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Is about the ethical theory that pleasure (in the sense of the satisfaction of desires) is the highest good and proper aim of human life.
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Hedonism
Hedonism is the belief that pleasure is the most important thing in life. There are two main types of hedonism - psychological hedonism and ethical hedonism. Psychological hedonism claims that pleasure and pain alone motivate us or determine what is valuable. Ethical hedonism holds that our fundamental moral duty is to maximize pleasure and happiness, as advocated by Epicurus who taught that all actions should aim to minimize pain and maximize pleasure.
Hedonism
The document defines hedonism as the belief that pleasure is the most important thing in life. It describes hedonism as deriving from Greek words meaning "delight". It then lists characteristics of hedonism such as prioritizing pleasure over consequences, addictive tendencies, and not being opposed to breaking laws. The document also describes three types of hedonism: psychological focusing on motivation and norms of pleasure; ethical focusing on maximizing happiness; and discusses the history of hedonist thought from ancient civilizations to different philosophical traditions.
What is Hedonism?
Hedonism is a philosophical doctrine that originated from ancient Greece. It comes from the Attic-Greek word hēdonē, which means “pleasure”. The basic argument in hedonism is that the maximization of pleasure and the minimization of pain motivate human behavior.
What is Epicureanism?
Epicureanism is a school of thought in ancient Greek philosophy founded by Epicurus of Samos. It holds the belief that the best life is one of long-term pleasure that results from moderation.
6. THE GOOD LIFE.pptx
Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics provides a framework for defining and pursuing "the good life." According to Aristotle, happiness is the ultimate good that all other aims and pursuits serve. He defines happiness as "living well and doing well" through developing virtue and excellence of character. There are two types of virtue - intellectual virtues gained through education and experience, and moral virtues developed through habitual practice. Both are needed to achieve eudaimonia, or human flourishing. While scientific progress and technology can enhance life, they must be guided by ethical standards like Aristotle's virtues to avoid excess or deficiency which undermine happiness.
"Isms" of Philosophy
This document provides definitions and brief explanations of various philosophical concepts and "isms". It discusses philosophies related to absolutism, accidentalism, aestheticism, altruism, anarchism, animism, anthropomorphism, asceticism, atomism, automatism, behaviourism, capitalism, cognitivism, collectivism, communalism, communism, consequentialism, contextualism, conventionalism, and cynicism. The document is intended to introduce readers to different lenses and approaches in philosophy that could be useful for observing topics in one's research.
Branches of philosophy report
This document contains summaries of several key branches of philosophy including metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, politics, aesthetics, and education. Metaphysics is the study of existence and reality. Epistemology is the study of knowledge and how it is acquired. Ethics examines concepts of right and wrong action. Politics applies ethics to social groups. Aesthetics explores the nature and purpose of art. The quotes on education emphasize the importance of developing judgment, virtue, and wisdom through education rather than just accumulating knowledge.
Aristotle. His teaching. Ontology, Gnosiology (epistemology), Ethics, Politics
Aristotle was born in 384 BC in Stagira (Macedonia)
His father was physician to the king of Macedonia.
When he was 7, he went to study at Plato’s Academy.
Began as a student, became a researcher and finally a teacher.
Was considered one of Plato’s best students.
Plato died and willed the Academy to his nephew.
Aristotle left and founded the Lyceum.
342 tutored the Macedonian prince, Alexander; little discernible influence
335 returned to Athens, where he wrote most of his works;
Died in Euboea in 322.
The historical significance of Aristotle
Ontology, Gnosiology (epistemology), Ethics, Politics
Recommended
Hedonism
Hedonism is the belief that pleasure is the most important thing in life. There are two main types of hedonism - psychological hedonism and ethical hedonism. Psychological hedonism claims that pleasure and pain alone motivate us or determine what is valuable. Ethical hedonism holds that our fundamental moral duty is to maximize pleasure and happiness, as advocated by Epicurus who taught that all actions should aim to minimize pain and maximize pleasure.
Hedonism
The document defines hedonism as the belief that pleasure is the most important thing in life. It describes hedonism as deriving from Greek words meaning "delight". It then lists characteristics of hedonism such as prioritizing pleasure over consequences, addictive tendencies, and not being opposed to breaking laws. The document also describes three types of hedonism: psychological focusing on motivation and norms of pleasure; ethical focusing on maximizing happiness; and discusses the history of hedonist thought from ancient civilizations to different philosophical traditions.
What is Hedonism?
Hedonism is a philosophical doctrine that originated from ancient Greece. It comes from the Attic-Greek word hēdonē, which means “pleasure”. The basic argument in hedonism is that the maximization of pleasure and the minimization of pain motivate human behavior.
What is Epicureanism?
Epicureanism is a school of thought in ancient Greek philosophy founded by Epicurus of Samos. It holds the belief that the best life is one of long-term pleasure that results from moderation.
