heat exchanger design formula Sheet
•
0 likes•1,842 views
This document provides formulas and information related to heat transfer and heat exchangers. It includes formulas for: 1. Heat transfer through plane walls, tubular pipes, and surfaces with fouling or scaling. 2. Temperature effectiveness and heat transfer for counterflow, parallel flow, and multipass heat exchanger arrangements. 3. Overall heat transfer coefficients and effectiveness that account for efficiency. 4. Common heat exchanger configurations like double pipe and multipass exchangers.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Download to read offline
![1 - For plane wall
UA=
ଵ
ோ௧
=
൬
2 - For a tubular pipe
ଵ
భ
భ
ା
ା
൰
ಲ
಼ಲ ಲ
UA= ܷ ܣ = ܷ ܣ =
ଵ
ோ௧
=
ቌ
భ
ା
ಲ
ଵ
ೝ
൬ బ ൰
ೝ
భ
ା
ቍ
మഏ಼
బ ಲబ
3 – For a unclean surface(Fouling /scaling)
∆ࢀ࢙
ࡽ
= ࡾ࢙ = ࢎ =
࢙
ࡾࢌ
ࡾ࢙ ୀࡿࢉࢇࢍ ࢘ࢋ࢙࢚ࢇࢉࢋ
∆ࢀ࢙ ୀࢀࢋ ࢍ࢘ࢇࢊࢋ࢚ ࢇࢉ࢙࢙࢘ ࢛ࢉࢋࢇ ࢙࢛࢘ࢌࢇࢉࢋ
4 – For a fouled surfaces
= ܜ܀
ܑ ۯ ܑܐ
۹ܑۯ
+
Q = hA [1 -
+ + ܟ܀
ܑ ܀
R ୵ = Wall resistance
ܐ ۯ
5 – Overall heat transfer (taking efficiency in account)
(1 - Ƞ )] ∆T
6 – Overall heat transfer coefficient
ܷ = ܗۯ
ାܗ ۯ
ܑ ۯȠ ܑܐ
ଵ
܀
܀ ۯ
ܟ ܀ା ܑ ܗା ܗା
ܑ ۯȠ
Ƞ
ܐ ۯ](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
Recommended
Gas turbine course
This document provides an overview of gas turbine fundamentals and components. It discusses the gas turbine course topics which include the lubrication oil system, hydraulic oil system, trip oil system and other key systems. It then summarizes the components and operation of a GE 9001E gas turbine, including descriptions of the compressor, combustion system, turbine, bearings and lubrication oil system.
Heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) condition monitoring methods
A detailed look at HRSGs common failures also how does condition monitoring improves reliability and flexibility of the components. At the end some on-line condition monitoring methods have been mentioned.
Pressure Relief valve sizing and design
Safety is the most important factor in designing a process system. Some undesired conditions might happen leading to damage in a system. Control systems might be installed to prevent such conditions, but a second safety device is also needed. One kind of safety device which is commonly used in the processing industry is the relief valve. A relief valve is a type of valve to control or limit the pressure in a system by allowing the pressurised fluid to flow out from the system.
Gas turbine
This document summarizes the key components and operation of a gas turbine located at the Panipat Refinery. It includes 5 gas turbines made by BHEL/GE that are MS 6000 single shaft design units with a base load capacity of 30.77 MW each. The major components discussed include the compressor, combustors, turbine section, casings, bearings, and cooling/sealing systems. It also provides details on the basic principles of how a gas turbine works by continuously drawing in air, compressing it, adding fuel to increase its energy, directing the high pressure gas to expand through a turbine, and exhausting the low pressure gas.
Chapter 2-Shell & Tube Heat Exchangers.pdf
The document discusses shell and tube heat exchangers. It describes the different types of shell and tube designs according to the TEMA standard, including U-tube, straight tube, and kettle-type designs. It also discusses design considerations for different components like stationary heads, rear ends, baffles, tubesheets, and joints. The TEMA standard provides terminology for naming heat exchangers based on these design features and components.
Valve sizing
Juan Pablo Hernández presented information on control valve sizing for compressible fluids. Control valves are used to meet process conditions and product quality specifications. Three methods for sizing control valves were compared: hand made calculations, Fisher software, and Aspen Hysys simulation. All three methods produced similar results for the example case of sizing a control valve for superheated steam. However, the Fisher software was identified as the preferred method due to providing reliable sizing in less time compared to hand calculations.
Heat exchangers
This document provides an introduction to heat exchangers, including their classification, types, components, and design considerations. Heat exchangers transfer thermal energy between fluids or between fluids and solids. Common types include shell and tube, plate and frame, air cooled, and spiral designs. Key components of shell and tube heat exchangers are the shell, tubes, tubesheet, baffles, and nozzles. Tube layout, pitch, pass arrangements, and baffle design impact heat transfer and pressure drop. Bypass and leakage streams must be minimized for optimal performance.
An introduction to Fired Heaters.pdf
Process furnaces are widely used in petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants to generate heat through the combustion of fuels. This heat is transferred to process fluids inside coil tubes and can range from a few thousand to a few million MW. Common applications include crude distillation units and reaction heaters containing catalysts. Furnaces come in various designs like vertical cylindrical, box type, or cabin furnaces and must maximize heat transfer while minimizing emissions and fuel consumption. Burners, refractory, insulation and controls are important components that require consideration for optimal furnace performance.
Recommended
Gas turbine course
This document provides an overview of gas turbine fundamentals and components. It discusses the gas turbine course topics which include the lubrication oil system, hydraulic oil system, trip oil system and other key systems. It then summarizes the components and operation of a GE 9001E gas turbine, including descriptions of the compressor, combustion system, turbine, bearings and lubrication oil system.
Heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) condition monitoring methods
A detailed look at HRSGs common failures also how does condition monitoring improves reliability and flexibility of the components. At the end some on-line condition monitoring methods have been mentioned.
Pressure Relief valve sizing and design
Safety is the most important factor in designing a process system. Some undesired conditions might happen leading to damage in a system. Control systems might be installed to prevent such conditions, but a second safety device is also needed. One kind of safety device which is commonly used in the processing industry is the relief valve. A relief valve is a type of valve to control or limit the pressure in a system by allowing the pressurised fluid to flow out from the system.
Gas turbine
This document summarizes the key components and operation of a gas turbine located at the Panipat Refinery. It includes 5 gas turbines made by BHEL/GE that are MS 6000 single shaft design units with a base load capacity of 30.77 MW each. The major components discussed include the compressor, combustors, turbine section, casings, bearings, and cooling/sealing systems. It also provides details on the basic principles of how a gas turbine works by continuously drawing in air, compressing it, adding fuel to increase its energy, directing the high pressure gas to expand through a turbine, and exhausting the low pressure gas.
