This document discusses human rights to health care. It defines health and the human right to health according to the WHO. The right to health guarantees universal access, availability, acceptability, quality, and non-discrimination in health care. It must be provided publicly and equitably. Certain groups like women, children, persons with disabilities, migrants, and those with HIV/AIDS have additional considerations for their right to health due to biological or social factors. India also needs the right to health to address its high disease burden, out-of-pocket health costs, and lack of access to quality care.
Right to Health as Fundamental Right in IndiaAnkuran Dutta
This presentation is on inclusion of Health as Fundamental Right in the Constitution of India, the issue raised by Dr Anamika Ray Memorial Trust under its Stop Medical Terrorism Campaign.
The document discusses bioethics and outlines several key concepts:
1. It defines bioethics and traces its origins to ancient texts like the Hippocratic Oath. Important modern documents discussed include the Nuremberg Code and Helsinki Declaration.
2. The four cardinal principles of bioethics - autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice - are explained. Autonomy and informed consent are emphasized.
3. Physician duties and obligations to patients, colleagues, and society are outlined. Unethical practices are also defined.
4. Case studies on patient autonomy and decision making are discussed in relation to medico-legal and ethical issues.
AETCOM module: Bioethics for Undergraduate Medical Studentslavanyasumanthraj
The Attitude, Ethics & Communication module introduced by the National Medical Commission is being followed in Medical Colleges. Here's a simple understanding of aspects on Bioethics & solution to Phase 2 MBBS modules
The document discusses key principles of medical ethics:
- Autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice are the core ethical principles of medicine.
- When a patient lacks decision-making capacity, physicians must identify an appropriate surrogate and assist them in making decisions using substituted or best interest standards.
- Several case scenarios are presented to illustrate how these principles apply in situations involving consent, surrogate decision-making, and end-of-life care decisions.
An Indian Medical Graduate should possess the necessary knowledge, skills, attitudes, values and responsiveness to function effectively as the community's primary physician while remaining globally relevant. They must demonstrate competencies in several key roles: as a clinician providing preventative, promotive, curative and palliative care with compassion; as a leader and team member in the healthcare system; and as an effective communicator with patients, families and colleagues. Additionally, an IMG should embrace lifelong learning, professionalism, and strive to improve the medical profession and healthcare quality.
role of physician in health care system.pptxDeepak Bansal
1: Learner should know 5 Roles of IMG(Indian Medical Graduate) as suggested by NMC correctly
Clinician
Leader and member of the healthcare team
Good Communicator
Lifelong learner
Professional.
2 : Learners should know some other Roles of physicians in the health care system correctly
Researcher
2. Teaching
3. Manager
4. Policy maker
This document outlines an Attitudes and Communication (AETCOM) module for medical students in India. It defines key concepts like professionalism and discusses gaps between intended, taught, and achieved curriculum. The AETCOM module aims to teach communication skills, professionalism, and ethics over 4 years using case-based learning modules. It lists core and desirable competencies and provides templates for competency logs and student assessment to promote professional development. The goal is to align skills, attitudes, values and help students become lifelong learners through cognitive learning and role modeling.
Right to Health as Fundamental Right in IndiaAnkuran Dutta
This presentation is on inclusion of Health as Fundamental Right in the Constitution of India, the issue raised by Dr Anamika Ray Memorial Trust under its Stop Medical Terrorism Campaign.
The document discusses bioethics and outlines several key concepts:
1. It defines bioethics and traces its origins to ancient texts like the Hippocratic Oath. Important modern documents discussed include the Nuremberg Code and Helsinki Declaration.
2. The four cardinal principles of bioethics - autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice - are explained. Autonomy and informed consent are emphasized.
3. Physician duties and obligations to patients, colleagues, and society are outlined. Unethical practices are also defined.
4. Case studies on patient autonomy and decision making are discussed in relation to medico-legal and ethical issues.
AETCOM module: Bioethics for Undergraduate Medical Studentslavanyasumanthraj
The Attitude, Ethics & Communication module introduced by the National Medical Commission is being followed in Medical Colleges. Here's a simple understanding of aspects on Bioethics & solution to Phase 2 MBBS modules
The document discusses key principles of medical ethics:
- Autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice are the core ethical principles of medicine.
- When a patient lacks decision-making capacity, physicians must identify an appropriate surrogate and assist them in making decisions using substituted or best interest standards.
- Several case scenarios are presented to illustrate how these principles apply in situations involving consent, surrogate decision-making, and end-of-life care decisions.
An Indian Medical Graduate should possess the necessary knowledge, skills, attitudes, values and responsiveness to function effectively as the community's primary physician while remaining globally relevant. They must demonstrate competencies in several key roles: as a clinician providing preventative, promotive, curative and palliative care with compassion; as a leader and team member in the healthcare system; and as an effective communicator with patients, families and colleagues. Additionally, an IMG should embrace lifelong learning, professionalism, and strive to improve the medical profession and healthcare quality.
role of physician in health care system.pptxDeepak Bansal
1: Learner should know 5 Roles of IMG(Indian Medical Graduate) as suggested by NMC correctly
Clinician
Leader and member of the healthcare team
Good Communicator
Lifelong learner
Professional.
2 : Learners should know some other Roles of physicians in the health care system correctly
Researcher
2. Teaching
3. Manager
4. Policy maker
This document outlines an Attitudes and Communication (AETCOM) module for medical students in India. It defines key concepts like professionalism and discusses gaps between intended, taught, and achieved curriculum. The AETCOM module aims to teach communication skills, professionalism, and ethics over 4 years using case-based learning modules. It lists core and desirable competencies and provides templates for competency logs and student assessment to promote professional development. The goal is to align skills, attitudes, values and help students become lifelong learners through cognitive learning and role modeling.
