Quantified Self meets Responsive Ambient Intelligence

THE SMART
PLAY
Responsive Ambient Intelligent Spaces
in the Workplace

OBJECTIVE
How Ambient Intelligence Technologies and Quantified Self Technologies
can be used in creating a healthier, more efficient workplace and boost
productivity of office workers.

THE PROBLEM
● Rising Health Issues…
● Health Risks affecting productivity + cost
● Talent Acquisition increasingly competitive as pace of Innovation grows

HYPOTHESIS
Lower Cost
of Healthcare
Higher
Productivity of
workers
Health of
workers
Responsive
Ambient Intelligent
workspace
$$$
Profit

OFFICE WORKER’S
HEALTH & PRODUCTIVITY
Employee health and wellbeing has its most obvious effect on organisational productivity
through avoidable employee absence on sick or compensation leave. <...> Poor employee health
and wellbeing has an indirect effect on productivity through reduced employee engagement
levels. (Australian Public Service Commission, 2012)

Current situation worldwide is associated with
● Sedentary lifestyles
● Diminished spaces
● Lack of opportunities for physical activity
● A consequent surge in related non-communicable diseases.
(World Health Organizations, 2002)

Physical Inactivity is estimated to be responsible for some 3.2
million deaths globally every year, as a result of disease such as
heart ailments, cancer and diabetes. (World Health Organization, 2002)

● Obesity
● Cancer
● Heart ailments
● Diabetes
● Metabolic syndrome
● Blood pressure
● High blood sugar
● Excess body fat around the waist
● Cardiovascular disease
● Cancer
● Abnormal cholesterol levels.
(Mayoclinic.org, 2014)
(Figure: Loeppke et al., 2009)
Physical Inactivity Leads to Many Costly Diseases

(Figure: Klachefsky, 2012)
Workers who are absent from work, less involved at work, or not being able to work at all affect the business’s overall
performance + businesses have to spend more on healthcare.

Healthcare costs are rising every year1, to solve the problem companies are
looking at ways on how to improve workers health.
Most common practices include:
● creating on-site fitness facilities
● implementing weight-loss programs
● initiating smoking cessation programs
● introducing personal health coaching
● providing online resources on healthier living. (Kwoh, 2014)
The results are as following:
● medical costs fall by about $3.27 for every dollar spent on wellness programs
● absenteeism costs fall by about $2.73 for every dollar spent. (Baicker, Cutler and Song,
2010)
1 See Appendix A for more information on rising healthcare costs

HOW COMPANIES ARE CUTTING ON HEALTH CARE
COSTS
Progressive
Insurance
25,000 employees
● onsite Fitness Centre
● Weight Watchers
reimbursement
program
● yoga
● boot camp classes
● personal training
● smoking cessation
program
Twitter
1,000 employees
● onsite yoga
● pilates
● Wing Chun Kung Fu
● CrossFit
● onsite massages
● acupuncture sessions
TELUS
26,000 employees
● internal fitness facilities
cardio equipment
● weight rooms
● group fitness classes
● on-site massage
reflexology
● mental health support
(Evans, 2014)

Designed by artist Robb Godshaw
and Instructables Developer Will
Doenlen:
“Numerous esteemed experts agree
that standing is better than sitting and
that walking is better than standing.
<...> Rise up, sedentary sentients,
and unleash that untapped potential
within by marching endlessly towards
a brilliant future of focused work.”
(Bushak, 2014)

HOW COMPANIES ARE CUTTING ON HEALTH CARE
COSTS
BY USING QS AND AT
BP Million Step Challenge(Hr.bpglobal.com, 2014)
● enroll
● get FitBit
● mark million step
● get points trade point into tangible goods
Ideo Fitbit Collaboration
(OpenIDEO, 2012)
Competition between companies in
their activity.