Chapter 2-Shell & Tube Heat Exchangers.pdf
The document discusses shell and tube heat exchangers. It describes the different types of shell and tube designs according to the TEMA standard, including U-tube, straight tube, and kettle-type designs. It also discusses design considerations for different components like stationary heads, rear ends, baffles, tubesheets, and joints. The TEMA standard provides terminology for naming heat exchangers based on these design features and components.
Valve sizing
Juan Pablo Hernández presented information on control valve sizing for compressible fluids. Control valves are used to meet process conditions and product quality specifications. Three methods for sizing control valves were compared: hand made calculations, Fisher software, and Aspen Hysys simulation. All three methods produced similar results for the example case of sizing a control valve for superheated steam. However, the Fisher software was identified as the preferred method due to providing reliable sizing in less time compared to hand calculations.
Heat exchangers
This document provides an introduction to heat exchangers, including their classification, types, components, and design considerations. Heat exchangers transfer thermal energy between fluids or between fluids and solids. Common types include shell and tube, plate and frame, air cooled, and spiral designs. Key components of shell and tube heat exchangers are the shell, tubes, tubesheet, baffles, and nozzles. Tube layout, pitch, pass arrangements, and baffle design impact heat transfer and pressure drop. Bypass and leakage streams must be minimized for optimal performance.
An introduction to Fired Heaters.pdf
Process furnaces are widely used in petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants to generate heat through the combustion of fuels. This heat is transferred to process fluids inside coil tubes and can range from a few thousand to a few million MW. Common applications include crude distillation units and reaction heaters containing catalysts. Furnaces come in various designs like vertical cylindrical, box type, or cabin furnaces and must maximize heat transfer while minimizing emissions and fuel consumption. Burners, refractory, insulation and controls are important components that require consideration for optimal furnace performance.
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR SETTLE OUT CONDITIONS TUTORIAL
Centrifugal Compressors are a preferred choice in gas transportation industry, mainly due to their ability to cater to varying loads. In the event of a compressor shutdown as a planned event, i.e., normal shutdown (NSD), the anti-surge valve is opened to recycle gas from the discharge back to the suction (thereby moving the operating point away from the surge line) and the compressor is tripped via the driver (electric motor or Gas turbine / Steam Turbine). In the case of an unplanned event, i.e., emergency shutdown such as power failure, the compressor trips first followed by the anti-surge valve opening. In doing so, the gas content in the suction side & discharge side mix.
Therefore, settle out conditions is explained as the equilibrium pressure and temperature reached in the compressor piping and equipment volume following a compressor shutdown
AIR COOLED HEAT EXCHANGER
The document discusses air cooled heat exchangers. It describes how air cooled heat exchangers work by using air as the cooling medium, making them useful when water supply is limited. The document outlines the main components of air cooled heat exchangers, including axial fans, tube bundles, headers, fins and nozzles. It also discusses types of fans, headers, fins, factors that affect performance like fouling, and considerations for inspection and design of air cooled heat exchangers.
PSV Sizing - API Based
Excel sheet Download Link: https://www.scribd.com/document/385945712/PSV-Sizing-Tool-API-Based-Calc-Sheets
PSV Sizing for Blocked Liquid Discharge Condition
PSV Sizing for Blocked Gas Discharge Condition
PSV Sizing for Fire Case of Liquid Filled Vessel
PSV Sizing for Control Valve Fail Open Case
Relief Valve Sizing for Thermal Expansion
Restriction Orifice Sizing for Gas Flow
Restriction Orifice Sizing for Liquid Flow
Single Phase Flow Line Sizing Tool
Gas Control Valve Sizing Tool
HTRI PRESENTATION.pdf
This document provides an overview of using HTRI software to perform thermal design of heat exchangers. It discusses specifying the geometry, process conditions, and fluid properties required for rating, designing, or simulating shell and tube heat exchangers. Key aspects covered include baffle types, temperature profiles, mean temperature differences, and outputs such as duty, heat transfer area, and pressure drop. The goal is to demonstrate the inputs and calculations used in HTRI to analyze heat exchanger performance.
Selection of Shell and tube heat exchanger (STHE)
This presentation describes the considerations involved in selecting the shell and tube exchanger according to TEMA Designations. Also, it helps to identify whether fluid should be sent tube side or shell side
Pressure safety valves
This document provides an overview of early sizing considerations for pressure safety valves (PSVs). It discusses important terminologies, types of PSVs, sizing basis, applicable standards, and the early sizing procedure. The procedure involves selecting possible orifice areas to meet capacity requirements. The objectives of early sizing are to remove holds in piping and instrumentation diagrams and allow early release of piping designs. The document also discusses inter-discipline interfaces, lessons learned, and quality management system documents related to PSV sizing.
Air Cooled Heat Exchanger Design
Air Cooled Heat Exchanger Design
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 SUITABILITY FOR AIR COOLING
4.1 Options Available For Cooling
4.2 Choice of Cooling System
5 SPECIFICATION OF AN AIR COOLED HEAT
EXCHANGER
5.1 Description and Terminology
5.2 General
5.3 Thermal Duty and Design Margins
5.4 Process Pressure Drop
5.5 Design Ambient Conditions
5.6 Process Physical Properties
5.7 Mechanical Design Constraints
5.8 Arrangement
5.9 Air Side Fouling
5.10 Economic Factors in Design
6 CONTROL
7 PRESSURE RELIEF
8 ASSESSMENT OF OFFERS
8.1 General
8.2 Manual Checking Of Designs
8.3 Computer Assessment
8.4 Bid Comparison
9 FOULING AND CORROSION
9.1 Fouling
9.2 Corrosion
10 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
10.1 Performance Testing
10.2 Air-Side Cleaning
10.3 Mechanical Maintenance
10.4 Tube side Access
11 REFERENCES
Heat exchangers
Heat exchangers transfer heat between two or more fluids that are at different temperatures. They work by bringing the fluids into thermal contact through a conducting surface while preventing mixing. There are several types of heat exchangers classified by their heat exchange process, fluid flow direction, mechanical design, and physical state. A common type is the shell and tube heat exchanger, which consists of a shell with a bundle of tubes inside. One fluid flows through the tubes while another flows over the tubes to transfer heat between the fluids. Double pipe heat exchangers are a simpler design with one pipe inside a larger pipe, allowing fluids to flow within and between the pipes.