Tuberculosis infection is very common in the world and the disease manifest when ever either the virulence of the organism increases or the resistance of the host goes down.it can affect any part of the body.the best method of control of tuberculosis is early diagnosis and treatment.despite international cooperation the problem of resistance in tuberculosis is increasing and great efforts are being made to tackle this problem both in diagnostic tools as well as in treatment modalities. the social factors also play a big role in the causation as well as emergence of resistance is concerned . a participatory approach is required to combat the problem.
This document discusses the doctor-patient relationship and communication. It outlines Parsons' model of the sick role and doctor's role, and types of doctor-patient relationships including paternalism, mutuality, consumerism, and default. It covers influences on the relationship like time constraints, patient/doctor characteristics, and structural context. Effective communication skills, health literacy, consent, and partnerships in treatment decision making are also examined. The relationship has evolved from traditional paternalism to emphasize patient-centered care and shared decision making.
The document discusses the "iceberg concept" or "iceberg phenomenon" of disease occurrence in a population. It represents the burden of disease, with the visible tip representing clinically apparent cases but most of the iceberg submerged and representing latent, subclinical, undiagnosed, and carrier states in the population. Factors like the agent, host, and environment determine the size and shape of the iceberg. The iceberg concept is useful for detecting subclinical cases, understanding disease pathogenesis and spread, and designing control programs targeting the larger hidden reservoir of disease.
Attitude, ethics & communication (aetcom)3 Module 1.3: Doctor-Patient Rel...DRRAJNEE
This document discusses the importance of the doctor-patient relationship and maintaining proper attitudes and communication. It is presented by Dr. Rajnee and addresses competencies for Indian Medical Graduates. The learning objectives are to describe professional qualities of doctors, demonstrate empathy, and discuss fundamentals of the doctor-patient relationship and medical ethics. The document outlines factors that impact the relationship like attitude, benevolence, communication skills, evidence-based practice, and maintaining competency. It emphasizes treating patients with dignity and respecting diversity. Case studies are also provided to facilitate discussion of relationship issues.
The unusual occurrence in a community or region of disease, specific health related behaviour (eg. Smoking) or other health related events (eg. Traffic accidents) clearly in excess of “expected occurrence.
37 slide presentation involving learning objectives, introduction, components of CBME, teaching-learning-assessment-challenges in CBME, MCI UG curriculum and its future implicability
AETCOM (Attitude, Ethics and Communication module)Karun Kumar
Hello friends. In this PPT I am talking about AETCOM (Attitude, Ethics and Communication module) of Pharmacology. If you like it, please do let me know in the comments section. A single word of appreciation from you will encourage me to make more of such videos. Thanks. Enjoy and welcome to the beautiful world of pharmacology where pharmacology comes to life. This video is intended for MBBS, BDS, paramedical and any person who wishes to have a basic understanding of the subject in the simplest way
Attitude, ethics & communication (aetcom) Module 1.1: What does it mean t...DRRAJNEE
The document discusses the roles and responsibilities of physicians. It describes the professional qualities expected of doctors, including moral integrity, ethical conduct, compassion, and commitment to lifelong learning. Doctors must maintain knowledge of medical advancements through continual education. The document also outlines a physician's role in the healthcare system, such as treating patients, participating in public health programs, educating communities, and coordinating care with other professionals. Lifelong learning allows doctors to provide the best evidence-based care and improve healthcare delivery outcomes.
Introduction to clinical communication skills.pptx 2011Reina Ramesh
This document introduces clinical communication skills and their importance. It discusses how effective communication involves understanding the patient's perspective, sharing information with empathy and respect. Good doctors depend not only on medical knowledge but how they communicate with patients. The objectives are to explore what makes a good doctor and the importance of the medical interview from both the doctor and patient perspectives. Key aspects of a good doctor-patient relationship are establishing rapport, demonstrating interest and respect, and good communication skills like active listening and using appropriate language. The medical interview aims to obtain a factual account of the patient's illness and their perspective to help develop a management plan.
This document defines and provides examples of medical negligence and malpractice. It discusses the four elements required to prove negligence: duty of care, breach of duty, causation, and damages. It notes that the burden is on the patient to prove negligence and the doctor to prove innocence. Common acts of negligence include operating on the wrong patient or body part and leaving surgical instruments inside a patient. Defenses for doctors include calculated risk, contributory negligence, vicarious liability, and error in judgment. Negligence can result in civil penalties like compensation or criminal charges under section 304A of the Indian Penal Code.
The document discusses a study presented on a Nutritional Rehabilitation Centre (NRC) in India. It provides background on malnutrition rates for children under 5 in India and the state of Karnataka. It then describes the services provided at NRCs, including treatment, nutritional support, and education for caregivers. NRCs follow three phases - stabilization, transition, and rehabilitation - to treat severely acutely malnourished children. The study aims to analyze the effects of the NRC in improving child health and evaluate the services and education provided to mothers.
India is the highest TB burden country in the world & accounts for nearly 1/5th (20 per cent) of global burden of tuberculosis, 2/3rd of cases in SEAR. Every year approximately 1.8 million persons develop tuberculosis, of which about 0.8 million are new smear positive highly'- infectious cases.Annual risk of becoming infected with TB is 1.5 % and once infected there is 10 % life-time risk of developing TB disease
The document discusses the World Health Organization's goal of "Health for All" by the year 2000. It was established in 1977 with the aim of attaining a basic level of health that allows people to live productive lives. The strategy involved strengthening primary healthcare infrastructure at the village, sub-center, primary health center, and community health center levels. It also outlined a primary healthcare package and specific health goals for India to reduce mortality and birth rates while increasing life expectancy. The national strategy for achieving Health for All built upon the principles of primary healthcare established at Alma-Ata in 1978.
