Immunodetection of
the bacillus in the
endothelial lumina.
C, Immunodetection of
ICAM-1 in the cytoplasm
of endothelial cells is
shown.
(http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/32/2/385.full)
17
18. RELATION BETWEEN H. PYLORI
INFECTION
AND CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
Presence of H. pylori in atheromatous
plaques:
- Kowalski M (J Physiol Pharmacol. 2001 Aug; 52 (1 Suppl
1):3-31):
Identification of Hp DNA in atherosclerotic plaques of patients with
severe CAD supports the hypothesis that infection with H. pylori
(especially CagA positive) may influence the development of
atherosclerosis.
- Francesch F et al (Atherosclerosis. 2009 Feb; 202(2):53542. Epub 2008 Jul 3):
Anti-CagA antibodies recognized antigens localized inside coronary
atherosclerotic plaques in all specimens from both stable and
unstable angina patients.
18
19. RELATION BETWEEN H. PYLORI
INFECTION
AND CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
Detection of
Hp specific
DNA in human
atheromatous
coronary
artery plaques
of patients
with and
without Hp
infection.
[Kowalski M: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in coronary
artery disease, Physiol Pharmacol 2001; 52 (Suppl. 1): 3-31)] .
19
20. RELATION BETWEEN H. PYLORI
INFECTION
AND CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
Mean coronary
artery lumen
reduction (%),
six months after
PTCA with stent
in patients:
- Hp-CagA (+)
(subgroup a)
- Hp-CagA (-)
(subgroup b)
- Hp IgG (-)
(subgroup c).
[Kowalski M: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in coronary
artery disease, Physiol Pharmacol 2001; 52 (Suppl. 1): 3-31)] .
20
21. PATHOGENIC
MECHANISMS
Inflammatory response:
- Crabtree J et al (Gut 1991; 32:1473-7), Fong I et al (J Clin
Microbiol 1997; 35:48-52), Mendall M et al (Heart 1997;
78:273-7):
Changes in some cardiovascular risks factors: coagulation and lipid
factors, ↑fibrinogen, ↑C-RP, ↑TNF-α, ↑IL-6, ↑WBC (→ Prothrombotic
state).
- Ernst P et al (Gastroenterology 1997; 113: S 35-42):
Presence of neutrophils, T lymphocytes, plasma cells and a response
that is as much cellular as it is humural.
- Ossei-Gerning N et al (Cardiovasc Res 1997; 35:120-4),
Bamford K et al (Gastroenterology 1998; 114:482-92):
Specific cellular response: ↑helper-1 lymphocytes → IL-1, IL-6, IL-8,
TNF- α, interferon ɣ.
21
22. PATHOGENIC
MECHANISMS
Inflammatory response:
- Kalia N et al (Gut 1997; 41:748-52):
Soluble extracts of H. pylori promote platelet aggregation in the
microcirculation.
- Yamaoka Y et al (Gut 1997; 41:442-51):
CagA(+) H.pylori produce a greater variety of cytokines.
- Abdelmouttaleb et al (Am Heart J 1999; 137: 346-351),
Gasbarrini et al
(Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998; 30: 115-118 ) and Stone
et al (Digest Liver Dis 2000; 32: 62-64 ):
Reported that the host immune response to the bacteria colonizing the
stomach may play an important role in the pathogenesis of vascular
disorders, probably through the action of various vasoactive substances,
such as cytokines, eicosanoids and others.
22
24. PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS
Modification of blood lipids:
- Ellis R et al (J Med Micriobiol 1997; 46:535-9),
Niemelä S et al (Heart 1996;75:573-5: H.pylori
infection induces:
+↑cholesterol and triglyceride levels.
+↓ HDL cholesterol.
Crossed reactivity with anti-hsp
antibodies:
- Birnie D et al (Eur Heart J 1998; 19:387-94):
H. pylori produces anti-heat shock protein (60 kDa)
similar to human 60 kDa hsp expressed by the
24
25. PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS
Hyperhomocysteinemi
a:
- Clarke R et al (N Engl J
Med 1991; 324:1149-55),
Bunout B et al (Med Chil
1998; 126:905-10),
Markle H (Med
Hypotheses 1997; 49:28992):
H. pylori infection → ↓
absorption vitamin B12 and
folate →
hyperhomocysteinemia. (J J Y Sung, J E Sanderson: Hyperhomocysteinaemia, Helicobacter
pylon, and coronary heart disease, Heart 1996;76:305-307).
25
26. PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS
Formation of oxidants:
Ellis R et al ( J Med Micriobiol 1997; 46:535-9):
H. pylori →↓ antioxidants → lipid peroxidation →
atherogenesis.
Socio-economic level:
Nilsson P et al (Scand J Soc Med 1995;23:3-8),
Mendall M et al (Lancet 1992;339:896-7):
+ A greater prevalence of coronary cardiopathy and
cardiovascular events in people at a lower socio-economic
levels.
+ Hp Infected patients is in socio-economic level lower than
in Hp non-infected patients.
26
28. TREATMENT
Regimens recommended for eradication of H.pylori
infection.