Pressure Relief Devices_Presenation
The document summarizes the basics of pressure relief devices, including why they are required, common components, classification and types. It provides examples of relief scenarios and causes of overpressure. The key steps in relief device sizing calculations are outlined. An example calculation is shown for checking the adequacy of installed relief devices for a reactor system during an emergency relief scenario involving an external fire.
heat exchanger
A heat exchanger transfers heat between two fluids through conduction. It can transfer heat between fluids that never mix by using a solid wall, or between directly contacted fluids. Heat exchangers are widely used in applications like HVAC, power plants, refineries, and manufacturing. They are classified based on construction and flow configuration, with shell-and-tube and plate heat exchangers being most common. Proper design considers factors like heat transfer rate, pressure drop, fouling, and effectiveness.
Heat Exchangers
Heat exchangers allow the transfer of heat between two fluids without direct contact. The main types are shell-and-tube, plate, air-cooled, and spiral. Shell-and-tube exchangers consist of tubes in a shell and are the most common, used across many industries. Plate exchangers use corrugated plates clamped together with gaskets to direct fluid flow. Spiral and air-cooled exchangers provide alternatives for applications where fouling is a problem.
Three Phase Separators
Three phase separators separate gas, oil, and water. They consist of three zones: an inlet zone, a liquid-liquid settling zone, and a gas-liquid separation zone. Key factors that affect separator efficiency include the inlet flow pattern and devices, feed pipe geometry, entrainment, and internals. Separators can be horizontal or vertical, with horizontal separators often used for foamy streams and liquid-liquid separation, while vertical separators handle large liquid slugs. Proper sizing considers flow rates, residence times, velocities, and droplet sizes to achieve efficient phase separation with minimum carryover.
Psv scenario-and-calculation
1. The document discusses procedures for calculating pressure safety valve (PSV) sizes for various scenarios that could lead to overpressure. It covers scenarios like closed outlets, external fires, control valve failures, hydraulic expansion, heat exchanger tube ruptures, and power or cooling failures.
2. Calculation methods include enthalpy balances for fractionating columns and the use of relief equations specified in codes like API 521. Worst cases are chosen from all possible scenarios to determine the required PSV size.
3. Key scenarios discussed in detail include closed outlets on vessels, external fires, failures of automatic controls, hydraulic expansion, heat exchanger tube ruptures, total and partial power failures, reflux losses,
Reciprocating Compressors.pdf
A reciprocating compressor uses pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress gases. It can operate from vacuum to very high pressures. The document discusses the key components of a reciprocating compressor system including cylinders, valves, coolers, pulsation suppression devices, piping, instrumentation, and controls. Process calculations like pipe sizing, blowdown analysis, and hydrate predictions are required. A process simulation and PFD provide design details. Capacity control methods include speed variation, clearance pockets, and suction unloaders.
Introduction to turbomachinery
The document provides an introduction to turbomachinery. It discusses the working principle of turbomachines, which involves the transfer of energy between a rotating element and fluid flow using Newton's second law of motion. Turbomachines are classified based on the direction of work (done by or on the fluid) and the fluid flow direction (axial, radial, or mixed). Common applications of turbomachines include centrifugal pumps, compressors, and fans in industries; axial compressors and gas turbines in aircraft; steam and hydraulic turbines; wind turbines; and turbochargers in automobiles.
Bfwp
The document provides information about the boiler feed water pump system used in a power plant, including its purpose, components, technical specifications, maintenance procedures, and troubleshooting guidelines. The system consists of a booster pump and larger feed water pump coupled together and driven by a single electric motor. Key components are described in detail, such as the pumps, turbo coupling, motor, and balancing device. Periodic maintenance tasks and clearances are outlined. Common issues that may arise are identified along with recommended solutions.
Heat exchangers
The document describes the design and construction of heat exchangers. It discusses key components of double pipe heat exchangers like inner and outer pipes, return bends, and support lugs. It also explains components of shell and tube heat exchangers such as tubes, tube sheets, bonnets, channels, nozzles, baffles, and pass partition plates. Additionally, it covers classification of heat exchangers, flow arrangements, fouling factors, heat transfer calculations, and pressure drop analysis for heat exchanger design.
267258402 heat-4e-chap03-lecture
This chapter discusses steady heat conduction through various geometries. It introduces thermal resistance networks to model conduction through multilayer walls. It also covers cylindrical and spherical conduction, the effect of insulation thickness, heat transfer from fins, and using conduction shape factors to solve two-dimensional problems. Thermal contact resistance at interfaces and improving contact conductance are also discussed.
Heat exchanger
Heat exchangers transfer heat from one medium to another. They are classified by flow configuration and construction. Key flow configurations are parallel, counter, and cross flow. Main construction types are shell and tube, and plate heat exchangers. Heat transfer is calculated using methods like log mean temperature difference (LMTD) and number of transfer units (NTU). Standards like TEMA provide guidelines for shell and tube heat exchanger design and components.
Gasketed plate heat exchanger
This document provides an overview of a gasketed plate heat exchanger. It describes the construction of a plate heat exchanger using metal plates and gaskets to transfer heat between two fluids without mixing. It discusses key design considerations like flow pattern, plate materials, mean flow gap, heat transfer coefficient, pressure drop, and heat transfer area. The document highlights advantages of plate heat exchangers like minimizing leakage risk, flexibility in design, efficient heat transfer due to turbulence, compact size, and low fouling characteristics.
Heat exchanger present
This document summarizes the history and operations of SongSerm Cooling Industry Co., Ltd. It discusses that the company was founded in 1964 and transformed into its current name and structure in 1991 and 1998. The company specializes in manufacturing fin and tube heat exchangers for HVAC and refrigeration applications. It prides itself on using modern machinery to produce high-quality, customized coils and meeting customers' needs and expectations.
3A04 Heat Exchanger
The document summarizes the design of a heat exchanger to cool antigen from 70°C to 5°C or less. Aluminum was chosen for the tubes and carbon steel for the shells due to their low cost. The antigen enters at 70°C and exits at 1.07°C, while refrigerant-22 enters at -43°C and exits at -27°C. The design is a shell and tube heat exchanger that is small enough to fit in a lab. It meets the criteria of cooling the antigen quickly and leaves room for error if it malfunctions slightly.
More Related Content
What's hot
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR SETTLE OUT CONDITIONS TUTORIAL
Centrifugal Compressors are a preferred choice in gas transportation industry, mainly due to their ability to cater to varying loads. In the event of a compressor shutdown as a planned event, i.e., normal shutdown (NSD), the anti-surge valve is opened to recycle gas from the discharge back to the suction (thereby moving the operating point away from the surge line) and the compressor is tripped via the driver (electric motor or Gas turbine / Steam Turbine). In the case of an unplanned event, i.e., emergency shutdown such as power failure, the compressor trips first followed by the anti-surge valve opening. In doing so, the gas content in the suction side & discharge side mix.
