Healthier Life and More Fun? Users' Motivations to Apply Activity Tracking Technology and the Impact of Gamification

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The document discusses physical inactivity and ways to increase physical activity levels using gamification. It presents results from interviews and an online survey of 942 fitness tracker users. Reaction-based notifications that provide step count updates were found to be motivating. Gamification elements like challenges and competitions that allow users to compare progress against others were also found to increase enjoyment and motivate users to be more active. While users were motivated by both intrinsic factors like learning and enjoyment as well as extrinsic rewards, intrinsic motivation had a stronger influence on behavior. The discussion considers how gamification can motivate physical activity but may not directly translate to increased activity levels and whether impacts are sustained over time.

Healthier Life and More Fun?
Linda Schaffarczyk & Aylin Ilhan | Department Information Science|Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany

Physical inactivity [...] has been identified as the fourth leading
risk factor for global mortality [...]. [1]
[1] World Health Organization (n.d.). Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity, and Health. Physical Inactivity: A Global Public Health Problem.
Retrieved from https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_inactivity/en/
2

Physical inactivity [...] has been identified as the fourth leading
risk factor for global mortality [...].
Transport
[1]
[1] World Health Organization (n.d.). Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity, and Health. Physical Inactivity: A Global Public Health Problem.
Retrieved from https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_inactivity/en/
2

Physical inactivity [...] has been identified as the fourth leading
risk factor for global mortality [...].
TransportJob
[1]
[1] World Health Organization (n.d.). Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity, and Health. Physical Inactivity: A Global Public Health Problem.
Retrieved from https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_inactivity/en/
2

Physical inactivity [...] has been identified as the fourth leading
risk factor for global mortality [...].
TransportJob
Leisure Time
[1]
[1] World Health Organization (n.d.). Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity, and Health. Physical Inactivity: A Global Public Health Problem.
Retrieved from https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_inactivity/en/
2

"Great! Only 1890 steps left
to reach your daily step goal“
3

"Great! Only 1890 steps left
to reach your daily step goal“
“You reached your daily step
goal!“
3

Gamification
... is the use of game design elements
in non-game contexts.
Ranking
Challenge
[2]
[2] Deterding, S., Dixon, D., Khaled, R., & Nacke, L. (2011). From game design elements to gamefulness: Defining “Gamification”. In
Proceedings of the 15th International Academic MindTreck Conference: Envisioning Future Media Environments, September 28 – 30,
2011, Tampere, Finland (pp. 9–15). New York, NY: ACM. doi:10.1145/2181037.2181040. 4

Gamification
Acceptance Service
Quality
5

Gamification
Acceptance Service
Quality
Trust
Data Privacy
5

Diffusion
Do the reaction-based device functionalities motivate
users to be physically active?
6

Diffusion
Do the reaction-based device functionalities motivate
users to be physically active?
Does the gamification element challenge motivate
users?
6

Interviews
1
2
Online Survey
N = 942
Self-Determination Theory
Likert Scale
8

Interviews
1
2
Online Survey
N = 942
Self-Determination Theory
Likert Scale
3
Data Preparation
N = 689
8

RQ1a
Do the reaction-based device
functionalities motivate users to be
physically active?

"Great! Only 1890 steps left
to reach your daily step goal“
Motivating
Median 5 (Somewhat Agree); N=673
11

"Great! Only 1890 steps left
to reach your daily step goal“
Motivating
Median 5 (Somewhat Agree); N=673
Median 4 (Neither ... Nor ...); N=673
Moving
11

RQ2
Does the gamification element challenge
motivate users?

Median 6 (Agree); N=413
More active
“You overtook Marie, with
500 steps.“
13

Median 6 (Agree); N=413
More active
Behavior
Change
Median 5 (Somewhat Agree); N=413
“You overtook Marie, with
500 steps.“
13

Median 6 (Agree); N=413
Enjoyment
“You overtook Marie, with
500 steps.“
14

RQ3
Are users intrinsically or extrinsically
motivated to use a fitness tracker?
vs.

Enjoyment
Median 6 (Agree); N=675
Intrinsic
16

Median 5 (Somewhat Agree); N=675
Median 6 (Agree); N=675
Coherent
Intrinsic
16
Enjoyment

Intrinsic
Learn sth.
new
Median 5 (Somewhat Agree); N=675
17

Extrinsic
Rewarded
Median 6 (Agree); N=675
18

Extrinsic
Rewarded
Median 2 (Disagree); N=675
Median 6 (Agree); N=675
Approval
18

10,000 Steps
a Day
Motivated
vs.
Active
Be active!
20

10,000 Steps
a Day
Motivated
vs.
Active
Be active!
Impact
20

ANY QUESTIONS?
aylin.ilhan@hhu.de
linda.schaffarczyk@hhu.de

References:
[1] World Health Organization (n.d.). Global
Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity, and Health.
Physical Inactivity: A Global Public Health Problem.
Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_i
nactivity/en/
[2] Deterding, S., Dixon, D., Khaled, R., & Nacke, L.
(2011). From game design elements to gamefulness:
Defining “Gamification”. In Proceedings of the 15th
International Academic MindTreck Conference:
Envisioning Future Media Environments, September
28 – 30, 2011, Tampere, Finland (pp. 9–15). New
York, NY: ACM. doi:10.1145/2181037.2181040.