This document discusses the human right to health and healthcare. It defines the right to health as access to medical services, sanitation, adequate food, housing, working conditions, and a clean environment. The right to health guarantees healthcare for all that is available, accessible, acceptable, and high quality. It is protected in several international agreements and declarations. The United Nations established the World Health Organization to promote health worldwide. While some criticize viewing healthcare as a human right, others like Shirley Chisholm believe it is a right, not a privilege.
National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP)Kailash Nagar
The National Vector Borne Disease Control Program (NVBDCP) was launched in 2003-04 by merging several existing programs to prevent and control major vector-borne diseases like malaria, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, kala-azar, and filariasis. The NVBDCP aims to reduce mortality from these diseases and eliminate kala-azar and lymphatic filariasis through strategies like early diagnosis and treatment, integrated vector management, behavior change communication, and capacity building. Malaria control specifically focuses on maintaining surveillance and treating cases, as well as integrated vector control through indoor residual spraying and larval source reduction.
Clinical Social Cultural Demographic Proforma.pptxshubha davalgi
This document provides information on the Clinical Social Cultural Demographic (CSCD) Proforma. The CSCD Proforma aims to assess how social factors influence disease by making a clinico-social diagnosis and correlating this with disease occurrence. It differs from a standard clinical proforma by placing more importance on environmental and socioeconomic history. The CSCD Proforma collects information on address, religion/caste, family type, diet, socioeconomic status, environment, cultural practices, and knowledge/practices regarding health. Filling out the proforma helps suggest remedial measures by understanding the relationship between clinical illness and social determinants of health.
Clinico-social case format for diarrhoea, demographic details, chief complaint, history of presenting illness, treatment history, past history, brief antenatal history, birth historym postnatal history, developmental history, nutrition history, immunisation history, personal history, family history, socio-economic / psycho-social history, environmental history, KAP about the disease, general examination, systemic examination, local examiantion, investigations, summary and case management.
This document discusses the roles and responsibilities of a basic doctor. It outlines that a basic doctor should be able to diagnose and treat common diseases, identify the underlying causes of health issues through community diagnosis, and effectively communicate with and educate patients and the community. A basic doctor must also know how to administer a health center and understand the major health problems in India such as tuberculosis, diarrhea, respiratory infections, leprosy, HIV/AIDS, and nutritional deficiencies. The document provides examples of how doctors can inform communities about health risks, compile patient information to report issues to local health authorities, and work with other professionals and departments to improve healthcare.
The human right to health means that everyone has the right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, including access to medical services, sanitation, adequate food, housing, working conditions, and a clean environment. As part of this right, states have a legal obligation to ensure timely, affordable, and quality healthcare as well as underlying determinants of health are available to all people. The right to health contains elements of availability, accessibility, acceptability, and quality of health facilities and services. In India, the right to health is a fundamental right guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution as it is inherent to living with dignity. Ensuring proper healthcare requires awareness campaigns, medical camps, adequate nutrition, affordable treatment, and
Tuberculosis infection is very common in the world and the disease manifest when ever either the virulence of the organism increases or the resistance of the host goes down.it can affect any part of the body.the best method of control of tuberculosis is early diagnosis and treatment.despite international cooperation the problem of resistance in tuberculosis is increasing and great efforts are being made to tackle this problem both in diagnostic tools as well as in treatment modalities. the social factors also play a big role in the causation as well as emergence of resistance is concerned . a participatory approach is required to combat the problem.
This document discusses the doctor-patient relationship and communication. It outlines Parsons' model of the sick role and doctor's role, and types of doctor-patient relationships including paternalism, mutuality, consumerism, and default. It covers influences on the relationship like time constraints, patient/doctor characteristics, and structural context. Effective communication skills, health literacy, consent, and partnerships in treatment decision making are also examined. The relationship has evolved from traditional paternalism to emphasize patient-centered care and shared decision making.
The document discusses the "iceberg concept" or "iceberg phenomenon" of disease occurrence in a population. It represents the burden of disease, with the visible tip representing clinically apparent cases but most of the iceberg submerged and representing latent, subclinical, undiagnosed, and carrier states in the population. Factors like the agent, host, and environment determine the size and shape of the iceberg. The iceberg concept is useful for detecting subclinical cases, understanding disease pathogenesis and spread, and designing control programs targeting the larger hidden reservoir of disease.
Attitude, ethics & communication (aetcom)3 Module 1.3: Doctor-Patient Rel...DRRAJNEE
This document discusses the importance of the doctor-patient relationship and maintaining proper attitudes and communication. It is presented by Dr. Rajnee and addresses competencies for Indian Medical Graduates. The learning objectives are to describe professional qualities of doctors, demonstrate empathy, and discuss fundamentals of the doctor-patient relationship and medical ethics. The document outlines factors that impact the relationship like attitude, benevolence, communication skills, evidence-based practice, and maintaining competency. It emphasizes treating patients with dignity and respecting diversity. Case studies are also provided to facilitate discussion of relationship issues.
The unusual occurrence in a community or region of disease, specific health related behaviour (eg. Smoking) or other health related events (eg. Traffic accidents) clearly in excess of “expected occurrence.