Therefore, settle out conditions is explained as the equilibrium pressure and temperature reached in the compressor piping and equipment volume following a compressor shutdown
AIR COOLED HEAT EXCHANGER
The document discusses air cooled heat exchangers. It describes how air cooled heat exchangers work by using air as the cooling medium, making them useful when water supply is limited. The document outlines the main components of air cooled heat exchangers, including axial fans, tube bundles, headers, fins and nozzles. It also discusses types of fans, headers, fins, factors that affect performance like fouling, and considerations for inspection and design of air cooled heat exchangers.
PSV Sizing - API Based
Excel sheet Download Link: https://www.scribd.com/document/385945712/PSV-Sizing-Tool-API-Based-Calc-Sheets
PSV Sizing for Blocked Liquid Discharge Condition
PSV Sizing for Blocked Gas Discharge Condition
PSV Sizing for Fire Case of Liquid Filled Vessel
PSV Sizing for Control Valve Fail Open Case
Relief Valve Sizing for Thermal Expansion
Restriction Orifice Sizing for Gas Flow
Restriction Orifice Sizing for Liquid Flow
Single Phase Flow Line Sizing Tool
Gas Control Valve Sizing Tool
HTRI PRESENTATION.pdf
This document provides an overview of using HTRI software to perform thermal design of heat exchangers. It discusses specifying the geometry, process conditions, and fluid properties required for rating, designing, or simulating shell and tube heat exchangers. Key aspects covered include baffle types, temperature profiles, mean temperature differences, and outputs such as duty, heat transfer area, and pressure drop. The goal is to demonstrate the inputs and calculations used in HTRI to analyze heat exchanger performance.
Selection of Shell and tube heat exchanger (STHE)
This presentation describes the considerations involved in selecting the shell and tube exchanger according to TEMA Designations. Also, it helps to identify whether fluid should be sent tube side or shell side
Pressure safety valves
This document provides an overview of early sizing considerations for pressure safety valves (PSVs). It discusses important terminologies, types of PSVs, sizing basis, applicable standards, and the early sizing procedure. The procedure involves selecting possible orifice areas to meet capacity requirements. The objectives of early sizing are to remove holds in piping and instrumentation diagrams and allow early release of piping designs. The document also discusses inter-discipline interfaces, lessons learned, and quality management system documents related to PSV sizing.
Air Cooled Heat Exchanger Design
Air Cooled Heat Exchanger Design
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 SUITABILITY FOR AIR COOLING
4.1 Options Available For Cooling
4.2 Choice of Cooling System
5 SPECIFICATION OF AN AIR COOLED HEAT
EXCHANGER
5.1 Description and Terminology
5.2 General
5.3 Thermal Duty and Design Margins
5.4 Process Pressure Drop
5.5 Design Ambient Conditions
5.6 Process Physical Properties
5.7 Mechanical Design Constraints
5.8 Arrangement
5.9 Air Side Fouling
5.10 Economic Factors in Design
6 CONTROL
7 PRESSURE RELIEF
8 ASSESSMENT OF OFFERS
8.1 General
8.2 Manual Checking Of Designs
8.3 Computer Assessment
8.4 Bid Comparison
9 FOULING AND CORROSION
9.1 Fouling
9.2 Corrosion
10 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
10.1 Performance Testing
10.2 Air-Side Cleaning
10.3 Mechanical Maintenance
10.4 Tube side Access
11 REFERENCES
Heat exchangers
Heat exchangers transfer heat between two or more fluids that are at different temperatures. They work by bringing the fluids into thermal contact through a conducting surface while preventing mixing. There are several types of heat exchangers classified by their heat exchange process, fluid flow direction, mechanical design, and physical state. A common type is the shell and tube heat exchanger, which consists of a shell with a bundle of tubes inside. One fluid flows through the tubes while another flows over the tubes to transfer heat between the fluids. Double pipe heat exchangers are a simpler design with one pipe inside a larger pipe, allowing fluids to flow within and between the pipes.
Pressure Relief Devices_Presenation
The document summarizes the basics of pressure relief devices, including why they are required, common components, classification and types. It provides examples of relief scenarios and causes of overpressure. The key steps in relief device sizing calculations are outlined. An example calculation is shown for checking the adequacy of installed relief devices for a reactor system during an emergency relief scenario involving an external fire.
heat exchanger
A heat exchanger transfers heat between two fluids through conduction. It can transfer heat between fluids that never mix by using a solid wall, or between directly contacted fluids. Heat exchangers are widely used in applications like HVAC, power plants, refineries, and manufacturing. They are classified based on construction and flow configuration, with shell-and-tube and plate heat exchangers being most common. Proper design considers factors like heat transfer rate, pressure drop, fouling, and effectiveness.
Heat Exchangers
Heat exchangers allow the transfer of heat between two fluids without direct contact. The main types are shell-and-tube, plate, air-cooled, and spiral. Shell-and-tube exchangers consist of tubes in a shell and are the most common, used across many industries. Plate exchangers use corrugated plates clamped together with gaskets to direct fluid flow. Spiral and air-cooled exchangers provide alternatives for applications where fouling is a problem.
Three Phase Separators
Three phase separators separate gas, oil, and water. They consist of three zones: an inlet zone, a liquid-liquid settling zone, and a gas-liquid separation zone. Key factors that affect separator efficiency include the inlet flow pattern and devices, feed pipe geometry, entrainment, and internals. Separators can be horizontal or vertical, with horizontal separators often used for foamy streams and liquid-liquid separation, while vertical separators handle large liquid slugs. Proper sizing considers flow rates, residence times, velocities, and droplet sizes to achieve efficient phase separation with minimum carryover.
Psv scenario-and-calculation
1. The document discusses procedures for calculating pressure safety valve (PSV) sizes for various scenarios that could lead to overpressure. It covers scenarios like closed outlets, external fires, control valve failures, hydraulic expansion, heat exchanger tube ruptures, and power or cooling failures.
2. Calculation methods include enthalpy balances for fractionating columns and the use of relief equations specified in codes like API 521. Worst cases are chosen from all possible scenarios to determine the required PSV size.
3. Key scenarios discussed in detail include closed outlets on vessels, external fires, failures of automatic controls, hydraulic expansion, heat exchanger tube ruptures, total and partial power failures, reflux losses,
Reciprocating Compressors.pdf
A reciprocating compressor uses pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress gases. It can operate from vacuum to very high pressures. The document discusses the key components of a reciprocating compressor system including cylinders, valves, coolers, pulsation suppression devices, piping, instrumentation, and controls. Process calculations like pipe sizing, blowdown analysis, and hydrate predictions are required. A process simulation and PFD provide design details. Capacity control methods include speed variation, clearance pockets, and suction unloaders.
