Heat
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Heat is energy in transit that is transferred from one object to another due to a temperature difference. It becomes the internal energy of the receiving body. Internal energy is the sum of all kinetic and potential energies within a body, and increases as temperature rises due to atoms moving farther apart. Temperature can be defined microscopically as the average kinetic energy of molecules or macroscopically as a measure of hotness and coldness. When heated, substances expand in size due to increased vibrational motion of atoms, known as thermal expansion which can be linear, areal, or volumetric as it changes length, area, or volume respectively.
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Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between objects due to a temperature difference. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance and is measured using a thermometer. Heat is transferred between objects via conduction, convection, or radiation. Thermal expansion occurs when the temperature of an object increases, causing the particles to vibrate faster and the object to expand in length, area, or volume. Energy exists in various forms and can be transferred and transformed between forms, but the total energy in a closed system remains constant according to the law of conservation of energy.
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This document discusses concepts related to thermodynamics including:
- Kinetic molecular theory explains heat in terms of molecular motion rather than a fluid called "caloric."
- Internal energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energy of all particles in a substance due to their motion and interactions. Temperature is proportional to average kinetic energy.
- Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between objects of different temperature, while internal energy is the thermal energy contained within an object.
- Thermal equilibrium occurs when objects are at the same temperature so there is no net heat transfer between them. Heat transfer can occur via conduction, convection, or radiation.
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The document discusses several topics in thermodynamics including:
- Kinetic molecular theory which explains that matter is made of atoms and molecules in constant motion and heat is the energy from this motion.
- Internal energy which is the sum of kinetic and potential energy of particles due to their vibrations and motions. Higher temperatures mean faster particles and more internal energy.
- Heat which refers to energy transferred between objects due to temperature differences. An object's internal energy is not the same as the heat it possesses.
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Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the study of heat and thermal energy. The document discusses several key concepts in thermodynamics including:
- Kinetic molecular theory explains that matter is made up of atoms and molecules in constant motion, with higher temperatures resulting from faster atomic motions.
- Internal energy is the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of all particles in a system due to their random motions. Temperature is proportional to average kinetic energy.
- Heat is the transfer of internal energy between objects due to a temperature difference, while internal energy is the total thermal energy of a single object.
- Temperature scales like Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin relate to molecular kinetic energy and absolute zero, the coldest possible temperature
Heat transfer
Energy exists in multiple forms including potential, kinetic, internal, heat, and radiant energy. Heat transfer occurs through conduction, convection and radiation. Conduction involves the direct contact of molecules to transfer thermal energy. Convection is the transfer of heat by the mass motion of molecules through a fluid. Radiation transfers heat through electromagnetic waves without direct contact between objects.
20- Explain the difference between temperature and heat- Also- state w.docx
20. Explain the difference between temperature and heat. Also, state what determines the direction of heat transfer.
Solution
Heat ( Q ) is energy. It is the total amount of energy possessed by the molecules in a piece of matter. units - Joules.
Temperature ( T ) is not energy. It relates to the average energy of microscopic motions of a single particle in the system per degree of freedom. units - Kelvin (K), Celsius (C) or Fahrenheit (F).
heat is a measurement of energy. All molecules contain some amount of kinetic energy, that is to say, they have some intrinsic motion. The hotter an object is, the faster the motion of the molecules inside it. Thus, the heat of an object is the total energy of all the molecular motion inside that object. Temperature, on the other hand, is a measure of the average heat or thermal energy of the molecules in a substance.
The fundamental difference between heat and temperature is slight but significant, heat is the overall energy of the molecular motion, whereas temperature is the average energy of the molecular motion.
heat will always flow from a hotter to a cooler object. Heat is energy transferred due to thermal contact. the hot thing has to be losing energy, and the cold thing has to be gaining energy. That means that heat is flowing from hot to cold.
.
Temperature and heat
This document discusses the difference between temperature and heat. It defines temperature as a physical property that underlies perceptions of hot and cold, with higher temperature meaning greater molecular kinetic energy. Heat is defined as energy transferred between bodies or systems due to a temperature difference. The document also discusses different temperature scales like Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin and the types of molecular motion and energy, including translational, vibrational, and rotational energy of molecules. It aims to distinguish temperature and heat which are often confused but related concepts regarding thermal energy.
HEAT.pptx
Heat is defined scientifically as the flow of energy between two systems through the kinetic energy of particles. Heat energy is transferred from warmer objects to cooler ones as particles bounce into each other. All matter contains heat energy, and the higher the heat energy, the hotter the temperature. While heat is a form of energy, temperature is a measure of the energy within a single system - adding heat increases temperature by providing more energy, while removing heat lowers it. Heat is measured in joules or calories, with one calorie being the energy to raise one gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
Biological thermodynamics
Thermodynamic laws describe the flows and interchanges of heat, energy and matter.
Almost all chemical and biochemical processes are as a result of transformation of energy.
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This document discusses concepts related to energy and heat. It defines temperature and explains that temperature is related to the kinetic energy of atoms and molecules. It explores the relationship between energy, work, and heat, noting that heat refers to the transfer of energy between systems with a temperature difference. The document also discusses historical theories of heat and caloric and introduces the modern idea that heat is related to the motion of particles and internal energy of a system.