6. THE GOOD LIFE.pptx
Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics provides a framework for defining and pursuing "the good life." According to Aristotle, happiness is the ultimate good that all other aims and pursuits serve. He defines happiness as "living well and doing well" through developing virtue and excellence of character. There are two types of virtue - intellectual virtues gained through education and experience, and moral virtues developed through habitual practice. Both are needed to achieve eudaimonia, or human flourishing. While scientific progress and technology can enhance life, they must be guided by ethical standards like Aristotle's virtues to avoid excess or deficiency which undermine happiness.
"Isms" of Philosophy
This document provides definitions and brief explanations of various philosophical concepts and "isms". It discusses philosophies related to absolutism, accidentalism, aestheticism, altruism, anarchism, animism, anthropomorphism, asceticism, atomism, automatism, behaviourism, capitalism, cognitivism, collectivism, communalism, communism, consequentialism, contextualism, conventionalism, and cynicism. The document is intended to introduce readers to different lenses and approaches in philosophy that could be useful for observing topics in one's research.
Branches of philosophy report
This document contains summaries of several key branches of philosophy including metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, politics, aesthetics, and education. Metaphysics is the study of existence and reality. Epistemology is the study of knowledge and how it is acquired. Ethics examines concepts of right and wrong action. Politics applies ethics to social groups. Aesthetics explores the nature and purpose of art. The quotes on education emphasize the importance of developing judgment, virtue, and wisdom through education rather than just accumulating knowledge.
Aristotle. His teaching. Ontology, Gnosiology (epistemology), Ethics, Politics
Aristotle was born in 384 BC in Stagira (Macedonia)
His father was physician to the king of Macedonia.
When he was 7, he went to study at Plato’s Academy.
Began as a student, became a researcher and finally a teacher.
Was considered one of Plato’s best students.
Plato died and willed the Academy to his nephew.
Aristotle left and founded the Lyceum.
342 tutored the Macedonian prince, Alexander; little discernible influence
335 returned to Athens, where he wrote most of his works;
Died in Euboea in 322.
The historical significance of Aristotle
Ontology, Gnosiology (epistemology), Ethics, Politics
Enviornmental Ethics
This document provides an overview of environmental ethics as an academic discipline. It discusses: (1) how environmental ethics challenges anthropocentrism in traditional Western ethics by arguing that non-human entities have intrinsic moral value; (2) the early development of environmental ethics in the 1960s-70s, sparked by works highlighting environmental crises; and (3) key debates around assigning intrinsic versus instrumental value to the natural world.
Theory of justice
1) John Rawls proposes a theory of justice based on two principles that would be chosen by rational individuals in an "original position" behind a "veil of ignorance" where they do not know their place in society.
2) The two principles are equal liberty for all and that inequalities must benefit the least advantaged members of society.
3) Rawls believes these principles balance considerations of individual rights and welfare that are found in philosophies like Kantianism and Utilitarianism.
DEONTOLOGY.pptx
- Deontology is a moral theory that evaluates actions based on duties and obligations, rather than the consequences of the actions. It focuses on the intentions or motivations of the actor.
- The main proponent of deontology is Immanuel Kant, who argued that morality is a rational concept based on principles that can be applied universally. He formulated the "Categorical Imperative" which states that moral rules must be universally applicable to all people.
- For Kant, the only truly good will is one that acts from duty based on principles of reason, not based on desires, feelings, or consequences. He believed rational beings have an absolute obligation to follow the moral law.
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is a moral philosophy that judges actions based on their consequences. There are two main types: act utilitarianism, which deems an act right if it produces the greatest good, and rule utilitarianism, which assesses acts based on whether following the rule produces good outcomes. Utilitarianism focuses on maximizing welfare, usually defined as pleasure or happiness. It is a consequentialist theory, meaning the morality of an act is determined by its results. However, utilitarianism is difficult to apply due to problems in knowing all consequences of an act and weighing costs versus benefits. It also does not consider other moral factors like rights and duties. Islam critiques utilitarianism for making morality too
Environmental ethics
This document discusses various topics relating to environmental ethics, including the definition of environmental ethics as the study of human interactions with the environment. It explores questions in environmental ethics, different worldviews regarding ethics and the environment, including human-centered and earth-centered views. The document also outlines several perspectives in environmental ethics such as anthropocentric, stewardship, biocentric, and ecofeminism views. Environmental justice and issues like environmental racism and toxic colonialism are also summarized.
Introduction to Logic
- Philosophy began through the natural human process of wondering, as Socrates described. The curious Greeks sought to understand the world through philosophical inquiry.
- Thales was regarded as the first to philosophically articulate the basic substance of the universe, proposing that water or moisture was the fundamental principle of life. This inspired other Greeks to develop new concepts.
- Logic demands that all thinking adhere to rules and guidelines to ensure correctness. It trains the mind and prepares one for further study in other areas.