Introduction to turbomachinery
The document provides an introduction to turbomachinery. It discusses the working principle of turbomachines, which involves the transfer of energy between a rotating element and fluid flow using Newton's second law of motion. Turbomachines are classified based on the direction of work (done by or on the fluid) and the fluid flow direction (axial, radial, or mixed). Common applications of turbomachines include centrifugal pumps, compressors, and fans in industries; axial compressors and gas turbines in aircraft; steam and hydraulic turbines; wind turbines; and turbochargers in automobiles.
Bfwp
The document provides information about the boiler feed water pump system used in a power plant, including its purpose, components, technical specifications, maintenance procedures, and troubleshooting guidelines. The system consists of a booster pump and larger feed water pump coupled together and driven by a single electric motor. Key components are described in detail, such as the pumps, turbo coupling, motor, and balancing device. Periodic maintenance tasks and clearances are outlined. Common issues that may arise are identified along with recommended solutions.
Heat exchangers
The document describes the design and construction of heat exchangers. It discusses key components of double pipe heat exchangers like inner and outer pipes, return bends, and support lugs. It also explains components of shell and tube heat exchangers such as tubes, tube sheets, bonnets, channels, nozzles, baffles, and pass partition plates. Additionally, it covers classification of heat exchangers, flow arrangements, fouling factors, heat transfer calculations, and pressure drop analysis for heat exchanger design.
267258402 heat-4e-chap03-lecture
This chapter discusses steady heat conduction through various geometries. It introduces thermal resistance networks to model conduction through multilayer walls. It also covers cylindrical and spherical conduction, the effect of insulation thickness, heat transfer from fins, and using conduction shape factors to solve two-dimensional problems. Thermal contact resistance at interfaces and improving contact conductance are also discussed.
Heat exchanger
Heat exchangers transfer heat from one medium to another. They are classified by flow configuration and construction. Key flow configurations are parallel, counter, and cross flow. Main construction types are shell and tube, and plate heat exchangers. Heat transfer is calculated using methods like log mean temperature difference (LMTD) and number of transfer units (NTU). Standards like TEMA provide guidelines for shell and tube heat exchanger design and components.
Gasketed plate heat exchanger
This document provides an overview of a gasketed plate heat exchanger. It describes the construction of a plate heat exchanger using metal plates and gaskets to transfer heat between two fluids without mixing. It discusses key design considerations like flow pattern, plate materials, mean flow gap, heat transfer coefficient, pressure drop, and heat transfer area. The document highlights advantages of plate heat exchangers like minimizing leakage risk, flexibility in design, efficient heat transfer due to turbulence, compact size, and low fouling characteristics.
What's hot (20)
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR SETTLE OUT CONDITIONS TUTORIAL
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR SETTLE OUT CONDITIONS TUTORIAL
Viewers also liked
Heat exchanger present
This document summarizes the history and operations of SongSerm Cooling Industry Co., Ltd. It discusses that the company was founded in 1964 and transformed into its current name and structure in 1991 and 1998. The company specializes in manufacturing fin and tube heat exchangers for HVAC and refrigeration applications. It prides itself on using modern machinery to produce high-quality, customized coils and meeting customers' needs and expectations.
3A04 Heat Exchanger
The document summarizes the design of a heat exchanger to cool antigen from 70°C to 5°C or less. Aluminum was chosen for the tubes and carbon steel for the shells due to their low cost. The antigen enters at 70°C and exits at 1.07°C, while refrigerant-22 enters at -43°C and exits at -27°C. The design is a shell and tube heat exchanger that is small enough to fit in a lab. It meets the criteria of cooling the antigen quickly and leaves room for error if it malfunctions slightly.
Shell and tube Heat exchanger
Shell and tube heat exchangers transfer heat between two fluids, where one fluid flows through tubes inside a shell and the other flows over the tubes through the shell. They work by exploiting the temperature difference between the two fluids using conduction and convection to transfer heat from one to the other. Common types include straight tube and U-tube exchangers. Baffles inside the shell help direct flow, hold tubes in position, and prevent vibration. Applications include cooling engine fluids, swimming pool water, and in nuclear power plant reactors.
Finned Tube Exchanger
A plate-fin is a variety of custom shell and tube heat exchangers design that utilizes a plated and finned chamber in order to move heat in between fluids. It is often classified as a compact exchanger of heat to emphasize its relatively high heat conversion surface area to quantity ratio. The plate-fin is widely used in several industries, like the aerospace business for its compact size and light-weight properties, as well as in cryogenics exactly where its ability to facilitate warmth transfer with little temperature differences is required.A plate-fin exchanger consists of layers of corrugated sheets divided via flat metal dishes, usually aluminum, to establish a number of finned chambers.Separate cold and hot fluid streams circulation through alternating levels of the exchanger and are generally enclosed in the sides through bars at the sides. Heat is moved from one stream with the fin interface towards the separator plate and with the next set of fins to the adjacent fluid.The actual fins also serve to boost the structural integrity from the heat exchanger and allow this to withstand high demands while providing a long surface area for the exchange of heat.
analysis of heat exchanger by LMTD method
in this prsentation i derived heat exchanger by using LMTD mrthod with counter flow and parallel flow
SHELL & TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
This document provides information about a shell and tube heat exchanger. It consists of a shell with a bundle of tubes inside it. Process streams flow through the tubes and are heated or cooled by another medium flowing on the outer shell side. Common applications include cooling hydraulic fluid, oil, and other mediums in engines and power systems. The simple design makes shell and tube heat exchangers suitable for a wide variety of industrial heating and cooling applications.
Heat exchanger
This document discusses heat exchangers and includes the following key points:
- It describes different types of heat exchangers including concentric-tube, cross-flow, shell-and-tube, and compact heat exchangers.
- It discusses the overall heat transfer coefficient and factors that influence it such as convection, conduction, fins, and fouling.
- It introduces the log mean temperature difference (LMTD) method for calculating heat transfer in heat exchangers and how LMTD is evaluated for different flow configurations.
- It provides an example problem demonstrating how to determine the overall heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer rate for a heat recovery device.
Shell and tube heat exchanger
Shell and tube heat exchanger is one of heat exchanger that commonly used in daily engineering activities and industries.