Drug
Dose
Triple therapy:
1. Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) plus
Eradicatio
n
treatment
2 tablets qid
Metronidazole plus
Tetracycline
250 mg qid
500 mg qid
(a)
2. Ranitidine bismuth citrate plus
400 mg bid
Tetracycline plus
500 mg bid
Clarithromycin or metronidazole
500 mg bid
3. Omeprazol (lansoprazole)
20 mg (30 mg) daily
Clarithromycin plus
250 or 500 mg bid
Metronidazole (b) or
500 mg bid
Amoxicillin (c )
Quadruple therapy
1000 mg bid
Omeprazole (lansoprazole)
20 mg (30 mg) daily
Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol)
2 tablets qid
Metronidazole
250 mg qid
Tetracycline
: Alternative: use prepacked Helidac.
500 mg qid
(a)
(b)
: Alternative: use prepacked Prevpac.
: Use either metronidazole internal medicine, 17
(Harrison’ s Principles of or amoxicilline, not both.
(c)
Pepto-Bismol: 525 mg (tablet).
th
edition, 2008, page 1863 ).
28
29. TREATMENT
Substance
Evidence
Effect
Vitamin C
in vitro; in vivo
↓ H. pylori
(gerbils; humans)
α-Linolenic, Linoleic,
γ-Linolenic,
(humans – fish oil and
Eicosapentaenoic acids
Potential
Alternative
Treatments
for H. pylori
in vitro; in vivo
black currant seed oil)
Lactobacilli
in vitro; in vivo (mice)
↓ H. pylori
in vivo (humans)
↓ antibiotic side effects
in vitro
↑ antibiotic effects
↓ H. pylori
in vivo (humans)
↑ ulcer healing
in vitro
↓ H. pylori
in vivo (humans)
no results
in vitro;
↓ H. pylori
Mastic Gum
Garlic
Berberine
↓ H. pylori
in vivo (humans)
Flavonoids (various)
in vitro; in vivo
↓H. pylori
(Alan R. Gaby, MD: Alternative Medicine Review Volume 6, Number 4 2001).
29
31. TREATMENT
The STAMINA trial (South Thames Trial of Antibiotics
in Myocardial Infarction and Unstable Angina)
(n=325, addressed both C pneumoniae and H pylori).
- Multiple drug therapy using amoxicillin for H pylori and
azithromycin for C pneumoniae, both combined with
metronidazole and omeprazole, were found to reduce
inflammatory markers. This included C-reactive protein (P=0.03)
and fibrinogen (P=0.06).
- At 12 weeks of follow up there was a 36% decrease (P=0.02)
in all end points (cardiac death, revascularization, and
readmission).
- At 1 year there continued to be a significant reduction in end
points of cardiac death or readmission with ACS.
31
32. TREATMENT
- Kowalski M (J Physiol Pharmacol 2001; 52
(Suppl. 1): 3-31):
+ Diameter of the coronary artery lumen six months after PTCA
was significantly different between the patients after the Hp
eradication therapy and those without such therapy.
+ The mean reduction in arterial lumen in Hp-eradicated patients
was about 22%, whereas in those non-eradicated about 41% and
this difference was statistically significant.
- Kowalski M, Konturek PC (Digest Liver Dis
2001; 33: 222-229):
The plasma proinflammatory cytokines:TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-8,
were significantly attenuated after Hp eradication in patients with
PTCA suggests that the elimination of the inflammation could
contribute to the decline in restenosis mechanism.
32
33. TREATMENT
- Yusuf SW et al (Acta Cardiol
2002; 57: 317-322 ):
The plasma levels of fibrinogen was
significantly reduced after eradication.
- Konturek PC et al (J Physiol
Pharmacol 1999; 50: 695-710):
The plasma levels of fibrinogen, IL-8 and
LDL-cholesterol were significantly declined
after eradication, .
33
34. TREATMENT
Prophylactic vaccination:
- Several key bacterial factors have been identified:
urease, vacuolating cytotoxin, cytotoxin-associated antigen
(cag), the pathogenicity island, neutrophil-activating protein…
- These proteins, in their native or recombinant forms, have been
shown to confer protection against H. pylori in animal models.
- Nevertheless, a number of clinical trials (in healthy volunteers
have been used urease by oral) give limited results.
- Recently, a vaccine (mixture of H. pylori antigens with
aluminium hydroxide as an adjuvant) following intramuscular
administration in H. pylori -negative volunteers was reported to
be highly immunogenic.
- Data show that vaccination against H. pylori is still feasible.
More researches are required to have effective vaccine may be
used in the future.
34
35. CONCLUSION
1. H. pylori is a causal agent of several gastrointestinal diseases and has also been
implicated in coronary artery disease (CAD).
2. Several mechanisms are proposed for the role of H. pylori in CAD:
- H. pylori may act directly on atherosclerotic plaques, because studies have found its
DNA in arterial plaque.
- H. pylori causes in indirect effects to chronic inflammation whereby raises cytokine
levels in the bloodstream, thus it serves as a trigger of the inflammatory cascade.
- H. pylori may induce platelet aggregation, and thereby play a role in the acute phase
of CAD.
- Certain virulent strains of H. pylori (CagA positivity) may provoke an intense immune
response and precipitate coronary events.
3. Eradication therapy:
- Reduce inflammatory markers: C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, LDL-cholesterol,
cytokines: TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-8…
- Reduce in arterial lumen loss and in all end points (cardiac death, revascularization,
and readmission).
4. Vaccines against H. pylori have still been researching to fulfil.
5. In the present, because of the number of studies still limit, to confirm certainly the
association between Hp infection and CAD, requires further studies with a large group
of patients.
35