37 slide presentation involving learning objectives, introduction, components of CBME, teaching-learning-assessment-challenges in CBME, MCI UG curriculum and its future implicability
AETCOM (Attitude, Ethics and Communication module)Karun Kumar
Hello friends. In this PPT I am talking about AETCOM (Attitude, Ethics and Communication module) of Pharmacology. If you like it, please do let me know in the comments section. A single word of appreciation from you will encourage me to make more of such videos. Thanks. Enjoy and welcome to the beautiful world of pharmacology where pharmacology comes to life. This video is intended for MBBS, BDS, paramedical and any person who wishes to have a basic understanding of the subject in the simplest way
Attitude, ethics & communication (aetcom) Module 1.1: What does it mean t...DRRAJNEE
The document discusses the roles and responsibilities of physicians. It describes the professional qualities expected of doctors, including moral integrity, ethical conduct, compassion, and commitment to lifelong learning. Doctors must maintain knowledge of medical advancements through continual education. The document also outlines a physician's role in the healthcare system, such as treating patients, participating in public health programs, educating communities, and coordinating care with other professionals. Lifelong learning allows doctors to provide the best evidence-based care and improve healthcare delivery outcomes.
Introduction to clinical communication skills.pptx 2011Reina Ramesh
This document introduces clinical communication skills and their importance. It discusses how effective communication involves understanding the patient's perspective, sharing information with empathy and respect. Good doctors depend not only on medical knowledge but how they communicate with patients. The objectives are to explore what makes a good doctor and the importance of the medical interview from both the doctor and patient perspectives. Key aspects of a good doctor-patient relationship are establishing rapport, demonstrating interest and respect, and good communication skills like active listening and using appropriate language. The medical interview aims to obtain a factual account of the patient's illness and their perspective to help develop a management plan.
This document defines and provides examples of medical negligence and malpractice. It discusses the four elements required to prove negligence: duty of care, breach of duty, causation, and damages. It notes that the burden is on the patient to prove negligence and the doctor to prove innocence. Common acts of negligence include operating on the wrong patient or body part and leaving surgical instruments inside a patient. Defenses for doctors include calculated risk, contributory negligence, vicarious liability, and error in judgment. Negligence can result in civil penalties like compensation or criminal charges under section 304A of the Indian Penal Code.
The document discusses a study presented on a Nutritional Rehabilitation Centre (NRC) in India. It provides background on malnutrition rates for children under 5 in India and the state of Karnataka. It then describes the services provided at NRCs, including treatment, nutritional support, and education for caregivers. NRCs follow three phases - stabilization, transition, and rehabilitation - to treat severely acutely malnourished children. The study aims to analyze the effects of the NRC in improving child health and evaluate the services and education provided to mothers.
India is the highest TB burden country in the world & accounts for nearly 1/5th (20 per cent) of global burden of tuberculosis, 2/3rd of cases in SEAR. Every year approximately 1.8 million persons develop tuberculosis, of which about 0.8 million are new smear positive highly'- infectious cases.Annual risk of becoming infected with TB is 1.5 % and once infected there is 10 % life-time risk of developing TB disease
The document discusses the World Health Organization's goal of "Health for All" by the year 2000. It was established in 1977 with the aim of attaining a basic level of health that allows people to live productive lives. The strategy involved strengthening primary healthcare infrastructure at the village, sub-center, primary health center, and community health center levels. It also outlined a primary healthcare package and specific health goals for India to reduce mortality and birth rates while increasing life expectancy. The national strategy for achieving Health for All built upon the principles of primary healthcare established at Alma-Ata in 1978.
This document discusses the human right to health and healthcare. It defines the right to health as access to medical services, sanitation, adequate food, housing, working conditions, and a clean environment. The right to health guarantees healthcare for all that is available, accessible, acceptable, and high quality. It is protected in several international agreements and declarations. The United Nations established the World Health Organization to promote health worldwide. While some criticize viewing healthcare as a human right, others like Shirley Chisholm believe it is a right, not a privilege.
National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP)Kailash Nagar
The National Vector Borne Disease Control Program (NVBDCP) was launched in 2003-04 by merging several existing programs to prevent and control major vector-borne diseases like malaria, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, kala-azar, and filariasis. The NVBDCP aims to reduce mortality from these diseases and eliminate kala-azar and lymphatic filariasis through strategies like early diagnosis and treatment, integrated vector management, behavior change communication, and capacity building. Malaria control specifically focuses on maintaining surveillance and treating cases, as well as integrated vector control through indoor residual spraying and larval source reduction.
Clinical Social Cultural Demographic Proforma.pptxshubha davalgi
This document provides information on the Clinical Social Cultural Demographic (CSCD) Proforma. The CSCD Proforma aims to assess how social factors influence disease by making a clinico-social diagnosis and correlating this with disease occurrence. It differs from a standard clinical proforma by placing more importance on environmental and socioeconomic history. The CSCD Proforma collects information on address, religion/caste, family type, diet, socioeconomic status, environment, cultural practices, and knowledge/practices regarding health. Filling out the proforma helps suggest remedial measures by understanding the relationship between clinical illness and social determinants of health.
Clinico-social case format for diarrhoea, demographic details, chief complaint, history of presenting illness, treatment history, past history, brief antenatal history, birth historym postnatal history, developmental history, nutrition history, immunisation history, personal history, family history, socio-economic / psycho-social history, environmental history, KAP about the disease, general examination, systemic examination, local examiantion, investigations, summary and case management.
This document discusses the roles and responsibilities of a basic doctor. It outlines that a basic doctor should be able to diagnose and treat common diseases, identify the underlying causes of health issues through community diagnosis, and effectively communicate with and educate patients and the community. A basic doctor must also know how to administer a health center and understand the major health problems in India such as tuberculosis, diarrhea, respiratory infections, leprosy, HIV/AIDS, and nutritional deficiencies. The document provides examples of how doctors can inform communities about health risks, compile patient information to report issues to local health authorities, and work with other professionals and departments to improve healthcare.