Summary of lmtd and e ntu
Summary of lmtd and e ntu. The Log Mean Temperature Difference Method (LMTD) The Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference(LMTD) is valid only for heat exchanger with one shell pass and one tube pass. For multiple number of shell and tube passes the flow pattern in a heat exchanger is neither purely co-current nor purely counter-current. The temperature difference between the hot and cold fluids varies along the heat exchanger. It is convenient to have a mean temperature difference Tm for use in the relation. s mQ UA T
3. The mean temperature difference in a heat transfer process depends on the direction of fluid flows involved in the process. The primary and secondary fluid in an heat exchanger process may flow in the same direction - parallel flow or cocurrent flow in the opposite direction - countercurrent flow or perpendicular to each other - cross flow
Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers, LMTD, Extended Surface Heat Exchangers.
This document discusses shell and tube heat exchangers, including their components, types, and how they work. It also covers LMTD correction factors for multiple pass exchangers, extended surface heat exchangers using fins, and definitions of fin efficiency and effectiveness. Specifically, it defines a shell and tube heat exchanger as consisting of tubes inside a shell to transfer heat between two fluids without mixing. It also describes common types like U-tube, straight single-pass, and straight double-pass designs.
Heat exchangers and types
A heat exchanger is a device that transfers heat between two or more fluids. There are several types of heat exchangers, including parallel-flow, counter-flow, cross-flow, double pipe, shell and tube, plate, and spiral. Heat exchangers are widely used in applications like heating, cooling, chemical processes, and power generation to efficiently exchange heat between fluids. Proper selection and maintenance of heat exchangers depends on factors such as temperature ranges, pressure, materials, fouling potential, and cleanability.
Shell and tube heat exchanger design
A very useful presentation about all a engineer needs to know about designing shell and tube heat exchangers.
Viewers also liked (12)
Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers, LMTD, Extended Surface Heat Exchangers.
Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers, LMTD, Extended Surface Heat Exchangers.
Similar to heat exchanger design formula Sheet
Industrial Instrumentation-Mathematical Expressions.pdf
This article comprises a gist of all the equations required to measure major industrial parameters viz. pressure, temperature, flow and level etc.
Equations_2_Industrial Instrumentation - Pressure Measurement Important Equat...
This article provides a summary of all the important equations relating to Pressure Measurement in an industrial environment.
Industrial instrumentation flow measurement important equations
This document summarizes important equations for flow measurement, including:
1. The Reynolds number equation, which relates flow velocity, pipe diameter, fluid density, and viscosity to determine if flow is laminar or turbulent.
2. Equations for variable head or differential pressure flow meters, which relate volume or mass flow rate to the square root of the differential pressure across a restriction using coefficients.
3. Equations for venturi meters, which relate the difference in pressure between the inlet and throat to the average velocities and cross-sectional areas using concepts from Bernoulli's equation.
Discharge is calculated using factors for the throat area, velocity of flow, and square root of the differential pressure.
Equations_3_Industrial Instrumentation - Temperature & Level Measurement Impo...
This article provides a comprehensive summary of equations to measure temperature and level in an industrial environment.
Eqautions_1_Industrial Instrumentation - Flow Measurement Important Equations...
This document summarizes important equations for flow measurement. It includes equations for:
1. Newton's law of viscosity relating shear stress and velocity gradient.
2. Hagen-Poiseuille equation relating pressure drop, flow rate, viscosity, pipe diameter and length for laminar flow through a pipe.
3. Reynolds number, a dimensionless number used to determine if flow is steady or turbulent based on velocity, diameter, density and viscosity.
The document provides these equations along with definitions of the variables and parameters in the equations. It is a technical summary of key equations for analyzing and calculating fluid flow.
FluidMechanicsBooklet.pdf
This document contains equations, formulas, tables and figures related to fluid mechanics. It includes the continuity equation, stream function, momentum equation, equations for shear stress, pressure variation in static fluids, fluid translation/deformation/rotation, the Bernoulli equation, equations for internal pipe flow including the energy equation, Reynolds number, friction factor, and equations for pumps/fans/blowers. It also includes properties tables for water and air, dimensional analysis concepts, and equations for similitude and dimensionless numbers including Reynolds, Weber, Cavitation, Euler, Froude and Mach numbers.
07.mdsd_modelado_termicos_liquidos
This document discusses heat transfer concepts and equations. It defines key terms like heat flux (Q), temperature (T), thermal resistance (RTH), and thermal capacitance (CTH). It presents equations for one-dimensional heat conduction through a wall or slab using these variables. The equations relate the rate of heat transfer to the temperature difference and thermal resistance. Additional equations scale these concepts to model heat transfer in systems with multiple lumped-capacity elements connected in series.
FM CHAPTER 5.pptx
1) The document discusses steady, incompressible fluid flow through pipes and channels. It covers topics like shear stress distribution in pipes and laminar flow velocity profiles.
2) Equations are derived relating shear stress at the wall to pressure drop for both the entire cross-section and a definite length. The Hagen-Poiseuille equation is also presented.
3) Details are provided on velocity profiles for fully developed laminar flow in pipes, including the parabolic profile and equations for mean flow velocity. Constants are derived for the laminar flow profile equations.
18 me54 turbo machines module 03 question no 6a & 6b
Modal 03: Question Number 5 a & 5 b
i. Reaction Turbine (Parsons’s turbine)
ii. Degree of Reaction for Parsons’s turbine
iii. Condition for maximum utilization factor,
iv. Reaction staging.
v. Numerical Problems.
Previous Year Question papers
Homeostatic criticality
This document summarizes a presentation on homeostatic criticality in stochastic integrate-and-fire neurons. It discusses three main homeostatic mechanisms: homeostatic synapses modeled by NK equations, homeostatic neuronal gains modeled by N gain equations, and homeostatic firing thresholds. It also describes discrete time stochastic integrate-and-fire neuron and firing function models. The presentation proposes that Markov-Tsodyks and Levina-Hermann-Geisel synaptic dynamics are sufficient but not necessary mechanisms for homeostatic criticality. It further discusses how stochastic oscillations and avalanches can emerge with homeostatic neuronal gain and how the homeostatic set point exists as a focus close to the critical point, with finite size noise causing the system to hover
Fluid kinemtics by basnayake mis
1. Bernoulli's equation relates pressure, elevation, and velocity in fluid flow and is used to measure flow velocity in devices like pitot tubes, venturi meters, and orifices.
2. A pitot-static tube connected to a manometer can be used to measure flow velocity by determining the difference between stagnation and static pressures.
3. For an orifice, the actual discharge is less than the theoretical discharge due to losses. The coefficient of discharge accounts for losses and is used to calculate actual flow rate.