Consumer Quantified Self Devices
● Products in this category are mostly focused on a consumer target segment (Endeavour Partners, 2014a;
2014b)
● Popularity of the devices has risen in the past year (Gartner.com, 2014)
● Quantified Self technology is converging with the Smartphone (Woodward, 2014)
● Continued engagement is still an issue 1
● Data heavy dashboards are not effective at engaging the user (Endeavour Partners, 2014a; 2014b)
● Connecting Quantified Self systems to Ambient Intelligent Technology to create Responsive
Ambient Intelligent Spaces that offer feedback to the user in the physical environment provides
a potentially compelling solution that we would like to explore.
1. See Appendix C for more information on continued engagement with Wearables

Two of the researchers involved in this project (Meera Adhia and Johanan Sen) used
wearable activity trackers to evaluate the types of data Quantified Self platforms can
collect
Two makes of wearable devices were used, which were selected due to their popularity:
● Fitbit Flex
● Jawbone Up
The data was then downloaded in CSV format from Fitbit’s
and Jawbone’s web applications.1
Data Output Test
1. See Appendix D for CSV files

AMBIENT INTELLIGENCE
Technology has moved away from being dependent on a specific user interface. It is now
dependent on user’s natural actions and behaviours in its nature: gesture communication,
expression, movements, and senses. (Valli, 2007)

Delivers ambient sound into the office space through hided in the ceiling void speakers. The sound is
designed to be unobtrusive (much like air conditioning) so workers are not aware of it1. Maintaining this
sound level maximises productivity by reducing distraction and interruption between collaborating and
solo focused workers and maximises acoustic comfort by increasing speech privacy(Linkedin.com, 2014).It
provides a perfect sound in all of the zones of the office.(45dB Systems Pty Ltd, n.d.)
SoftdB Adaptive Sound Conditioning
1 See Appendix F for more information on the SoftdB System.
(SoftdB, 2012)

Case Study: Responsive environments at the
Department of Industrial Design
of the Eindhoven University of Technology1
A smart office environment with an environment controller
“EmDis”, an adaptive desk “Equinox”, a desk lamp “Flux”,
and a tea maker “Zutea”.The system is a solution for
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) by implementing
Curcadian Rhythm studies.
In our research we found the Equinox desk’s lighting and
adaptive qualities interesting but decided to employ a more
measured approach focused on lighting that could have
multiple applications in a modern office spaces.
1. See Appendix B for more information

Circadian Rhythm in Workplaces
Figure. 1 Circadian Rhythm sycles. (Pyroenergen.com, n.d.)
Light affects the rhythms of physiology and
behaviour. When eye’s retina lacks light
intake, the brain is activated towards the
sleeping mode. (Dijk and Archer, 2009)
Because of lack of daylight in some
Northern countries, Circadian Rhytm has to
be implemented into planning for the office
space.

COLOUR THEORY
An extensive body of research evidence indicates that the way people feel can strongly
influence the way they think and the way they behave (cf. Isen,1987). More specifically, this
evidence suggests that even mild shifts in affect (especially shifts in the direction of
increased positive or pleasant feelings) can alter several aspects of cognition and several
forms of interpersonal behaviour.

Vision
Of the five senses, vision plays the most important role since it is typically the primary sense we use to
make a judgment about an object, environment or setting. (Kopacz, 93)
Sight has the ability to stimulate other areas of the brain – vision is the eye and the brain working
together.(Kopacz, 93)
Hence, an analog visualization of the quantified self was thought to be the most appropriate trigger in
our quest for a responsive ambience vis-a-vis other senses such as smell, sound or temperature.
[Researchers discovered that in the retinas of our eyes, we have not only rod and cone cells to permit vision, but we also have cells that are
directly linked to centers in the brain for circadian biorhythms, such as sleep and hormone cycles. These photosensitive retinal ganglion cells
(known as PRGC) respond differently to different wavelengths of light. When light in the blue wavelength (around 480 mm) strikes the PRGC,
which regulates sleep cycles, it produces less melatonin. As a result, we feel more energetic and less prone to be sleepy. When light low or free
of blue wavelengths strikes the PRGC, we produce melatonin and are more likely to sleep.] (MindBodyGreen, 2013)

The Interface between Colour and Human Response
Over 60% of a first visual impression is dependent upon color.
Color often is the only factor that influences a person’s opinion. (Kopacz, 93)
Hence the colours can be used to stimulate visual senses and alter behaviour.
Fields considered in Research:
● Color is a wavelength of light or a visual observation that enables one to distinguish objects and is
a powerful design element (Read, 2003).
● Color psychology is a study of color and how humans interact with it in their environments.
Research of color psychology also includes experiments and “evaluated” responses from humans.
(Whitfield & Wiltshire, 1990)
● Lighting is both illumination and artificial equipment used to supply lighting. (Garris, 2005)

