MSI-H/DMMR SOLID CANCERS, Dr BÙI ĐẮC CHÍ
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The FDA has granted accelerated approval to pembrolizumab (Keytruda) for treating adult and pediatric patients with unresectable or metastatic, microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) or mismatch repair deficient (dMMR) solid tumors regardless of where in the body the cancer started. Defects in DNA mismatch repair proteins can result in microsatellite instability, which occurs in up to 15% of sporadic colorectal cancers. Researchers used immunohistochemistry testing on tumor tissue samples to determine dMMR status by looking for expression of the MLH1 and MSH2 mismatch repair proteins.
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Cancer is caused by mutations in genes that control cell growth. These mutations cause cells to proliferate uncontrollably and form tumors. There are many types of cancer classified by the organ or tissue where they originate, such as breast cancer, lung cancer, and prostate cancer. Treatment depends on the cancer type and stage, and may involve surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, and targeted drug therapies. The goal is to cure cancer patients or prolong their survival.
Breast Cancer And Ovarian Cysts
In this document, there is a detailed information about the breast cancer and its pathogenicity, how to diagnose, and its types.
Also there is a full information about the ovaries and their main desorders.
Hope you enjoy it.
Blood cancer journal
This document provides treatment algorithms for multiple myeloma based on the latest evidence from clinical trials and expert opinion. It summarizes:
1) Treatment approaches are guided by eligibility for stem cell transplantation and risk stratification based on cytogenetic abnormalities.
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3) For transplant-ineligible patients, bortezomib, lenalidomide, dexamethasone or daratumumab, lenalidomide, dexamethasone are standard initial options, followed
ANTICANCER.ppt
Cancer chemotherapy and treatment involves several methods. Chemotherapy uses drugs to prevent or treat cancer by killing cancer cells. Common chemotherapies include fluorouracil, capecitabine, and cytarabine which are pyrimidine analogues that interfere with DNA synthesis in cancer cells. These drugs have similar mechanisms of action but different routes of administration and toxicity profiles. Combination chemotherapy uses multiple agents to increase effectiveness while reducing resistance. Careful dosing and administration is needed due to the narrow therapeutic index of chemotherapy drugs.
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Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
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- 1. MSI-H/DMMR SOLID CANCERS • Bui Dac Chi,MD • Medic Center
- 3. • The FDA has granted an accelerated approval to pembrolizumab(Keytruda) for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients with unresectable or metastatic, microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) or mismatch repair deficient (dMMR) solid tumors.Until now, the FDA has approved cancer treatments based on where in the body the cancer started—for example, lung or breast cancers. We have now approved a drug based on a tumor’s biomarker without regard to the tumor’s original location.”
- 4. • Defects in the DNA mismatch repair (MMR)proteins, result in a phenotype called microsatellite instability(MSI), occurring in up to 15% of sporadic colorectal cancers.Approximately one quarter of colon cancers with deficientMMR (dMMR) develop as a result of an inherited predispositionsyndrome, Lynch syndrome (formerly known as HNPCC).
- 7. • Microsatellites are short, repeat stretches of DNA that can become unstable and interfere with the body’s ability to fight cancer. Microsatellite markers can be used to detect this genomic defect, also referred to as mismatch repair deficient (dMMR). With advanced genetic testing, it is possible to identify patients with MSI-H and/or dMMR tumors that are most likely to respond to new cancer therapies.
- 9. • To determine dMMR status, researchers performed immunohistochemistry (IHC) testing on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue specimens. The samples were tested for expression of the mismatched repair proteins MLH1 and MSH2; DNA repair defects that resulted from dMMR are most commonly caused by the silencing of these 1 of these proteins. dMMR status was defined as complete loss of nuclear expression of these proteins by tumor cells.
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