The human right to health means that everyone has the right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, including access to medical services, sanitation, adequate food, housing, working conditions, and a clean environment. As part of this right, states have a legal obligation to ensure timely, affordable, and quality healthcare as well as underlying determinants of health are available to all people. The right to health contains elements of availability, accessibility, acceptability, and quality of health facilities and services. In India, the right to health is a fundamental right guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution as it is inherent to living with dignity. Ensuring proper healthcare requires awareness campaigns, medical camps, adequate nutrition, affordable treatment, and
world health day 2024.pptxgbbvggvbhjjjbbbbpreetirao780
The document discusses World Health Day 2024 and the right to health. It notes that millions around the world have their right to health under threat due to conflicts, climate change, and lack of access to health services and social determinants of health. The theme for World Health Day 2024 is "My Health, My Right" to champion everyone's right to access healthcare. The document outlines the key components of the right to health, including availability, accessibility, acceptability, quality, and affordability of health services. It discusses various health rights such as sexual/reproductive rights, maternal/child health, traditional medicines, water/sanitation, nutrition, and freedom from discrimination. Government initiatives in India to promote these rights are also
The document discusses primary health care and different types of health insurance. It states that primary health care is essential health care that is accessible to communities based on their needs and affordable costs. The document also outlines different types of health insurance plans including HMOs, PPOs, HDHPs, and catastrophic plans. HMOs and EPOs provide coverage only within their networks while PPOs and POS plans allow for some out-of-network coverage at a higher cost. HDHPs have lower premiums but higher deductibles while catastrophic plans only cover major medical expenses.
The document discusses World Health Day 2024 and the right to health. It notes that millions around the world have their right to health under threat due to conflicts, climate change, and lack of access to health services, education, clean water, nutrition, housing, and working conditions. World Health Day 2024's theme is championing everyone's right to access healthcare. The document outlines what constitutes the right to health and its relationship to other human rights. It discusses the "five A's" - availability, accessibility, acceptability, affordability, and quality - that are core to delivering the right to health. Various health-related rights like sexual/reproductive rights and maternal/child health are also covered.
This document summarizes a proposal to improve universal access to primary health care in India through better utilization of existing resources. The proposal suggests:
1) Utilizing both MBBS and AYUSH doctors by providing a mandatory internship program exposing them to rural health centers.
2) Providing a doctor at each sub-health center to improve quality at the first point of contact and reduce workload at primary health centers.
3) Addressing challenges like mentality shifts, proper implementation, and corruption.
Anand Grover, UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Healthlegislation
The document discusses the right to mental health under international law. It outlines that major depression is a leading cause of disability globally and will become the second leading cause of disease burden within 20 years. Both physical and mental health are recognized under international laws and treaties. The right to health includes availability, accessibility, acceptability and good quality of mental health services and facilities without discrimination. States have a duty to respect, protect and fulfill this right through appropriate policies, monitoring and participation of those with mental health issues. The document examines Ireland's mental health policies and laws and notes that A Vision for Change established a community-based, rights-respecting approach.
Anand Grover, UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Healthlegislation
1) The document discusses mental health and the right to health under international law. It notes that major depression is a leading cause of disability globally and will become the second leading cause of disease burden within 20 years.
2) It outlines that both physical and mental health are recognized in international laws and conventions. The UN Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness state that all persons have the right to mental healthcare.
3) The document analyzes Ireland's mental health policies and A Vision for Change plan. However, it notes concerns that budget allocations remain hospital-focused rather than on community care, and legislative and implementation challenges remain.
The document discusses the need to establish a legal system to protect medical professionals in India. It notes that violence against healthcare workers is on the rise in India. There is currently only one bill pending to protect doctors, but it has not been passed. The document argues that passing legislation like the Prevention of Violence Against Doctors Bill would help medical professionals feel safer and encourage new generations to enter the field. It also argues that healthcare workers deserve fair treatment under the legal system.
Disparities in Health Care: The Significance of Socioeconomic StatusAmanda Romano-Kwan
This research paper discusses the disparities in the health care system, with a specific focus on socioeconomic status and how it affects the access and availability of quality care.
Global health care challenges and trends_ bestyBesty Varghese
GLOBAL HEALTH CARE CHALLENGES AND TRENDS: Analyses the global healthcare trends and challenges.
Healthcare providers have a unique window of opportunity to embrace efficient new technologies that directly support better healthcare and patient experiences at a lower cost.
New healthcare systems will be:
Evidence- and prevention-based
Interdisciplinary and coordinated
Transparent, accessible, accurate, and understandable
Focused on improving patient outcomes and experience
Based on partnerships among stakeholders
Visionary in their long-term thinking
And in total International health + Global public health + Collective health + Global health diplomacy = LIFE’S RIGHT.
Global health care challenges and trends_ bestyBesty Varghese
GLOBAL HEALTH CARE CHALLENGES AND TRENDS: Analyses the global healthcare trends and challenges.
Healthcare providers have a unique window of opportunity to embrace efficient new technologies that directly support better healthcare and patient experiences at a lower cost.
New healthcare systems will be:
Evidence- and prevention-based
Interdisciplinary and coordinated
Transparent, accessible, accurate, and understandable
Focused on improving patient outcomes and experience
Based on partnerships among stakeholders
Visionary in their long-term thinking
And in total International health + Global public health + Collective health + Global health diplomacy = LIFE’S RIGHT
Global Conference on Primary Health Care
From Alma-Ata towards universal health coverage and the Sustainable Development Goals.