Biocentrism worldview
Our major goal is to help you achieve your academic goals. We are commited to helping you get top grades in your academic papers.We desire to help you come up with great essays that meet your lecturer's expectations.
Utilitarianism
1. Utilitarianism is a consequentialist moral theory that defines morality in terms of maximizing utility, or happiness, for all affected parties. It was most influentially developed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.
2. The basic principle of utilitarianism is that actions are right to the degree that they promote the greatest good for the greatest number. However, there are objections to determining the consequences of actions and making the necessary calculations to apply the theory.
3. In response to objections, some propose rule utilitarianism, where behavior is evaluated based on rules that would lead to the greatest good if universally followed, rather than directly applying the utility principle to each act. However,
Greek philosophy
Early Greek philosophers like Thales, Anaximander, and Democritus attempted to understand the natural world through reason rather than myths or religion. Thales believed all things were made of water, while Anaximander proposed an indefinite "boundless" element. Democritus developed an atomic theory, believing the world was made of invisible particles. Socrates disagreed with the Sophists' teachings and used questioning to help students determine right from wrong. Plato documented Socrates' teachings and examined justice in works like The Republic. Aristotle studied many topics and emphasized balance and moderation. Greek philosophy emphasized rational thought and questioning, laying the foundation for many fields of modern study.
Utilitarianism
The document discusses the moral philosophy of utilitarianism. It provides information on the key concepts of act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism evaluates the consequences of individual acts, while rule utilitarianism focuses on following rules that maximize well-being. The document also contrasts the views of Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill on utilitarianism and discusses how the philosophy addresses various moral issues.
Utilitarian
This document discusses different ethical theories including teleological theories like utilitarianism which focus on consequences, deontological theories like Kant's which focus on duties and rules, and virtue ethics which focus on character. It provides details on the classical utilitarian theories developed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, which advocate determining the morality of actions based on their consequences in order to achieve the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. The document also discusses act and rule utilitarianism and some criticisms of utilitarianism.
Environmental Ethics ..ssss
This document discusses environmental ethics and provides definitions of key concepts. It begins by stating that ethics are important for development and societies without ethical principles can experience moral decay. It then defines concepts like values, morals, environment, ecology, ecosystem, and different perspectives on environmental ethics like anthropocentrism, biocentrism, and ecocentrism. The document examines environmental ethics as the application of ethical standards to human relationships with the environment and poses example ethical dilemmas. It explores expanding ethical consideration to include animals, communities, and nature. In closing, it recommends developing a holistic perspective that preserves ecological connections.
Presentation Human Dignity
The document discusses the concept of human dignity from several perspectives:
1) It is recognized in the preamble of international agreements like the UN charter and the EU charter of fundamental rights as the foundation of freedom, justice, and peace.
2) It is defined as the intrinsic and absolute value of all human beings.
3) The concept has been criticized as being ambiguous, anthropocentric, ethnocentric, and sometimes useless for addressing modern ethical issues. However, it remains a core philosophical framework for understanding human rights and political order.
Nicomachean ethics
Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics examines the ultimate end or purpose of human life. It argues that happiness (eudaimonia) is attained through living a virtuous life according to reason. Virtue involves finding the golden mean between extremes of character and behavior. Aristotle defines the distinctively human function as the life of reason and contemplation. Right actions are those that promote happiness, while wrong actions oppose it. Deliberation and choice play a role in voluntary versus involuntary acts.
aesthetic hedonism.pptx
The document discusses aesthetic hedonism, which is the view that aesthetic value is derived from aesthetic pleasure. It holds that beauty brings pleasure and ugliness brings pain. Aesthetic hedonism runs contrary to objectivism by making aesthetic value depend on human response rather than objective qualities. The document addresses criticisms of aesthetic hedonism by arguing it can account for the relativity of aesthetic values through a functional account of aesthetic pleasure that motivates engagement with art and reinforces cultural ways of appreciating art through pleasure-learning.
Religion and morality
This document discusses several perspectives on the relationship between religion and morality. It outlines positive and negative aspects of religious ethics, as well as issues debated by theologians and philosophers. The document also describes Tillich's three types of ethics, divine command theory, scriptural ethics, natural law theory, and criticisms of religious morality. It analyzes moral arguments for God's existence put forth by Aquinas and Kant.
Utility & Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is a theory that judges the morality of actions based on their consequences. Specifically, whether they promote the greatest amount of happiness or pleasure among all affected individuals. Jeremy Bentham first proposed utilitarianism, focusing on maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain through a "hedonic calculus." John Stuart Mill later refined the theory, arguing that some pleasures are of higher quality than others. There are different forms of utilitarianism including act and rule utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism assesses individual actions, while rule utilitarianism focuses on following rules that maximize well-being if generally followed.
Axiology
Axiology or the theory of value. Ethics. two types of ethical theories. meta ethics. normative ethics.applied ethics. applied ethics. descriptive ethics. aesthetics.value. kinds of values.