A Brief Review of Academic Literature and Research -
Colour, Colour Psychology and Preferences
● Color can influence an individual’s physiological response and give them a feeling of well-
being. (Mahnke, 1996)
● Color affects everyone on a variety of levels, including changes in body chemistry.
When a human looks at color it is a visual element of a designed environment, which stirs up
psychological, physical, and social behaviors. (Malkin, 8 2002)
● The designed/built environment has the ability to positively or negatively influence every activity
in which we are engaged. (Anon, 2014)

Human moods are influenced by color. Podolsky (2004)
In table 2.1, colors are noted by moods, emotions, and other factors.
Table 2.1. Wellman Chart Of Colors and their Associated Emotions: How to Charm with Color by Podolsky (2004).
(COLOR AND LIGHTING SCHEMES FOR A HOSPICE FACILITY AIMED AT IMPROVING THE RESIDENTS’ QUALITY OF LIFE, 2014)

Colour psychology and associations linked to speciﬁc colours
Symbolic associations of colour are inter-mingled with psychological, physiological, and behavioral
responses. (Theory by Van Wagner)
Red is the colour for courage, strength, and pioneering spirit -active colour
Blue is calming, relaxing, and healing (but) not as sedentary as indigo -passive colour
(Logan-Clarke and Appleby)

Stimulating effects of red and the opposite effects of blue light
Under the influence of Red light, time is likely to be overestimated.
Conversely, under the influence of green or Blue light, time is likely to be underestimated.
(Birren as well Mahnke cite Goldstein’s 1942 study. Kurt Goldstein published The Organism 31 in 1939 and was
considered a highly influential authority on the psychological aspects of colour by Birren).(O'Connor, 2011)
Red is stimulating and energising, therefore, it is helpful for tiredness and lethargy, to stimulate low
blood pressure, to boost sluggish circulation. Red is energising and excites the emotions and can
stimulate the appetite. Similarly, Rewell contends Red stimulates the physical and adrenalin.
Blue causes the body to release tranquilising hormones when it is surveyed, particularly a strong blue
sky and many believe blue can lower blood pressure, slow the pulse rate and decrease body
temperature.(O'Connor, 2011)

Examples of Lighting and spectral distribution
● Health care facilities are now incorporating walls that are constructed of polycarbonate panels
that are backlit with computer controlled LED lights (Burnett). This system has the ability to
introduce a variety of different colors to a room for the well-being of patients. (Anon, 2014)
● In 2000, Glasgow installed blue street lighting in certain neighborhoods and subsequently
reported the anecdotal finding of reduced crime in these areas. This report was picked up by
several news outlets. (Wikipedia, 2014)
● A railroad company in Japan installed blue lighting on its stations in October 2009 in an effort to
reduce the number of suicide.(Wikipedia, 2014)

Color preference, arousal, and the theory of psychological reversals
(For more information, please refer to Appendix G.)
(Walters, Apter and Svebak, 1982)
Long-wavelength colors induce
feelings of high arousal and
short-wavelength colors to
induce feelings of low arousal.
This spectrum was used as a
guide in our prototype design.

PROTOTYPING
Integrated technology should be as simple as possible while delivering the required functions.
This means that the technology is chosen for a particular application not because it is
innovative and groundbreaking, but because it serves its requirements, no matter how simple
they may be. (Alves Lino, Salem and Rauterberg, 2010)

The Prototype: Attempt #1
Scope:
● Employing the use of IFTTT.com, we sought to prove that existing off-the-shelf Quantified Self
and Ambient Intelligent systems could be integrated through the use of their public API’s.
o Proving this would reduce research and development costs of designing and delivering
Responsive Ambient Intelligent spaces, as existing systems can be deployed.
o We also used the Prototyping process to learn more about how these systems work
● On the Quantified Self (Responsive) side, we chose two off-the-shelf products that were the
most popular in their category:
o Fitbit Flex
o Jawbone Up
● On the Ambient Intelligent Systems side, we chose to use the one lighting system in the
category that was commercially available in Singapore, the Phillips Hue, using:
o Phillips Hue Starter Kit
o Along with the companion product: Friends of Hue Lightstrip.

Philips Hue Starter Kit (Photo: Hutchinson, 2012a)

Philips Friends of Hue Lightstrip (Photo: Hutchinson, 2012b)

What worked:
● We managed to create a “Recipe” on the IFTTT app that pulled data from the public API’s of
both Fitbit’s and Jawbone’s platforms.
● The IFTTT app was also able to initiate the following actions on the Hue Bulbs and Lightstrip:
o Pulsate the lights
o Dim or brighten the lights
o Change the colour / hue of a bulb
What did not work:
● There was an 8 minute-lag, due to IFTTT’s server management protocols, designed to prevent
any one user from overwhelming IFTTT’s app or any public API with too many calls.
● The exact API call we wanted, “inactive_time” and “minutesSedentary”, that pulled the
unit of time for which the user had been sedentary. This was not supported by IFTTT.