Astana, Kazakhstan, 25 and 26 October 2018
We, Heads of State and Government, ministers and representatives of States and Governments participating in the Global Conference on Primary Health Care: From Alma-Ata towards universal health coverage and the Sustainable Development Goals, meeting in Astana on 25 and 26 October 2018, reaffirming the commitments expressed in the ambitious and visionary Declaration of Alma-Ata of 1978 and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, in pursuit of Health for
All, hereby make the following Declaration.
The document provides an overview of India's health care delivery system. It discusses three main levels: central, state, and district/local levels. At the central level, the key organizations are the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and the Directorate General of Health Services, which are responsible for policymaking, planning, and coordination. At the state level, each state has its own independent health care system. At the district/local level, primary health care is delivered through a three-tiered rural system of sub-centers, primary health centers (PHC), and community health centers (CHC) based on population thresholds. The PHCs act as the first point of contact between communities and medical officers.
The health care delivery system in India has three main levels: central, state, and district. At the central level, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare is responsible for policymaking, planning, and coordinating health services. States each have their own health care systems overseen by state health directors. Districts are divided into subdivisions, blocks, municipalities, and villages served by primary health centers, community health centers, and hospitals. The system aims to provide comprehensive, accessible, affordable, and community-participatory health care through primary, secondary, and tertiary levels.
Human rights include the right to health, which recognizes a legal obligation for states to ensure access to timely, affordable healthcare without discrimination. This includes both freedoms, such as control over one's health and body, and entitlements, like access to a system of health protection. Core principles of human rights related to health are accountability, non-discrimination, equity, and participation. Fulfillment of these rights requires that healthcare is available, accessible, and acceptable to all people.
RaShona Shipp Walden University October 13.docxaudeleypearl
RaShona Shipp
Walden University
October 13, 2019
The health care delivery system of the united state consists of hospitals, clinicians health
regulators (ie, some are governmental and volunteers) other health providers, buying of health
care services and insurance plans. Regulating and governing the private insurers, the government
should control the insurance product sold to the citizens and upcoming business ERISA should
uphold state health policies like employers' insurance mandate amount reserved and managed
care standards.
Health providers systems should be regulated .the health provider regulatory
organizations and the national nongovernmental should regulate the hospitals and the physicians.
the health providers such as nurses should be accredited by licensing board .the managed care
organizations can regulate the behavior to increase efficiency in their work, furthermore the
hospitals on which this physician can regulate through periodical renewing them
The medical devices and help should be regulated, the FDA should monitor reports and
other effects of the medical devices and reveal the information to the public and health providers,
to ensure the patients are safe and there is a proper use of the devices. Confidence of the patient
should be considered, the personal health electronic information should be safeguarded such that
not every person can access the information.
Public health is very important and therefore it should be regulated .the public health
agencies should protect the air from pollution by the individuals, regulate smoking, fair and clean
housing. Health providers offer the clinical preventive service thorough carrying out test or
counseling to promote the wellbeing of individuals and reduce diseases .immunisation against
diseases is of much help as it aids in the reduction of attracting diseases, therefore the individuals
are safe from diseases .when screening test is carried out diseases that maybe developing is
detected and if it is in its early stage it may be cured .this is of much help to the individuals
.some people.various people engage in habits that affect their health negatively, eg smoking.
councelling is provided to them to help to change their healthy behaviors a clinical disease
develops. through counseling, the individuals can protect themselves from the influence of drugs
which can lead to contracting a disease.
The public health systems require a collaboration of various institutions, which the community in
full, the system that is concerned with health, commercial institutions, and its stakeholders ,
infrastructures provided by the government for public health.The public health prevents
epidemics and the spread of diseases ,protects against environmental hazards ,prevent injuries
,through counseling it promotes healthy behavior . incase of disasters the public health
intervenes and aids the community in reco ...
This document discusses healthcare in India and proposes ways to make it more affordable and accessible. It notes that healthcare costs are rising and most people rely on private healthcare, while public healthcare is underfunded and understaffed. It analyzes issues like disease burdens, the growth of private sector, health insurance schemes, use of generics, and medical tourism. It recommends increasing public spending on healthcare to at least 5% of GDP, improving infrastructure, enhancing the health workforce, and promoting primary healthcare to achieve universal coverage in an equitable manner.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
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Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
1. WHAT ARE HUMAN RIGHTS?
Human Rights are derived from the inherent
dignity and worth of the human person.
Human Rights are the entitlements that accrue to
one because he or she is a human being.
Therefore, all human beings, without exception,
are entitled to human rights !
2. MEANING OF HEALTH AND HEALTH
CARE
The widely acceptable definition of health is that
given by the WHO in the preamble of its
constitution, according to World Health
Organization, “Health is a state of complete
physical, mental and social wellbeing and not
merely the absence of disease”.
3. THE HUMAN RIGHT TO HEALTH
Means that everyone has the right to the highest
attainable standard of physical and mental
health, which includes access to all medical
services, sanitation, adequate food, decent
housing, healthy working conditions, and a clean
environment.
4. The human right to health guarantees a system of
health protection for all.
Everyone has the right to the health care they need,
and to living conditions that enable us to be
healthy, such as adequate food, housing, and a
healthy environment.
Health care must be provided as a public good for
all, financed publicly and equitably
5. The human right to health care means that hospitals,
clinics, medicines, and doctors‟ services must be
accessible, available, acceptable, and of good quality
for everyone, on an equitable basis, where and when
needed. The design of a health care system must be
guided by the following key human rights standards:
6. Universal Access: Access to health care must be
universal, guaranteed for all on an equitable basis.
Availability: Adequate health care infrastructure
(e.g. hospitals, community health facilities, trained
health care professionals), goods (e.g. drugs,
equipment), and services (e.g. primary care, mental
health) must be available in all geographical areas
and to all communities.