G7 virtue ethics
Virtue ethics focuses on developing virtuous character traits. Aristotle believed that happiness is achieved through living according to reason and developing virtues like courage, honesty, and justice. He argued that virtues represent a golden mean between extremes of character and that they allow people to function well and live happily in community with others. While virtue ethics emphasizes moral motivation and relationships, it faces challenges in providing guidance in complex situations where virtues may conflict or fail to address all scenarios.
Deontological Ethical Theory
Topic: DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICAL THEORY
Contents:
A. Historical Origin
Early beginning of human civilization
• The word of the king is the law
Deontological
Greek word “dein” or “deon” meaning “To be obligated” or simply “duty”
B.Kants’ Major Contribution to Deontological Theory
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
• Avid defender of deontological theory
• Contributed as many important and brilliant ideas to the philosophical study of ethics
C.The Good Will: The Core of Kant’s Ethics
Morality of an action lies on the inner motive rather than the external effects
Kants’ ethics primarily based on good will
Duty must be done out of pure reverence to the moral law
D.Duty over Inclination
“A person is only acting morally only when he suppresses his feelings and inclinations and does that which he is obliged to do”
Inclination
means doing the things that one’s feels like doing, and thus no obligation exists.
Example:
Helping your neighbor to fix her flat tire.
• Three possible reasons of helping:
1) Expectation of the reward-immoral
2) Pity-immoral
3) Duty-moral
1 is done out of desire to get a reward and 2 is done out of emotion thus, the acts are considered immoral. On the other hand, 3 is done out of obligation and this makes the act moral.
E.Duty is Superior to Happiness
“Our duties cannot consist simply in following rules that promote pleasure and avoidance of pain as the utilitarian’s claim, since that would make right actions depend upon consequences, on how well they satisfied our desires”
Example:
1) Lying
2) Breaking promise
The above examples are immoral actions not because it can create bad consequences but because these are wrong in itself.
F.The Categorical Imperative: The Universalizability Principle
“Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law”
Maxim is a personal and subjective guiding principle
We must universalize our moral judgement
G.The Principle of Humanity (Respect for Persons)
Also known as ’Principle of Ends’
Concerns respect for the dignity of persons
Rational beings are ends in themselves
Do not treat others as means
H.Autonomy of The Will (Kingdom of Ends)
“For without personal autonomy, Morality becomes an impossibility”
Autonomous will
The will becomes autonomous when the genuinely moral actions are chosen:
• Freely
• Rationally
• By The Self (Autonomously)
Kingdom of ends
It is a moral universe of the moral beings in which:
• Respect for Intrinsic Worth
• Respect for Value of All Persons
is exercised by everyone.
Hedonism
This document provides an overview of different ethical theories, beginning with a discussion of hedonism. It defines hedonism as the view that pleasure is the only component of well-being and the natural object of human desire. The document distinguishes between psychological and ethical hedonism, egoistic and altruistic forms of hedonism, and gross versus refined versions. It provides examples of different hedonist schools of thought, such as Cyrenaic hedonism focusing on sensual pleasure and Epicureanism arguing that knowledge and virtue lead to the highest pleasure. In conclusion, it notes that all forms of hedonism face various objections.
Ethical theories[1]
Ethics is the philosophical study of morality and seeks to understand concepts like good, evil, right, wrong and justice. There are differing views on the source and nature of morality. Objectivists believe morality is objective and stems from supernatural beings or natural laws, while subjectivists see it as subjective and based on human rationality. Major ethical theories discussed include utilitarianism, deontology, virtue ethics and ethical relativism. Different theories provide various approaches to determining what constitutes moral and ethical behavior.
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Enviornmental Ethics
This document provides an overview of environmental ethics as an academic discipline. It discusses: (1) how environmental ethics challenges anthropocentrism in traditional Western ethics by arguing that non-human entities have intrinsic moral value; (2) the early development of environmental ethics in the 1960s-70s, sparked by works highlighting environmental crises; and (3) key debates around assigning intrinsic versus instrumental value to the natural world.
Theory of justice
1) John Rawls proposes a theory of justice based on two principles that would be chosen by rational individuals in an "original position" behind a "veil of ignorance" where they do not know their place in society.
2) The two principles are equal liberty for all and that inequalities must benefit the least advantaged members of society.
3) Rawls believes these principles balance considerations of individual rights and welfare that are found in philosophies like Kantianism and Utilitarianism.
DEONTOLOGY.pptx
- Deontology is a moral theory that evaluates actions based on duties and obligations, rather than the consequences of the actions. It focuses on the intentions or motivations of the actor.
- The main proponent of deontology is Immanuel Kant, who argued that morality is a rational concept based on principles that can be applied universally. He formulated the "Categorical Imperative" which states that moral rules must be universally applicable to all people.
- For Kant, the only truly good will is one that acts from duty based on principles of reason, not based on desires, feelings, or consequences. He believed rational beings have an absolute obligation to follow the moral law.