Scope:
● Employing the same goal of proving that a Responsive Ambient Intelligent System could be
designed around off-the-shelf products and their public API’s
● We explored the idea of hiring a freelance developer through eLance
What did not work:
● This turned out to be too costly, with the most economical quote coming in at around US$20 per
man-hour, with approximately 10-20 hours scoped for integration of a prototype application with
each API.

The Prototype and the Compromise: Attempt #3
Scope:
● By proving public API’s could be used to pull data from Quantified Self systems and be used to initiate an
environmental change through an Ambient Intelligent system, in Attempt #1, we felt we had achieved our
original goal in part.
● In addition we identified the API call in Fitbit’s and Jawbone’s API documentation, to prove the data could
be accessed:
o Fitbit - activities/minutes Sedentary (Wiki.fitbit.com, 2014)
o Jawbone - moves/inactive_time (UP for Developers: Moves, 2014)
● We also chose to simulate the effect we were after, using the Phillips Hue app for iOS and a mock-up of an
open-plan shared workspace that we created.
● We videotaped a scenario that illustrated the effect of a Responsive Ambient Intelligent system in use.
● The results of the above are included in the subsequent slides.

The instinctive reaction of one of our testers was that the red hue generated by our prototype would
encourage him to leave his workstation if this were implemented in his workspace.

Watch this on YouTube:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9FF2caUx290

Privacy in an Environment of Ubiquitous Computing
● Ubiquitous Computing (UC) refers to environments where most physical objects are enhanced
with digital qualities.(Karyda et al., 2009)
● It is in these environments that new fundamental problems with privacy and personal data
protection begin to arise.(Karyda et al., 2009; Mikulecký, 2011)
● The concept of, and need for, privacy can be culture-dependent but there are commonly
accepted basic principles and practices that should be followed. (Karyda et al., 2009)
● In order to design trusted systems it is vital that concerns regarding the privacy of the end user
and any perceived threats be taken into account. (Röcker, 2010)

Recommendations for how to deal with Privacy
in the proposed Ambient Intelligent UC Environment
Based on the Karyda et al’s Basic Principles for Privacy Protection 1 (2009), we recommend against
the collection of data on individual user movements/activities, as it does not meet the principles of:
● Necessity – there are ways around needing to collect data on individual whereabouts and
activities
● Proportionality – the improvement of workspaces should not warrant invasive tracking
The focus should be on the optimization of space
● Communal spaces that encourage/discourage extended periods of sedentary behavior
● Energy efficiency of devices in use
Should not focus on tracking or management of individual behaviours as this can cause:
● Additional friction between employee and employer
● Anxiety and raised stress levels over being monitored, potentially cancelling out the health
benefits of the programme
● Breeds distrust between teams and managers
1. See Appendix E for more on Basic Principles for Privacy Protection in a Ubiquitous Computing Environment

Data Footprint
Analytics Data would be generated from:
● Quantified Self Devices and Systems
● Ambient Intelligence Devices and Systems
● Data obtained from interactions between Quantified Self and Ambient
Intelligence Devices and Systems
o For example: any data collected from software created to integrate
both Quantified Self and Ambient Intelligence Devices and Systems
through the use of their API’s.

Proposed Schema: Tracking of Spaces not People
INTERACTION
ANALYTICS
(APPS + API’s)
Retained and Made Visible to StakeholdersPurged / not shared with Stakeholders
QUANTIFIED SELF
ANALYTICS
ANALYTICAL
DATA
(Quantified Self
Systems)
AMBIENT
INTELLIGENCE
ANALYTICS- Location info.
- Activity Tracking
info.
- Productivity tracking
- Anonymised data
on
use of shared
spaces
- Energy efficiency of
devices + spaces
Actionable Insights
- Cross-system/
platform interactions
Stakeholders = Human Resource and Office Managers put in
charge of optimizing office workspaces