Relativity
Theory of Relativity
Maybe travelling in time is an interesting topic. Also the idea of the flow of time at high speeds is a difficult idea to understand. But did you know that in 1905, someone dared to think differently. He is Albert Einstein. Questions such as, what will you see if you are moving at the speed of light? Well, it is argued that light speed is the maximum speed that is available in the entire universe. The speed of light was calculated by Maxwell using the equations of Electromagnetic wave.
c=√(1/(ε_o μ_o ))
We were able to understand that anything that has speed travels a certain distance in space in amount of time.
Einstein argued that measurements done on physically observable quantity must be uniform in all inertial reference frame. The problem is there is no such as universal reference frame. This gives rise to the assumption that everyone is moving relative to one another. This would give rise to another claim that is, “measurements taken from one reference frame, will be different from measurements taken from other frame of reference”. This argument is absurd because it will mean that laws of physics were different for different reference frames. The theory of relativity holds to the fact that the laws of physics were the same for all inertial reference frames.
This will be eminent when we apply the concept of the Doppler Effect to sound. We know that whenever the source of the sound moves with a velocity V_s, with respect to the observer there will be a change in the measured frequency. Furthermore there will be more measurements that can be made depending on the observer. So how do we determine the real frequency of the sound emitted by the source?
Another instance is when we are on board a plane with some velocity Vplane and we fire a bullet the relative velocity of the bullet on an stationary observer will be;
V=Vbullet+Vplane
Which is correct in Galilean transformation. Now what if we turn on the headlight of a plane? Would it mean that the speed of light will be the velocity of the plane + the speed of light? (v=c) ?. Absolutely not, because this will violate the premise that, “the speed of light is constant in a vacuum”.
Clearly from the two instances there must be a different formula that will unify measurements made on different reference frame. This method is called transformation.
So let us create two equation that will unify measurements in these two instances. The first instance is at the plane, the observer at the plane will have (x,y,z,t). and the observer from the earth will us the coordinates (x^',y^',z^',t^'). So which is it the spaceship is moving away from the earth or the earth is moving away from the spaceship. To fix this, we assume that the origin O and O^'coincide and are parallel to one another at all times. Further more we let t and t^' be equal that is t= t^'.
and more....
Mod 3.pptx
Laplace transform can be used to solve differential equations. Taking the Laplace transform of both sides of a differential equation converts it into an algebraic equation that can be solved for the Laplace transform of the original function. The inverse Laplace transform of the solution gives the time domain solution to the original differential equation. Common differential equations like first and second order constant coefficient equations and equations with unit step or delta functions can be solved using properties of the Laplace transform.
IIT-JEE Mains 2016 Online Previous Question Paper Day 1
1. The document provides information about electrical conductivity dimensions and angular velocity of a moving block. It includes multiple choice questions about which option correctly describes the variation of speed and acceleration of an object falling in a viscous medium and the minimum coefficient of friction required for an object on an inclined plane to not move.
2. It also includes a question about the power required by a car moving uphill and downhill on an inclined road.
3. Diagrams are provided to illustrate the questions but are not drawn to scale. The questions cover concepts in mechanics including motion, forces, friction and power.
Federated Tensor Factorization for Computational Phenotyping
This document summarizes a method called Federated Tensor Factorization (TRIP) that enables tensor factorization without combining privacy-sensitive healthcare data from multiple hospitals. TRIP allows each hospital to locally update their patient, diagnosis, and prescription factor matrices, while a central server iteratively updates the global diagnosis and prescription factor matrices. This distributed optimization approach overcomes privacy barriers like HIPAA while still allowing for computational phenotyping across hospitals.
Presentation1
The document discusses pressure drop in different types of flow reactors. It defines pressure drop as the difference in pressure between two points in a fluid network. Pressure drop occurs due to frictional forces and fouling. The general steps to calculate pressure drop are presented, along with the specific equations to calculate pressure drop in packed bed reactors, plug flow reactors, and continuous stirred tank reactors. An example calculation is shown to demonstrate how to determine the pressure drop across a packed bed reactor.
SUEC 高中 Adv Maths (Trigo Function Part 3)
Sources:
Visual - various maths sites (credits to original creator)
Questions - Dong Zong's Textbook
suitable for SUEC (Maths), SPM (Maths and Add Maths) too
RADIAL HEAT CONDUCTION SOLVED USING THE INTEGRAL EQUATION .pdf
We look at the case of radial heat flow. Again, in radial heat flow, the temperature profiles that satisfy the boundary and initial conditions are the exponential and hyperbolic functions as derived in literature of conduction in fins. We use the technique of transforming the PDE into an integral equation. But in the case of radial heat flow, we have to multiply through by r the heat equation and then introduce integrals. We do this to avoid introducing integrals of the form of the exponential integral whose solutions cannot be expressed in the form of a simple mathematical function. We look at the case of a semi-infinite hollow cylinder for both insulated and non-insulated cases and then find the solution. We also look at cases of finite radius hollow cylinders subject to given boundary conditions. We notice that the solutions got for finite radius hollow cylinders do not reduce to those of semi-infinite hollow cylinders. We conclude by saying that this same analysis can be extended to spherical co-ordinates heat conduction.
Eカードをゲーム理論で分析
Eカードをゲーム理論で分析
Youtube
前半
https://youtu.be/Wq-7nTYS_tM
後半
https://youtu.be/SSN3SZH95Mg
ニコニコ動画
前半
https://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm40805977
後半
https://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm40806052
Lecture Notes: EEEC4340318 Instrumentation and Control Systems - Stability a...
This document discusses stability and the Routh-Hurwitz condition for determining stability of linear systems from their transfer functions. It begins by defining stability as a system having bounded outputs for bounded inputs. It then introduces the Routh-Hurwitz condition, which provides a necessary and sufficient test for stability by examining the signs of coefficients in a constructed table, without needing to find the system poles. The document proceeds to describe in detail how to construct the Routh-Hurwitz table and apply the condition to determine if a system is stable based on the number of sign changes in the first column of the table.
Similar to heat exchanger design formula Sheet (20)
Industrial Instrumentation-Mathematical Expressions.pdf
Industrial Instrumentation-Mathematical Expressions.pdf
Equations_2_Industrial Instrumentation - Pressure Measurement Important Equat...
Equations_2_Industrial Instrumentation - Pressure Measurement Important Equat...
Industrial instrumentation flow measurement important equations
Industrial instrumentation flow measurement important equations
Equations_3_Industrial Instrumentation - Temperature & Level Measurement Impo...
Equations_3_Industrial Instrumentation - Temperature & Level Measurement Impo...
Eqautions_1_Industrial Instrumentation - Flow Measurement Important Equations...
Eqautions_1_Industrial Instrumentation - Flow Measurement Important Equations...
