This document discusses heat resistance in materials and its effects. It covers 6 main topics:
1) Melting points of common materials and the transition from solid to liquid.
2) Thermal expansion and contraction as materials change size with temperature.
3) Thermal conductivity and how heat is transferred through materials.
4) Changes in microstructure that can occur from temperature changes.
5) Variations in material strength at different temperatures.
6) Warping and distortion that may happen due to uneven heating or cooling.
Refrigeration and freezing of foods (control of microorganisms) Ihsan Wassan
It is necessary to avoid the contamination of microorganisms in food products and the storage life of fresh perishable foods such as meats, fish, vegetables, and fruits can be extended by cooling or by reducing temperature.here are two important method to avoid the growth of microorganisms one is Refrigeration and other one is Freezing.
Refrigeration is a technique used for preserving food in low temperatures. This procedure slow down or stop most bacteria from dividing and thereby multiplying, but do not kill them.
This lecture exposes students to food irradiation, the source of radiation, discusses whether it is save to consume irradiated foods and the effects of irradiation to food quality.
Refrigeration and freezing of foods (control of microorganisms) Ihsan Wassan
It is necessary to avoid the contamination of microorganisms in food products and the storage life of fresh perishable foods such as meats, fish, vegetables, and fruits can be extended by cooling or by reducing temperature.here are two important method to avoid the growth of microorganisms one is Refrigeration and other one is Freezing.
Refrigeration is a technique used for preserving food in low temperatures. This procedure slow down or stop most bacteria from dividing and thereby multiplying, but do not kill them.
This lecture exposes students to food irradiation, the source of radiation, discusses whether it is save to consume irradiated foods and the effects of irradiation to food quality.
This is an assignment prepared on Can Defects.
Canned foods are the safest food processed today. Approximately 40% of food consumed
worldwide is thermally processed and packaged in hermetically sealed containers. However,
regardless of the safety assured in canned foods, any damage or defective canned products
are a potential public health problem. Defective cans may leak and allow microorganisms to
enter that may cause food poisoning or other significant health problems. The deadly food
poisoning, botulism, is always a significant threat and a potential public health problem to
consider when dealing with serious defective/damaged canned food containers requiring
inspection, evaluation and sampling. It is imperative that canned food products with visual
and/or external defects be recognized. Those containers with “significant defects” should not
be sold, distributed or consumed. However, canned foods with “insignificant defects”
(Aesthetic Defects) normal represent no public health hazard, i.e., if the hermetic seal on the
can has not been jeopardized, these products are generally considered safe and when
properly labeled, such products are acceptable for distribution and sale.
The preservation of food by freezing has become a major industry.Preservation of a food by freezing occurs by several mechanisms. At
temperatures below 0°C there is a significant reduction in growth
rates for microorganisms and in the corresponding deterioration of
the product due to microbial activity.
Several freezing systems for food operate with direct contact between
the refrigerant and the product.
cryogenic freezer is direct contact freezer.
Freezing helps to Inhibit the growth of microorganisms hence help in preservation of foods. So, freezing is a very easy and effective method for the preservation of fruits and vegetables and to retain them for longer duration.
Cold Plasma - A Novel Method of Food Preservationankit dayal
Cold Plasma Sterilization is an method of food preservation. This technology can help to attain newer height and can explore indefinite scope of food preservation for the benefit of people.
India is bestowed with varied agro climatic zones which makes it possible for growing diversified crops all the year around.Though the production of Horticulture produce are high,the loss is around 35-40% due to improper post harvest handling.It can be minimised by following proper packaging practices.There are various types of packaging materials as given.
This is an assignment prepared on Can Defects.