Data + Businesses: Concerns
While there is research available with recommendations on how businesses should ideally manage the personal data of
their employees, many critics and commentators do point out that in a competitive environment, where the pace of
innovation is constantly accelerating, there is a high risk of boundaries being crossed. (Karyda et al., 2009; Mikulecký, 2011; Röcker,
2010; Berinato, 2014; Rudder, 2014)
“Tech loves to push boundaries, and the boundaries keep giving <...> Already data science is generating deep findings that don’t just
describe, but change, how people live. ” (Rudder 2014, p. 232-234)
“The harder companies push, the more craven their policies, the more they screw up in disturbingly visceral ways, the more likely they’ll
be to find themselves rejected by outraged and empowered consumers—and to see their massive investments crushed by a regulator’s
sledgehammer.” (Berinato, 2014)
The pace of technology should not be slowed but these privacy concerns definitely warrant pause when proposing a
new application of technology and design that might have an impact on the individual’s right to privacy

Initial Focus: A Business-To-Business Offering
We recommend an initial focus on offices and workspaces.
● There are larger identifiable problems with physical inactivity in the workplace (as outlined in our
research)
● Cost of Ambient Intelligent Technologies is still too high to form a compelling and accessible
mass-consumer product. (Baicker, Cutler and Song, 2010)
● Larger employers are more likely than others to have the resources and economies of scale
necessary to implement and to achieve broad savings through programmes like the one
proposed here. (Baicker, Cutler and Song, 2010)

Initial Focus: A Business-To-Business Offering
● We would recommend looking at the following industries, where sedentariness is present
amongst employees:
o Financial Services
o Information Technology Companies
o Design-Based Studios
● The proposed Responsive Ambient Intelligent system would also be effective in
shared/communal spaces, where sedentariness is also a concern. The best example would be in
spaces where Meeting Activities take place, which might have the added effect of improving
productivity, as badly planned and loosely-timed meetings have a negative effect on both
metrics. (Romano and Nunamaker Jr, 2001)

Applications in Consumer Products
We would recommend exploring the development of a Mass-Consumer Product involving Quantified
Self and Ambient Intelligence Technologies within the next 1-2 years.
● Cost of devices and components will get cheaper (Strange, 2014)
● Proliferation of Quantified Self technology will be higher (Strange, 2014; Woodward, 2014)
● Software developed for, and lessons learned from, Business-To-Business applications can help
in lowering the research and development costs of a Consumer Product

CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

Conclusion
● Rising levels of Physical Inactivity in Urban Workspaces and Office Environments leads to health
problems that are a growing cause for concern that should be addressed in the design of these
spaces
● Quantified Self technologies have opened up new avenues for Big Data
● Combined with the development of Ambient Intelligent Technologies and Ubiquitous Computing, we
now have the potential to design really compelling Responsive Spaces that can encourage healthier
habits
● This does however race ethical issues for how to deal with personal data protection and privacy,
which needs to be explored in greater depth
● The principles found in colour theory can be used to enhance Responsive Ambient Intelligent
Lighting Systems, encouraging desirable behaviour. Although these principles have been proven in
several academic literature, popular media and group research, new research indicates that not only

Recommendations for Future Research
● In-depth exploration of Privacy issues in applications of Responsive Ambient Intelligent
Technologies, as there are significant concerns and considerations that warrant further
examination (Bohn et al., 2005; Karyda et al., 2009; Mikulecký, 2011)
● Uses of Knowledge management systems with Ambient Intelligence Technologies to benefit
employees.
● More in-depth exploration of how variations in hue and saturation of colour in lighting systems
affect different users.

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APPENDIX A: Rising health care costs facts
● In 2011 52% of adults aged 18 years or older did not meet recommendations for aerobic exercise or
physical activity. 76% did not meet recommendations for muscle-strengthening physical activity.
(Barnes and Schoenborn, 2014)
● Full-time workers in the U.S. who are overweight or obese and have other chronic health conditions miss
an estimated 450 million additional days of work each year compared with healthy workers -- resulting in
an estimated cost of more than $153 billion in lost productivity annually. (Witters and Angrawal, 2011)
● 84% of all health care spending in 2006 was for the 50% of the population who have one or more
chronic medical conditions. (Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 2010)
● The total estimated cost of diagnosed diabetes in 2012 was $245 billion, including $176 billion in direct
medical costs and $69 billion in decreased productivity. (Association and others, 2013)
● Medical costs linked to obesity were estimated to be $147 billion in 2008. Annual medical costs for
people who are obese were $1,429 higher than those for people of normal weight in 2006. (Finkelstein et al.)
2009)