18 me54 turbo machines module 03 question no 6a & 6b
18 me54 turbo machines module 03 question no 6a & 6b
IIT-JEE Mains 2016 Online Previous Question Paper Day 1
IIT-JEE Mains 2016 Online Previous Question Paper Day 1
Federated Tensor Factorization for Computational Phenotyping
Federated Tensor Factorization for Computational Phenotyping
RADIAL HEAT CONDUCTION SOLVED USING THE INTEGRAL EQUATION .pdf
RADIAL HEAT CONDUCTION SOLVED USING THE INTEGRAL EQUATION .pdf
Lecture Notes: EEEC4340318 Instrumentation and Control Systems - Stability a...
Lecture Notes: EEEC4340318 Instrumentation and Control Systems - Stability a...
Recently uploaded
Accounting for Restricted Grants When and How To Record Properly
In this webinar, member learned how to stay in compliance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) for restricted grants.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptx
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin 🙏🤓🤔🥰
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
Practical manual for National Examination Council, Nigeria.
Contains guides on answering questions on the specimens provided
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"National Information Standards Organization (NISO)
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 8 - CẢ NĂM - FRIENDS PLUS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (B...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 8 - CẢ NĂM - FRIENDS PLUS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (B...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/nrwz52lilmrw6m5kqeqn83q6vbdp8yzpTHE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
مصحف أحرف الخلاف للقراء العشرةأعد أحرف الخلاف بالتلوين وصلا سمير بسيوني غفر الله له
Benner "Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers"
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Bossa N’ Roll Records by Ismael Vazquez.
Bossa N Roll Records presentation by Izzy Vazquez for Music Retail and Distribution class at Full Sail University
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Wound healing PPT
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
skeleton System.pdf (skeleton system wow)
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
Recently uploaded (20)
Accounting for Restricted Grants When and How To Record Properly
Accounting for Restricted Grants When and How To Record Properly
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptx
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptx
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 8 - CẢ NĂM - FRIENDS PLUS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (B...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 8 - CẢ NĂM - FRIENDS PLUS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (B...
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
SWOT analysis in the project Keeping the Memory @live.pptx
SWOT analysis in the project Keeping the Memory @live.pptx
heat exchanger design formula Sheet
- 2. 1 - For plane wall UA= ଵ ோ௧ = ൬ 2 - For a tubular pipe ଵ భ భ ା ା ൰ ಲ ಼ಲ ಲ UA= ܷ ܣ = ܷ ܣ = ଵ ோ௧ = ቌ భ ା ಲ ଵ ೝ ൬ బ ൰ ೝ భ ା ቍ మഏ಼ బ ಲబ 3 – For a unclean surface(Fouling /scaling) ∆ࢀ࢙ ࡽ = ࡾ࢙ = ࢎ = ࢙ ࡾࢌ ࡾ࢙ ୀࡿࢉࢇࢍ ࢘ࢋ࢙࢚ࢇࢉࢋ ∆ࢀ࢙ ୀࢀࢋ ࢍ࢘ࢇࢊࢋ࢚ ࢇࢉ࢙࢙࢘ ࢛ࢉࢋࢇ ࢙࢛࢘ࢌࢇࢉࢋ 4 – For a fouled surfaces = ܜ܀ ܑ ۯ ܑܐ ۹ܑۯ + Q = hA [1 - + + ܟ܀ ܑ ܀ R ୵ = Wall resistance ܐ ۯ 5 – Overall heat transfer (taking efficiency in account) (1 - Ƞ )] ∆T 6 – Overall heat transfer coefficient ܷ = ܗۯ ାܗ ۯ ܑ ۯȠ ܑܐ ଵ ܀ ܀ ۯ ܟ ܀ା ܑ ܗା ܗା ܑ ۯȠ Ƞ ܐ ۯ
- 3. *a=m(table)
- 5. = In case of multipass arrangement Ft= Correction Factor
- 6. Temperature Effectiveness : Series Coupling over all counter flow ܶଵଶ ܶଵଵ ܶଶଶ A ܶଶଵ ܲଵ = ܼଵ = ்భమ ି ்భభ ்మమ ି ்భభ ܲଵ = ܶଵଷ B ଵ –ோభ భಲ ଵ –ோభ భಳ = ଵ – భಳ ்మమ ି ்భయ ்మభ ି ்భభ ்మయ ି ்భయ ்మమ ି ்భమ ܶଶଵ ܲଵ = ்మయ ି ்భమ ் ௗ ு = ܶଶଷ ்భయ ି ்భమ ் ௗ௩ௗ௨ ௨ௗ ଵ – భಲ ܶଵଵ = ்భమ ି ்భభ ்భయ ି ்భభ C ்భయ ି ்భభ ்మయ ି ்భభ = ்మమ ି ்మభ ்మయ ି ்మభ ܶଵଷ ܶଶଷ
- 7. ଵ – భ ଵ –ோభ భ = ଵ – భಲ ଵ –ோభ భಲ × ଵ – భಳ ଵ –ோభ భಳ = ்మయ ି ்భయ ்మభ ି ்భభ General formula for ܲଵ ܲଵ = For R=1 ∏ ( ଵିோభ భಲ )ି ∏ ( ଵିభಲ ) సభ సభ ∏ ( ଵିோభ భಲ ) ି ோభ ∏ ( ଵିభಲ ) సభ సభ Pଵ = ∑ ൭ ୀଵ ುభಲ ൫భషುభಲ ൯ ುభಲ ൨ ଵା∑ సభ ൫భషು భಲ ൯ ൱൩ Series Coupling overall parallel flow ܶଵଶ ܶଵଵ ܶଶଶ ܶଶଵ ܲଵ = ଵ ଵାோభ ܶଵଷ ܶଶଷ ܶଵଵ ܶଶଵ ሼ1 − ∏ ሾ1 − (1 + ܴ)ܲଵ ሿሽ ୀଵ NTU = ∑ ܷܰܶଵ ୀଵ
- 8. DOUBLE PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER Counter Flow ( Cold-Tube Side , Hot- Shell Side) (ଵି) = (ଵିோ) ∆ܶ = ଵ ே் = ் ି ்ೠ ்ೠ ି ் (் ି ் ) (ோିଵ) (ோିଵ) ݈݊ቀ1−ܲቁ ܴܲ ቀ భషು ቁ ುೃ NTܷ = ோ For n- pass heat exchangers 1- Cold fluid in parallel and hot fluid in series flow ߠ= భൗ భ ) భషುೃ) (( ೃ ( ିଵ) భ ൗ భ ൗ ቌଵିೃ ቍାೃ 2- Cold fluid in series and hot fluid in parallel flow ߠ= (ଵିோ)⁄ (ଵିோ)ቀ భ ቁ భషು భ ାோ൩
- 9. CHARTS