Canned foods are the safest food processed today. Approximately 40% of food consumed
worldwide is thermally processed and packaged in hermetically sealed containers. However,
regardless of the safety assured in canned foods, any damage or defective canned products
are a potential public health problem. Defective cans may leak and allow microorganisms to
enter that may cause food poisoning or other significant health problems. The deadly food
poisoning, botulism, is always a significant threat and a potential public health problem to
consider when dealing with serious defective/damaged canned food containers requiring
inspection, evaluation and sampling. It is imperative that canned food products with visual
and/or external defects be recognized. Those containers with “significant defects” should not
be sold, distributed or consumed. However, canned foods with “insignificant defects”
(Aesthetic Defects) normal represent no public health hazard, i.e., if the hermetic seal on the
can has not been jeopardized, these products are generally considered safe and when
properly labeled, such products are acceptable for distribution and sale.
The preservation of food by freezing has become a major industry.Preservation of a food by freezing occurs by several mechanisms. At
temperatures below 0°C there is a significant reduction in growth
rates for microorganisms and in the corresponding deterioration of
the product due to microbial activity.
Several freezing systems for food operate with direct contact between
the refrigerant and the product.
cryogenic freezer is direct contact freezer.
Freezing helps to Inhibit the growth of microorganisms hence help in preservation of foods. So, freezing is a very easy and effective method for the preservation of fruits and vegetables and to retain them for longer duration.
Cold Plasma - A Novel Method of Food Preservationankit dayal
Cold Plasma Sterilization is an method of food preservation. This technology can help to attain newer height and can explore indefinite scope of food preservation for the benefit of people.
India is bestowed with varied agro climatic zones which makes it possible for growing diversified crops all the year around.Though the production of Horticulture produce are high,the loss is around 35-40% due to improper post harvest handling.It can be minimised by following proper packaging practices.There are various types of packaging materials as given.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MIXED CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER USING CIRCULAR, SQUARE, ...ijiert bestjournal
Pulling Fins are extended surfaces employed to enha nce the convective heat transfer from a surface for increasing heat dissipation. Fins with various geometries have been designed and used in various cooling application the selection o f particular fins configuration in any heat transfer application is an important state in desig ned process and takes into account the space,weight,manufacturing technique and cost considerat ion as well as the thermal characteristics it exhibits. Fins cross section profiles have profo und influence on thermal characteristics of Annular Fins and the surface area changes with chan ge of cross section of fins. This study deals with studying the performance of various avai lable fins profiles. Widely used fins profile viz. Rectangular,Triangular,Trapezoidal,Circular,Rhombic,and Elliptical Fins. In Addition to the normal configuration of fins,to ne w configurations were designed and created.
Analysis of Temperature loss of Hot Metal during Hot Rolling Process at Steel...IJMER
Hot metal is travelling a long distance (around 126 m) between roughing mill and a Steckel
finishing mill during hot rolling process in a steel plant which resulted in heat loss. Since, the
metallurgical qualities of finished product are closely related to the accurate control of temperature of
the material during the hot rolling process, the heat in the furnaces maintains the slab temperature at
high level at the cost of more fossil fuels. Temperature of the work piece influences spread appreciably.
Lower the temperature of raw material input, greater is the spread. Similarly, higher the temperature,
lesser is the spread. Lesser speed of rolling results in greater spread and vice-versa. Hence,
temperature is playing a vital role in hot rolling process.
Temperature loss of semi finished work pieces between the mill stand is inevitable until it
protected from the open atmosphere. If a low-emissivity material (radiation shield) is placed between
two surfaces, the radiation heat transfer can be considerably reduced. The shield increases the thermal
resistance to radiation heat flow. Because radiation is a major source of heat loss at the temperatures
involved (around 1060° C.) Thermal shields may be fixed over the path of the hot strip to reduce heat
loss and in particular such heat shields can be employed to reduce the head-to-tail temperature
variation along the length of a transfer bar. The result of this study is the development of an effective
procedure for computer calculation of processes of hot rolling to optimize its parameters
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
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Water billing management system project report.pdf
Heat Resistance
1. MACHINE DESING
PRESENTATION – 2
HEAT RESISTANCE
D.M.Gamage
Institute of Technology
(NDT)
University of Moratuwa
Sri Lanka
2. WHAT IS THE HEAT RESISTANCE
•Ability to withstand change of heat
•Various materials exhibit different properties at
different temperature
3. EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON
MATERIALS PROPERTIES
Melting
Thermal expansion and contraction
Thermal conductivity of materials
Changes in microstructure
Variation of strength
Warping or distortion
4. 1.MELTING
Melting, is a physical process that results in the phase transition of a substance from
a solid to a liquid. This occurs when the internal energy of the solid increases,
typically by the application of heat or pressure.
• Melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes from solid to
liquid state.
7. 2.THERMAL EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION
• Introduction
• Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change in shape, area, and volume in response
to a change in temperature[1]
• Thermal contraction is the opposite of thermal expansion. When the temperature drops, atoms
calm down and shrink. They aren't bouncing so aggressively off of each other and don't need
that much space to coexist. When they shrink, the boundaries of the material shrink. The
material contracts.
• most solid materials expand upon heating and contract when cooled
The change in length with temperature for a metal may be expressed as follows.
𝛼(Tf -T0)=
Lf −L0
L0
9. Our formula for linear expansion is;
∆L=L0.α. ∆T
Where; ∆L is the amount of change in the length of the rod, L0 is the initial
length of the road, α is the coefficient of linear expansion and ∆T is the change
in the temperature of the matter
Volume Expansion: If the objects expand in volume with the gained heat, we call
this volume expansion and find it with the following formula;
• ∆V=V0.3α. ∆T
• Where; ∆V is the amount of change in the volume of the cube, V0 is the initial
volume of the cube, 3α is the coefficient of volume expansion and ∆T is the change
in the temperature of the matter.
10. EFFECT OF THERMAL EXPANSION
• The expansion and contraction of materials
must be considered when designing large
structures.
11. 3.THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF MATERIALS
• The ratio of the amount of heat energy conducted peer unit area of cross section
per seconed to the temperature gradient.
• Therefore ,the thermal conductivity
• Q=-k
𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑥
• Where, of heat energy conducted per unit area of cross section
k= coefficient of thermal conductivity.
Q= amount of heat energy conducted per unit area of cross section in one
second
𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑥
= temperature gradient
The negative sign shows that heat flows from the hot end to cold end.
12. MECHANISUMS OF HEAT CONDUCTION
• Heat is transported in solid materials by lattice vibration waves and free electrons.
• A thermal conductivity is associated with each of these mechanism and total
conductivity is ,
KTotal =kelectron+kphonons
13. THERMAL SHOCK RESISTANCE OF MATERIALS
• The capacity of a material to withstand failures is termed its thermal shock
resistance.
15. 5.VARIATION OF STRENGTH
• Strength of materials, also called mechanics of materials, is a subject which deals
with the behaviour of solid objects subject to stresses and strains.
• When changes temperature strain and stress of a material also change.
thermal stress
thermal stress are stresses incluced in a body as a result of changes in temperature.
Where,
E = modulus of elasticity
𝛼 = linear coefficient of thermal expansion
𝜎= E𝛼(T0 -T1)
16. 6.WARPING OR DISTORTION
.
DEFINITION:
Warp in engraving material is a distortion of the sheet from a desired
flatness. The degree that the sheet deviates from the specification or
desired flatness is the result of many factors.
17. • HOW TO MINIMIZE WARP AND ITS EFFECTS
• Many cases of warp can be eliminated through proper handling and
processing of the material. To minimize warp and its effects, the
• following suggestions are offered:
• 1. Never store sheets in extreme temperatures. For best results, store
and use sheet material at ambient room temperature.
• 2. Store sheets flat at all times. Sheets stored vertically will take a set
over time. A warped sheet should be placed flat. In some cases, some
of the damage can be removed.
• 3. Remove the protective mask and allow the material to relax
naturally over time. Place the sheet on a flat surface and place in a
room temperature environment. If possible, place an even weight over
the entire surface by using additional sheets or pieces of material to
hold the material in place.
• 4. Apply adhesive tapes prior to using. Sheets stored for prolonged
periods of time with adhesives previously applied will tend to warp as
the adhesive materials dry out. Once this damage has occurred,