EmDis shows the current status of the
environment in an abstract way. At the
same time allows the user to change and
control the environment with simple
gestures.
1. opening and closing the object.This
corresponds to the openness of the
environment’s atmosphere.
2. heating up and cooling down the
object. This is mapped to the room
temperature and to the lighting’s
colour temperature.
3. speed of the rotation of the core of
the object. It represents the activity
level of the room and influences the
background music.
Equinox is a lighting adaptive office desk
and aims to address the Seasonal
Affective Disorder (SAD syndrome).
The desk improves on the low day-light
intensity and cold colour temperature. It
compensates the cold colour of daylight
in autumn and winter with a warm self-
illumination. It is designed with 2 lighting
elements: the desktop with s diffuse light,
and a movable screen.
Flux lamp stimulates a user to take
a break. Flux measures work
intensity (the number of keystrokes
and mouse events within a
timeframe). It compares this data to
the user’s stored personal break
pattern. In addition,Flux tells the
user whether (s)he is likely to meet
a colleague during the proposed
break.
APPENDIX B: Rising health care costs facts

Appendix C: Sustained Engagement
for Quantified Self Devices
1 in 3 users of a fitness tracker
abandon the device 6 months after
first use.
Just under half abandon the device
12 months after first use.
Sustained engagement is a problem
for this product category.
(Endeavour Partners, 2014a)
(Endeavour Partners, 2014a)

APPENDIX D: CSV Data Output
FILES APPENDED TO THIS DOCUMENT
MeeraAdhia_Fitbit_Output_2014.csv
MeeraAdhia_JawboneUP_Output_2014.csv
JohananSen_Fitbit_Output_2014.csv
JohananSen_JawboneUP_Output_2014.csv

Appendix E: Basic Principles for
Privacy Protection in a UC Environment
A. Necessity: refers to determining the purposes and benefits for identifying individuals or for using
their personal information as well as considerations of possible alternatives.
B. Finality: refers to the collection and use of personal data for specific and explicit purposes,
which must be legitimate. It should not be used for any other purpose.
C. Transparency: the principle of which states that individuals should be aware of these purposes,
as well as of the means used for the collection of their personal information.
D. It follows that the individuals should be notified.
E. Choice / Consent: The principles of which state that, in certain supported cases, individuals
should be able to choose whether they give their consent to the collection and use of their
personal information.
F. Proportionality: refers to the accordance between the type and the extent of personal data that
is collected to the pursued objectives.
(Karyda et al., 2009; Doneda and Viola, 2009)

Appendix F: SoftdB Adaptive Sound Conditioning
“Using the latest expertise and technology combined with traditional physical acoustic treatments
45dB Workplace Acoustics has developed a game-changing Sound Conditioning solution for the
modern workplace.
As air conditioning provides a constant temperature inside no matter what the temperature change
outside, Sound Conditioning provides optimal sound no matter what the activity level within the
space while also providing Comfortable, Productive, Private and highly Flexible workplaces.
• By optimizing ambient sound level we make the open-plan office work properly - staff
can collaborate without interrupting those in quiet focus.
• For cellular space, why build robust and costly partitioning when you can use a less
expensive floor to ceiling demountable, highly flexible partitioning system.” (Linkedin.com, 2014)

Appendix G: Color preference, arousal, and the theory of
psychological reversals
The theory of psychological reversals asserts that there are two levels of preferred felt arousal, one high and one
low. Only one of them is preferred at a given time, although discrete switches (“reversals”) occur from time to time,
so that each level is preferred at different times. In order to document such changes in preferred levels of arousal, 75
subjects were asked to make color preference choices at regular intervals during their working day, some for as
many as 8 days. The assumption was that different colors are arousing or relaxing, and that color choice indicates
arousal preference. The typical patterns of color choices that occurred clearly displayed the expected reversal effect
over time and were considerably more consistent with reversal theory than with optimal arousal theory. In a second
study, 41 new subjects were asked to respond to a simple mood adjective checklist each time they made their color
preference choices. The results strongly supported the association between arousal preference and color preference
and also supported the reversal theory thesis that low arousal preference is associated with seriousness and
planning orientation (all these characterizing the “telic state”), and that high arousal preference is associated with
playfulness and spontaneity (all these characterizing the “paratelic state”). Finally, both studies showed that there is a
systematic tendency for long-wavelength colors to induce feelings of high arousal and for short-wavelength colors to
induce feelings of low arousal.
(Walters, Apter and Svebak, 1982)

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