7. Acceptability and Dignity: Health care institutions
and providers must respect dignity, provide
culturally appropriate care, be responsive to needs
based on gender, age, culture, language, and
different ways of life and abilities.
Quality: All health care must be medically
appropriate and of good quality, guided by quality
standards and control mechanisms, and provided in a
timely, safe, and patient-centered manner.
8. Non-Discrimination: Health care must be accessible
and provided without discrimination.
Transparency: Health information must be easily
accessible for everyone.
Participation: Individuals and communities must be
able to take an active role in decisions that affect their
health.
Accountability: Private companies and public
agencies must be held accountable for protecting the
right to health care
9. WHY WE NEED RIGHT TO
HEALTH?
We need a separate right to health as a fundamental right to
Have a transparent and quality health care service in the
country
Eradicate dubious health service
Address health crisis, allevation of the standard of living
List out problems associated with medical terrorism
Transform India into a welfare state in real sense
10. 57.57% out of pocket expenditure on health in India.
Over 63 million people are faced with poverty every year
due to overburdening health care cost
No financial protection for the vast majority of health care
needs
We need the citizen of the country to be protected under
national health insurance
11. India has one of the highest disease burdens in the
world
In 2012, India witnessed 253 deaths per 100,000
population due to communicable diseases alone which
is much higher than the global average of 178
India faces a higher disease burden than many
emerging economics such as china, Brazil, Indonesia,
Mexico and Srilanka.
12. More than 100 children under the age of 5 die every
hour in the country
A global disease burden study revealed that in 2016,
0.9 million children under the age of 5 died in India.
The less than 5 years mortality rate in India stands at
fifty per one thousand live births in 2015-16 which
has decreased from 74 in 2005-2006.
13. This children mortality rate is more than the rate
of under developed countries like Nigeria,
Congo.
The maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 life
birth is 167 in 2011-2013.
Assam stands at the top with 300 mortality rates.
One allopathic doctor for every 10,189 people
One govt hospital bed for every 2046 people.
14. One state run hospital for every 90343 people
India has 1 million of allopathic doctors to treat its 1.3
billion populations
India doesn’t have enough hospital, doctors, nurses and
health workers and since health is a state subject ,
disparities and inequalities in the quality of care and
access to health varies widely not just between states,
but also between urban and rural areas.
15. One in 5 doctors in rural India are qualified to practice
medicine.
31.4% of those calling themselves allopathic doctors
were educated only upto class 12th
In india,s self styled doctors without formal training
provide upto 75% primary care visits
16. 58% of the doctors in urban areas had a medical
degree
Only 19% of those in rural areas had such a
qualifications.
462 medical college that teach 56748 doctors
3,123 institution that prepared 1,25,764 nurses each
year
India’s population increasing annually by 26 million.
17. There is a shortage of 27.21% for clinical equipment
5.2 million medical injuries are recorded in India.
Around 98000 people lose their lives every year due
to negligence and error.
WHO figures says India ranks at 171st out of 175
countries on public health spending.
18. PATIENTS RIGHTS
The right to get to get the possible medical care
without discrimination
Right to prompt life saving treatment
Right to take part in all decision relating to a patients
health care
Right to privacy
Right to know the identity and role of people
Right to dignity and to have caregivers respect
19. Right to appropriates assessment and management of
the pain of the patients
Right to receive visitors
Right to refuse treatment and to leave the medical
centre
Right to get necessary information related to the line
of treatment as well as all health records
20. PATIENTS RESPONSIBILITY
The responsibility to
Refrain from misconduct and misbehaving with
any medical service providers
From physical assault of any healthcare personal or
damage property
Be truthful
Provide the complete and accurate medical history
21. Cooperate with the agreed line of treatment
Meet the financial obligations
Refrain from initiating, participating or supporting
and illegal health care practices
Report illegal or unethical behavior
22. HOW? STOP MEDICAL TERRORISM
For a quality and transparent healthcare services in
India
CCTV surveillance of the hospital premises
ICU monitoring facility
Availability of bed head ticket at the time of
discharge
Recording the surgery
Prompt action towards negligence issues
23. Prevention of laboratory nexus
Development of the skills of a paramedical staff
Development of the record keeping mechanism on the
cases pertaining to medical error and negligence
24. WHAT IT IS?
The WHO says ‘The highest attainable standards
of health as a fundamental right of every human
being’.
The right to health is the economic social and
cultural right to a universal minimum standards
of heath to which all individual are entitled.
25. THE RIGHT TO HEALTH IN INTERNATIONAL
HUMAN RIGHTS LAW
art. 12 1. The States Parties to the present Covenant
recognize the right of everyone to the enjoyment of
the highest attainable standard of physical and
mental health.
2. The steps to be taken by the States Parties to the
present Covenant to achieve the full realization of
this right shall include those necessary for:
26. (a) The provision for the reduction of the stillbirth rate
and of infant mortality and for the healthy
development of the child;
b) The prevention, treatment and control of epidemic,
endemic, occupational and other diseases;
c) The creation of conditions which would assure to all
medical service and medical attention in the event of
sickness.
27. art. 47- articulates a duty of the State to raise the
level of nutrition and the standard of living and to
improve public health: “The State shall regard the
raising of the level of nutrition and the standard of
living of its people and the improvement of public
health as among its primary duties…”
28. HOW DOES THE RIGHT TO HEALTH
APPLY TO SPECIFIC GROUPS?
Some groups or individuals, such as children, women, persons with
disabilities or persons living with HIV/AIDS, face specific hurdles
in relation to the right to health.
These can result from biological or socio-economic factors,
discrimination and stigma, or, generally, a combination of these.