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is a moral philosophy that judges actions based on their consequences. There are two main types: act utilitarianism, which deems an act right if it produces the greatest good, and rule utilitarianism, which assesses acts based on whether following the rule produces good outcomes. Utilitarianism focuses on maximizing welfare, usually defined as pleasure or happiness. It is a consequentialist theory, meaning the morality of an act is determined by its results. However, utilitarianism is difficult to apply due to problems in knowing all consequences of an act and weighing costs versus benefits. It also does not consider other moral factors like rights and duties. Islam critiques utilitarianism for making morality too
Environmental ethics
This document discusses various topics relating to environmental ethics, including the definition of environmental ethics as the study of human interactions with the environment. It explores questions in environmental ethics, different worldviews regarding ethics and the environment, including human-centered and earth-centered views. The document also outlines several perspectives in environmental ethics such as anthropocentric, stewardship, biocentric, and ecofeminism views. Environmental justice and issues like environmental racism and toxic colonialism are also summarized.
Introduction to Logic
- Philosophy began through the natural human process of wondering, as Socrates described. The curious Greeks sought to understand the world through philosophical inquiry.
- Thales was regarded as the first to philosophically articulate the basic substance of the universe, proposing that water or moisture was the fundamental principle of life. This inspired other Greeks to develop new concepts.
- Logic demands that all thinking adhere to rules and guidelines to ensure correctness. It trains the mind and prepares one for further study in other areas.
Biocentrism worldview
Our major goal is to help you achieve your academic goals. We are commited to helping you get top grades in your academic papers.We desire to help you come up with great essays that meet your lecturer's expectations.
Utilitarianism
1. Utilitarianism is a consequentialist moral theory that defines morality in terms of maximizing utility, or happiness, for all affected parties. It was most influentially developed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.
2. The basic principle of utilitarianism is that actions are right to the degree that they promote the greatest good for the greatest number. However, there are objections to determining the consequences of actions and making the necessary calculations to apply the theory.
3. In response to objections, some propose rule utilitarianism, where behavior is evaluated based on rules that would lead to the greatest good if universally followed, rather than directly applying the utility principle to each act. However,
Greek philosophy
Early Greek philosophers like Thales, Anaximander, and Democritus attempted to understand the natural world through reason rather than myths or religion. Thales believed all things were made of water, while Anaximander proposed an indefinite "boundless" element. Democritus developed an atomic theory, believing the world was made of invisible particles. Socrates disagreed with the Sophists' teachings and used questioning to help students determine right from wrong. Plato documented Socrates' teachings and examined justice in works like The Republic. Aristotle studied many topics and emphasized balance and moderation. Greek philosophy emphasized rational thought and questioning, laying the foundation for many fields of modern study.
Utilitarianism
The document discusses the moral philosophy of utilitarianism. It provides information on the key concepts of act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism evaluates the consequences of individual acts, while rule utilitarianism focuses on following rules that maximize well-being. The document also contrasts the views of Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill on utilitarianism and discusses how the philosophy addresses various moral issues.
Utilitarian
This document discusses different ethical theories including teleological theories like utilitarianism which focus on consequences, deontological theories like Kant's which focus on duties and rules, and virtue ethics which focus on character. It provides details on the classical utilitarian theories developed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, which advocate determining the morality of actions based on their consequences in order to achieve the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. The document also discusses act and rule utilitarianism and some criticisms of utilitarianism.
Environmental Ethics ..ssss
This document discusses environmental ethics and provides definitions of key concepts. It begins by stating that ethics are important for development and societies without ethical principles can experience moral decay. It then defines concepts like values, morals, environment, ecology, ecosystem, and different perspectives on environmental ethics like anthropocentrism, biocentrism, and ecocentrism. The document examines environmental ethics as the application of ethical standards to human relationships with the environment and poses example ethical dilemmas. It explores expanding ethical consideration to include animals, communities, and nature. In closing, it recommends developing a holistic perspective that preserves ecological connections.
Presentation Human Dignity
The document discusses the concept of human dignity from several perspectives:
1) It is recognized in the preamble of international agreements like the UN charter and the EU charter of fundamental rights as the foundation of freedom, justice, and peace.
2) It is defined as the intrinsic and absolute value of all human beings.
3) The concept has been criticized as being ambiguous, anthropocentric, ethnocentric, and sometimes useless for addressing modern ethical issues. However, it remains a core philosophical framework for understanding human rights and political order.