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Healthier Life and More Fun? Users' Motivations to Apply Activity Tracking Technology and the Impact of Gamification

1. Healthier Life and More Fun? Linda Schaffarczyk & Aylin Ilhan | Department Information Science|Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany

2. MOTIVATION

3. Physical inactivity [...] has been identified as the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality [...]. [1] [1] World Health Organization (n.d.). Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity, and Health. Physical Inactivity: A Global Public Health Problem. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_inactivity/en/ 2

4. Physical inactivity [...] has been identified as the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality [...]. [1] [1] World Health Organization (n.d.). Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity, and Health. Physical Inactivity: A Global Public Health Problem. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_inactivity/en/ 2

5. Physical inactivity [...] has been identified as the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality [...]. Transport [1] [1] World Health Organization (n.d.). Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity, and Health. Physical Inactivity: A Global Public Health Problem. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_inactivity/en/ 2

6. Physical inactivity [...] has been identified as the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality [...]. TransportJob [1] [1] World Health Organization (n.d.). Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity, and Health. Physical Inactivity: A Global Public Health Problem. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_inactivity/en/ 2

7. Physical inactivity [...] has been identified as the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality [...]. TransportJob Leisure Time [1] [1] World Health Organization (n.d.). Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity, and Health. Physical Inactivity: A Global Public Health Problem. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_inactivity/en/ 2

8. 3

9. 3

10. 3

11. 3

12. 3

13. "Great! Only 1890 steps left to reach your daily step goal“ 3

14. "Great! Only 1890 steps left to reach your daily step goal“ “You reached your daily step goal!“ 3

15. "Great! Only 1890 steps left to reach your daily step goal“ “You reached your daily step goal!“ 3

16. “You overtook Marie, with 500 steps.“ 3

17. “You overtook Marie, with 500 steps.“ 3

18. Gamification ... is the use of game design elements in non-game contexts. Ranking Challenge [2] [2] Deterding, S., Dixon, D., Khaled, R., & Nacke, L. (2011). From game design elements to gamefulness: Defining “Gamification”. In Proceedings of the 15th International Academic MindTreck Conference: Envisioning Future Media Environments, September 28 – 30, 2011, Tampere, Finland (pp. 9–15). New York, NY: ACM. doi:10.1145/2181037.2181040. 4

19. 5

20. Gamification 5

21. Gamification Acceptance 5

22. Gamification Acceptance Service Quality 5

23. Gamification Acceptance Service Quality Trust Data Privacy 5

24. 6

25. Diffusion Do the reaction-based device functionalities motivate users to be physically active? 6

26. Diffusion Do the reaction-based device functionalities motivate users to be physically active? Does the gamification element challenge motivate users? 6

27. Diffusion Do the reaction-based device functionalities motivate users to be physically active? Does the gamification element challenge motivate users? Are users intrinsically or extrinsically motivated to use a fitness tracker? vs. 6

28. METHODS

29. Interviews 1 8

30. Interviews 1 2 Online Survey N = 942 Self-Determination Theory Likert Scale 8

31. Interviews 1 2 Online Survey N = 942 Self-Determination Theory Likert Scale 3 Data Preparation N = 689 8

32. RESULTS

33. RQ1a Do the reaction-based device functionalities motivate users to be physically active?

34. "Great! Only 1890 steps left to reach your daily step goal“ Motivating Median 5 (Somewhat Agree); N=673 11

35. "Great! Only 1890 steps left to reach your daily step goal“ Motivating Median 5 (Somewhat Agree); N=673 Median 4 (Neither ... Nor ...); N=673 Moving 11

36. RQ2 Does the gamification element challenge motivate users?

37. Median 6 (Agree); N=413 More active “You overtook Marie, with 500 steps.“ 13

38. Median 6 (Agree); N=413 More active Behavior Change Median 5 (Somewhat Agree); N=413 “You overtook Marie, with 500 steps.“ 13

39. Median 6 (Agree); N=413 Enjoyment “You overtook Marie, with 500 steps.“ 14

40. RQ3 Are users intrinsically or extrinsically motivated to use a fitness tracker? vs.

41. Enjoyment Median 6 (Agree); N=675 Intrinsic 16

42. Median 5 (Somewhat Agree); N=675 Median 6 (Agree); N=675 Coherent Intrinsic 16 Enjoyment

43. Intrinsic Learn sth. new Median 5 (Somewhat Agree); N=675 17

44. Extrinsic Rewarded Median 6 (Agree); N=675 18

45. Extrinsic Rewarded Median 2 (Disagree); N=675 Median 6 (Agree); N=675 Approval 18

46. DISCUSSION

47. 10,000 Steps a Day 20

48. 10,000 Steps a Day Motivated vs. Active Be active! 20

49. 10,000 Steps a Day Motivated vs. Active Be active! Impact 20

50. Intrinsic 21

51. Intrinsic Extrinsic 21

52. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

53. ANY QUESTIONS? aylin.ilhan@hhu.de linda.schaffarczyk@hhu.de

54. References: [1] World Health Organization (n.d.). Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity, and Health. Physical Inactivity: A Global Public Health Problem. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_i nactivity/en/ [2] Deterding, S., Dixon, D., Khaled, R., & Nacke, L. (2011). From game design elements to gamefulness: Defining “Gamification”. In Proceedings of the 15th International Academic MindTreck Conference: Envisioning Future Media Environments, September 28 – 30, 2011, Tampere, Finland (pp. 9–15). New York, NY: ACM. doi:10.1145/2181037.2181040.

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