Considering health as a human right requires specific attention to
different individuals and groups of individuals in society, in
particular those living in vulnerable situations.
29. Similarly, States should adopt positive measures to
ensure that specific individuals and groups are not
discriminated against.
For instance, they should disaggregate their health
laws and policies and tailor them to those most in need
of assistance rather than passively allowing seemingly
neutral laws and policies to benefit mainly the
majority groups.
30. WOMEN
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination against Women,
art. 12 1. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures
to eliminate discrimination against women in the field of
health care in order to ensure, on a basis of equality of men
and women, access to health-care services, including those
related to family planning.
31. 2. States Parties shall ensure to women appropriate
services in connection with pregnancy, confinement
and the post-natal period, granting free services where
necessary, as well as adequate nutrition during
pregnancy and lactation.
art. 10 (2) Special protection should be accorded to
mothers during a reasonable period before and after
childbirth. During such period working mothers
should be accorded paid leave or leave with adequate
social security benefits.
32. Violence against women: a women’s rights and right-
to-health issue Violence against women is a
widespread cause of physical and psychological
harm or suffering among women, as well as a
violation of their right to health.
33. The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination
against Women requires States to, among other things,
enact and enforce laws and policies that protect women
and girls from violence and abuse and provide for
appropriate physical and mental health services.
Health-care workers should also be trained to detect and
manage the health consequences of violence against
women, while female genital mutilation should be
prohibited.
34. CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
Children face particular health challenges related to
the stage of their physical and mental development,
which makes them especially vulnerable to
malnutrition and infectious diseases, and, when they
reach adolescence, to sexual, reproductive and
mental health problems.
35. art. 24 1. States Parties recognize the right of the
child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable
standard of health and to facilities for the treatment of
illness and rehabilitation of health. States Parties shall
strive to ensure that no child is deprived of his or her
right of access to such health-care services.
2. States Parties shall pursue full implementation of
this right and, in particular, shall take appropriate
measures:
(a) To diminish infant and child mortality;
36. (b) To ensure the provision of necessary medical
assistance and health care to all children with emphasis
on the development of primary health care;
(c) To combat disease and malnutrition, including within
the framework of primary health care, through, inter
alia, the application of readily available technology and
through the provision of adequate nutritious foods and
clean drinking water, taking into consideration the
dangers and risks of environmental pollution
37. To ensure appropriate prenatal and post-natal health care
for mothers;
(e) To ensure that all segments of society, in particular
parents and children, are informed, have access to
education and are supported in the use of basic
knowledge of child health and nutrition, the advantages
of breastfeeding, hygiene and environmental sanitation
and the prevention of accidents;
(f) To develop preventive health care, guidance for
parents and family planning education and services.
38. PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES
Even though more than 650 million people
worldwide have a disability of one form or another
(two thirds of whom live in developing countries),
most have long been neglected and marginalized by
the State and society.
39. (art. 1). The newly adopted Convention on the Rights
of Persons with Disabilities requires States to
promote, protect and ensure the full and equal
enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental
freedoms by persons with disabilities, including their
right to health, and to promote respect for their
inherent dignity
40. Article 25 further recognizes the “right to the
enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health
without discrimination” for persons with disabilities
and elaborates upon measures States should take to
ensure this right.
(art. 23) recognizes the right of children with
disabilities to special care and to effective access to
health-care and rehabilitation services.
41. MIGRANTS
Migration has become a major political, social and
economic phenomenon, with significant human rights
consequences.
The International Organization for Migration estimates
that, today, there are nearly 200 million international
migrants worldwide.
According to the International Labour Organization, 90
million of them are migrant workers.
42. Although migration has implications for the right to
health in both home and host countries, the focus here
is on migrants in host countries.
Their enjoyment of the right to health is often limited
merely because they are migrants, as well as owing to
other factors such as discrimination, language and
cultural barriers, or their legal status.
43. Major difficulties faced by migrants—particularly
undocumented migrants—with respect to their
right to health
Migrants are generally inadequately covered by State
health systems and are often unable to afford health
insurance.
Migrant sex workers and undocumented migrants in
particular have little access to health and social
services;
44. Migrants have difficulties accessing information on
health matters and available services.
Often the information is not provided adequately by
the State;
Undocumented migrants dare not access health care
for fear that health providers may denounce them to
immigration authorities;
Migrant workers often work in unsafe and unhealthy
conditions;
45. The International Convention on the Protection of
the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of
Their Families
(art. 28) stipulates that all migrant workers and their
families have the right to emergency medical care
for the preservation of their life or the avoidance of
irreparable harm to their health.
Such care should be provided regardless of any
irregularity in their stay or employment.
46. (art. 25). The Convention further protects migrant
workers in the workplace and stipulates that they
shall enjoy treatment not less favorable than that
which applies to nationals of the State of
employment in respect of conditions of work,
including safety and health
47. PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS
More than 25 million people have died of AIDS in the
past 25 years, making it one of the most destructive
pandemics in recent times.
There are now about 33 million people living with
HIV/AIDS. Since emerging as a major health
emergency, the epidemic has had a serious and, in
many places, devastating effect on human rights and
development.
48. It is generally recognized that HIV/AIDS raises many human
rights issues.
Conversely, protecting and promoting human rights are
essential for preventing the transmission of HIV and reducing
the impact of AIDS on people’s lives.
49. Many human rights are relevant to HIV/AIDS, such
as the right to freedom from discrimination, the right
to life, equality before the law, the right to privacy
and the right to the highest attainable standard of
health.
Article 14 of the constitution guarantee the right of
equality to every person which includes treatment of
HIV/AIDS patients.