Nicomachean ethics
Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics examines the ultimate end or purpose of human life. It argues that happiness (eudaimonia) is attained through living a virtuous life according to reason. Virtue involves finding the golden mean between extremes of character and behavior. Aristotle defines the distinctively human function as the life of reason and contemplation. Right actions are those that promote happiness, while wrong actions oppose it. Deliberation and choice play a role in voluntary versus involuntary acts.
aesthetic hedonism.pptx
The document discusses aesthetic hedonism, which is the view that aesthetic value is derived from aesthetic pleasure. It holds that beauty brings pleasure and ugliness brings pain. Aesthetic hedonism runs contrary to objectivism by making aesthetic value depend on human response rather than objective qualities. The document addresses criticisms of aesthetic hedonism by arguing it can account for the relativity of aesthetic values through a functional account of aesthetic pleasure that motivates engagement with art and reinforces cultural ways of appreciating art through pleasure-learning.
Religion and morality
This document discusses several perspectives on the relationship between religion and morality. It outlines positive and negative aspects of religious ethics, as well as issues debated by theologians and philosophers. The document also describes Tillich's three types of ethics, divine command theory, scriptural ethics, natural law theory, and criticisms of religious morality. It analyzes moral arguments for God's existence put forth by Aquinas and Kant.
Utility & Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is a theory that judges the morality of actions based on their consequences. Specifically, whether they promote the greatest amount of happiness or pleasure among all affected individuals. Jeremy Bentham first proposed utilitarianism, focusing on maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain through a "hedonic calculus." John Stuart Mill later refined the theory, arguing that some pleasures are of higher quality than others. There are different forms of utilitarianism including act and rule utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism assesses individual actions, while rule utilitarianism focuses on following rules that maximize well-being if generally followed.
Axiology
Axiology or the theory of value. Ethics. two types of ethical theories. meta ethics. normative ethics.applied ethics. applied ethics. descriptive ethics. aesthetics.value. kinds of values.
G7 virtue ethics
Virtue ethics focuses on developing virtuous character traits. Aristotle believed that happiness is achieved through living according to reason and developing virtues like courage, honesty, and justice. He argued that virtues represent a golden mean between extremes of character and that they allow people to function well and live happily in community with others. While virtue ethics emphasizes moral motivation and relationships, it faces challenges in providing guidance in complex situations where virtues may conflict or fail to address all scenarios.
Deontological Ethical Theory
Topic: DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICAL THEORY
Contents:
A. Historical Origin
Early beginning of human civilization
• The word of the king is the law
Deontological
Greek word “dein” or “deon” meaning “To be obligated” or simply “duty”
B.Kants’ Major Contribution to Deontological Theory
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
• Avid defender of deontological theory
• Contributed as many important and brilliant ideas to the philosophical study of ethics
C.The Good Will: The Core of Kant’s Ethics
Morality of an action lies on the inner motive rather than the external effects
Kants’ ethics primarily based on good will
Duty must be done out of pure reverence to the moral law
D.Duty over Inclination
“A person is only acting morally only when he suppresses his feelings and inclinations and does that which he is obliged to do”
Inclination
means doing the things that one’s feels like doing, and thus no obligation exists.
Example:
Helping your neighbor to fix her flat tire.
• Three possible reasons of helping:
1) Expectation of the reward-immoral
2) Pity-immoral
3) Duty-moral
1 is done out of desire to get a reward and 2 is done out of emotion thus, the acts are considered immoral. On the other hand, 3 is done out of obligation and this makes the act moral.
E.Duty is Superior to Happiness
“Our duties cannot consist simply in following rules that promote pleasure and avoidance of pain as the utilitarian’s claim, since that would make right actions depend upon consequences, on how well they satisfied our desires”
Example:
1) Lying
2) Breaking promise
The above examples are immoral actions not because it can create bad consequences but because these are wrong in itself.
F.The Categorical Imperative: The Universalizability Principle
“Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law”
Maxim is a personal and subjective guiding principle
We must universalize our moral judgement
G.The Principle of Humanity (Respect for Persons)
Also known as ’Principle of Ends’
Concerns respect for the dignity of persons
Rational beings are ends in themselves
Do not treat others as means
H.Autonomy of The Will (Kingdom of Ends)
“For without personal autonomy, Morality becomes an impossibility”
Autonomous will
The will becomes autonomous when the genuinely moral actions are chosen:
• Freely
• Rationally
• By The Self (Autonomously)
Kingdom of ends
It is a moral universe of the moral beings in which:
• Respect for Intrinsic Worth
• Respect for Value of All Persons
is exercised by everyone.
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Hedonism
This document provides an overview of different ethical theories, beginning with a discussion of hedonism. It defines hedonism as the view that pleasure is the only component of well-being and the natural object of human desire. The document distinguishes between psychological and ethical hedonism, egoistic and altruistic forms of hedonism, and gross versus refined versions. It provides examples of different hedonist schools of thought, such as Cyrenaic hedonism focusing on sensual pleasure and Epicureanism arguing that knowledge and virtue lead to the highest pleasure. In conclusion, it notes that all forms of hedonism face various objections.