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The document discusses the differences between heat and temperature. While heat and temperature often increase together, they are not the same. Temperature is related to the kinetic energy of molecules, whereas heat is the transfer of energy. An increase in heat can cause a rise in temperature through increased molecular motion. However, heat can also be absorbed through a change of state without changing the temperature, with the energy instead going to potential molecular energies. In summary, heat and temperature are commonly but incorrectly thought to be the same, as temperature depends on kinetic energy while heat is energy in transit that can impact either kinetic or potential molecular energies.
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1) Kinetic molecular theory explains heat in terms of the motion of atoms and molecules, replacing the earlier caloric theory.
2) Internal energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energy of particles in a substance due to their vibrations and movements. Temperature is proportional to average kinetic energy.
3) The three main methods of heat transfer are conduction (direct contact), convection (currents in fluids), and radiation (electromagnetic waves emitted by all objects).
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Warming the Earth's Atmosphere: Causes, Effects, and Solutions
The phenomenon of atmospheric warming, commonly referred to as global warming or climate change, has emerged as one of the most pressing environmental challenges of our time. It is primarily driven by human activities that increase the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to significant and potentially irreversible changes in climate patterns. This essay explores the causes, effects, and potential solutions to this critical issue.
Causes of Atmospheric Warming
The primary cause of atmospheric warming is the enhanced greenhouse effect, which occurs when certain gases in the Earth's atmosphere trap heat from the sun. The most significant greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O), and fluorinated gases. Human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have dramatically increased the levels of these gases. Key contributors include:
Burning of Fossil Fuels: The combustion of coal, oil, and natural gas for energy and transportation is the largest source of CO₂ emissions.
Deforestation: Trees absorb CO₂, and large-scale deforestation reduces the planet's capacity to absorb this greenhouse gas, while the burning and decomposition of trees release additional CO₂.
Agriculture: Agricultural practices, such as livestock farming, produce significant amounts of methane and nitrous oxide.
Industrial Processes: Various industrial activities release GHGs, including the production of cement, steel, and chemicals.
Effects of Atmospheric Warming
The impacts of atmospheric warming are profound and widespread, affecting natural ecosystems and human societies globally. Some of the most significant effects include:
Rising Temperatures: Global average temperatures have increased, leading to more frequent and intense heatwaves. This can result in health problems, reduced agricultural yields, and increased energy demand.
Melting Polar Ice and Glaciers: Higher temperatures cause the melting of ice in polar regions and glaciers, contributing to sea level rise. This threatens coastal communities with increased flooding and erosion.
Ocean Acidification: The absorption of excess CO₂ by the oceans leads to acidification, which adversely affects marine life, particularly organisms with calcium carbonate shells or skeletons.
Extreme Weather Events: There is an increase in the frequency and severity of extreme weather events such as hurricanes, droughts, and heavy rainfall. These events can cause significant damage to infrastructure, disrupt food and water supplies, and displace populations.
Ecosystem Disruption: Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns can alter habitats and affect biodiversity, leading to shifts in species distributions and the potential extinction of vulnerable species.
Solutions to Mitigate Atmospheric Warming
Addressing atmospheric warming requires a multi-faceted approach that combines mitigat
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- 1. CHAPTER # 11 HEAT (L#01) Topics of lecture 01: Heat, Internal Energy & Temperature. Temperature Scales. Thermal Expansion. Prepared by: Syeda Fatima Rizvi
- 2. HEAT “Energy in transit” “Heat is the internal energy which transfers from one object to another object due to the temperature difference between them” Once the energy is transferred to a body it becomes internal energy of body. Heat is the form of energy. The S.I unit of heat is Joule. The Citizen Foundation College
- 3. HEAT TRANSFER The Citizen Foundation College
- 4. “It is the energy contained in a body. It is the sum of all types of energies possessed by a body” Increase in K.E of a body indicates the change in temperature of body. Increase in P.E of a body indicates the change in state of a body.(increase distance between atoms) For monoatomic or ideal gas, internal energy is only the of K.E because there is no change of state. INTERNAL ENERGY The Citizen Foundation College
- 5. TEMPERATURE Microscopically it is defined as, “The average translator y kinetic energy of molecule” OR “The measure of degree of hotness or coldness of body” The Citizen Foundation College
- 6. Scales of Temperature There are three measuring scales of temperature which are as follows: 1. Kelvin. 2. Centigrade. 3. Fahrenheit. The Citizen Foundation College
- 7. Temperature Conversing Scale The Citizen Foundation College
- 8. THERMAL EXPANSION “The increase in size of substance when heated known as thermal expansion” Types of Thermal Expansion 1. Linear Expansion(change in length) 2. Areal Expansion(change in length & height) 3. Volumetric Expansion(change in length, height and depth) The Citizen Foundation College
- 9. LINEAR EXPANSION DEFINITION: “The increase in length on heating is called linear thermal expansion” It is one dimension expansion. The Citizen Foundation College
- 10. VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION DEFINITION: “The increase in volume of substance on heating is called volumetric thermal expansion” It is three dimensional expansion. The Citizen Foundation College