Ethical theories[1]
Ethics is the philosophical study of morality and seeks to understand concepts like good, evil, right, wrong and justice. There are differing views on the source and nature of morality. Objectivists believe morality is objective and stems from supernatural beings or natural laws, while subjectivists see it as subjective and based on human rationality. Major ethical theories discussed include utilitarianism, deontology, virtue ethics and ethical relativism. Different theories provide various approaches to determining what constitutes moral and ethical behavior.
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This document discusses human flourishing in relation to science and technology from several perspectives. It explores philosophical views of human flourishing from Aristotle and other ancient thinkers. It also examines the concept of human flourishing from a Christian perspective based on ideas in the Old and New Testaments. Additionally, it outlines a socio-psychological perspective on human flourishing and well-being based on the work of Carol Ryff involving six key components.
THE HUMAN FLOURISHING.pdf
The document discusses different conceptions of human flourishing. It explains that human flourishing involves living virtuously according to Aristotle and acquiring things like friendship, wealth and power. Eastern conceptions focus more on community and sacrifice for society, while Western views emphasize the individual achieving eudaimonia. The document also discusses principles of human flourishing like dignity, the common good and global solidarity. Finally, it argues that science, technology and human knowledge contribute to human flourishing by helping humans understand themselves and their place in the world.
ethic's 1download.pdfIOJ HKJHJPGDH NURSINGG
The document provides an overview of several topics in ethics, including:
1. It discusses philosophers like Aristotle, Epicurus, Epictetus and schools of thought like hedonism and Cyrenaic hedonism.
2. It defines key concepts in meta-ethics like descriptivism, cognitivism, and realism as well as applied ethics.
3. It summarizes the perspectives of different philosophers and schools of thought on topics like the good life, pleasure, self-mastery, and the pursuit of happiness.
Ethics Aristotle, Aquinas and Others....
Aristotle and St. Thomas were influential philosophers who contributed to ethics. Aristotle believed in excellence through virtuous actions and contemplation. He saw organisms developing teleologically towards perfection. Virtue is developed through habit, and happiness consists in exercising rationality through virtue. St. Thomas expanded on Aristotle using natural law theory. He saw the four cardinal virtues of prudence, temperance, justice and fortitude as the basis for pursuing happiness through living a virtuous life in accordance with human nature.
The philosophy of stoicism
Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early 3rd century BC. The Stoics taught that destructive emotions resulted from errors in judgment, and that a sage, or person of "moral and intellectual perfection", would not suffer such emotions.
EPICUREANISM THE NEED TO STUDY ITS IMPORTANCE.pptx
A PHILOSP[HIVAL TOPIC GOOD FOR SOMEONE WHO WANTS TO LEARN EPICUREANISM. IT ADDS KNOWLEDGE AND INSIGHTS ABOUT THEIR BELIEFS AND HOW THEY IMPACT EDUCATION NOW AND THEN
Self Interest
The document discusses self-interest from philosophical, psychological, and biological perspectives. Philosophically, self-interest has been examined through concepts like enlightened self-interest, ethical egoism, hedonism, and individualism. Psychologically, concepts of psychological egoism and narcissism relate to self-interest. Biologically, Richard Dawkins' theory of the selfish gene examined how self-interest plays a role in evolution. For engineers, maintaining a healthy level of self-interest is important for survival and avoiding unethical behavior, but too much can lead to professional ego.
"Pleasure is the good" by Epicurus
Epicurus was an ancient Greek philosopher who founded the philosophy of Epicureanism. He believed that pleasure is the highest good and that death should not be feared. Epicurean ethics are based on hedonism and seeking to avoid pain. Epicurus emphasized finding calm pleasures of the soul rather than intense physical pleasures. He believed that by limiting desires to only natural and necessary ones, one could achieve ataraxia and aponia, the highest forms of happiness and freedom from pain. Justice was seen as a social contract to avoid harming others so that people are free to pursue pleasure.
The-Good-Life-Report (1).pptx
The document discusses different philosophical perspectives on the pursuit of happiness and meaning in life. It covers Ancient Greek thinkers like Plato and Aristotle who linked understanding the world to understanding oneself and the good life. It also discusses perspectives like hedonism, which prioritizes pleasure, and stoicism, which emphasizes accepting what is beyond our control. Additionally, the document outlines theistic views that find purpose through belief in God as well as humanist ideas that emphasize human autonomy and potential. Overall, the document surveys how happiness, fulfillment and meaning have been conceived across various schools of thought.
C H A P T E R221The History of Motivationand Emo.docx
This document provides a brief history of theories of motivation from ancient philosophers through early psychologists. It discusses how ancient Greeks like Aristotle, Socrates, and Democritus viewed motivation through concepts like hedonism, the pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain. It describes how later philosophers like Hobbes, Locke, Bentham expanded on these ideas and introduced concepts like incentives. It discusses Freud's pleasure principle and reality principle. It also summarizes Thorndike's early experiments showing that behaviors associated with pleasure or reward become more likely through a "law of effect."
Hellenism RPC
1. Hellenism refers to the period following the conquests of Alexander the Great when Greek culture spread widely. Major philosophies that developed during this time included Epicureanism, Stoicism, and Neoplatonism.
2. The Stoics believed that virtue was the only true good and that people should accept external events, like sickness and death, which follow natural laws. The Epicureans aimed to attain the highest possible sensory pleasure and avoid pain.
3. Neoplatonism revived Plato's philosophy and emphasized dividing the soul from the body. Plotinus believed the world spans between the divine light of God and absolute darkness, with mysticism involving merging with the divine.
Worldview I
The document discusses different worldviews and how they shape culture. It defines worldview as a culture's perspective on existence and reality, which often operates unconsciously. The key worldviews discussed are religion, secularism, and spirituality. Religion is nearly universal across cultures and defines groups through beliefs about life's purpose and the afterlife. Secularism denies gods and prioritizes science, while spirituality is a personal search for meaning not defined by external authorities. Different cultures express their worldviews through answers to fundamental questions about origins and morality.
History of Philosophy Esatern and Western.ppt
This document provides an overview and outline of a presentation on the history of philosophy. It discusses the importance of understanding the historical context of philosophical ideas and compares perspectives in Eastern and Western philosophy. The major sections will cover ancient Greek philosophy, medieval philosophy with the rise of Christianity, and modern philosophy from the Renaissance onward. Key philosophies that will be examined include Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, and the major eras and movements in Western thought.
Lesson 1 understanding the nature of religion
Lesson 1 understanding the nature of religionJustice Emilio Angeles Gancayco Memorial High School SHS
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to understanding religion. It defines religion and discusses worldviews, different belief systems like monotheism and polytheism, the nature and origins of religion, elements and theories of religion, and the differences between religion and spirituality. It also includes reflection questions and an enrichment activity. The key points are: religion involves organized beliefs and practices for worshipping gods, social environment and upbringing shape religious views, and the four common elements among religions are belief in deity, doctrine of salvation, code of conduct, and rituals.Philosophers, Theologians and Educators whose Principles and Dogmas Served a...
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Gandhi believed that all religions contain both truth and error, and that the goal of religious followers should not be to convert others but rather to improve themselves and their own faith. He felt Hindus should strive to be better Hindus, Muslims better Muslims, and Christians better Christians.
Meta Ethics Guide
Meta ethics explores the foundations and meaning of ethics. Three views on the origin of ethics are discussed: Platonic realism which holds that ethical principles originate from the spiritual world; moral skepticism which argues there are no objective ethical principles; and the view that principles come from society itself. The document also summarizes several major religious and ethical traditions and their teachings on key ethical issues.
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Hedonism Presentation.pptx
- 1. Hedonism By: Juan Garcia, Isabella Breve, Joshua Erazo, Sebastian Avila, Jessica Wood
- 2. Introduction Hedonism is the ethical theory that pleasures. Is also the highest good and proper aim of human life.
- 3. In Hedonism, people think that what makes them happy is good. Things that avoid pain are also good. Hedonism is focused around pleasure. There are different beliefs in hedonism. Some people believe it is important to get as many pleasurable experiences as possible, others believe that the quality of the pleasure matters. They think there are higher and lower pleasures.
- 4. History of Hedonism Perhaps the earliest example of founded by Aristippus of Cyrene, in the 4th Century B.C. Hedonism was the philosophy of the Cyrenaics, an early Socratic school. The Cyrenaics emphasized one side only of Socrates' teaching that happiness is one of the ends of moral action.
- 5. Ancient Hedonism Ancient Greeks looked to the natural world and agreed that every organism was motivated to act for its own good but differed as to whether that “good” was pleasure.
- 6. Christian philosophers of the Middle Ages denounced Epicurean hedonism as inconsistent with the Christian aims of avoiding sin, obeying the will of God, cultivating virtues such as charity and faith, and seeking a reward in the afterlife for sacrifice and suffering on earth. Hedonism during the Middle Ages and Renaissance
- 7. Who Founded Hedonism? Aristippus, (born c. 435 bce, Cyrene, Libya—died c. 356, Athens [Greece]). The first of Socrates’ disciples to demand a salary for teaching philosophy.
- 8. Philosophers Who Argued About Hedonism Epicurus William James Sigmun Freud Jeremy Bentham 01 02 03 04
- 9. Types Of Hedonism Determine what we should do, or which action is right. Ethical Hedonism States that all our actions aim at increasing pleasure and avoiding pain. Psychological Hedonism The thesis that only pleasure has intrinsic value. Axiological Hedonism The influential view in the field of aesthetics that beauty or aesthetic value. Aesthetic Hedonism
- 10. Credits: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, infographics & images by Freepik
- 11. Credits: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, infographics & images by Freepik Thanks! Do you have any question? addyouremail@freepik.com +91 620 421 838 yourcompany.com Please keep this slide for attribution