This document discusses work and work attitudes. It defines work as something serious that one must do regularly to earn leisure time, while play is for fun and relaxation. Attitudes are formed by one's background, experiences, and the social class structure. Work attitude formation is influenced by culture and primary groups like family. The document discusses different types of work, elements of work like willpower and knowledge, ethics of work, factors affecting work efficiency like age and abilities, and changing concepts of work. Management is adjusting programs to address changing work situations.

1. HBO – 7TH
WEEK
WORK AND WORK ATTITUDES
Prepared by:
CHARLES TAN, RND

2. Definition: Work and Play
• Work – is what one should do and must do regularly, grimly and
purposefully.
Man is judged by his work and what he must do to deserve his leisure
and play. Work is serious adult business that enables one to get ahead
and make a contribution to society. Work is viewed as a means of
attaining whatever one desires – and it is best that one has a great
achievement motivation.

3. Definition: Work and Play
• Play – is fun, an outlet from work, without serious purpose except to
make us happier, more efficient, more relaxed and longer-lasting
working human machines.
Few would deny that attitudes are one of the major influences on behavior.
Attitudes are formed in the interest of one’s goal and objective. Therefore a brief
review of attitude is a good prelude to the study of work.

4. Attitude: Formation and Changes
What is an Attitude? It is a:
•predisposition to react, positively or negatively, to a
person, place or circumstance
•the stand the individual upholds and cherished
about objects, issues, persons, groups or institution.
•suggest a relationship between the person and
object or situation.
•cannot be seen or touched
•can be seen as preferences or intentions.
•The key word is “value.” We value our relationship
with others; we value an object which has been
given to us, and in the case of our topic – WORK.

5. ATTITUDE CHANGES
Two examples of attitudes in the work situation are: Intellectual and Emotional.
Intellectual attitudes are easier to change than emotional. Through reasoning and
logic, we can change one’s mind. Attitudes of emotional content are much more
difficult to change. We have to look into the person’s background, the class
structure of his country and his experience.
•PERSON’S BACKGROUND: To understand the root of his poor attitude towards
work, first we have to consider the family influence which has a strong impact on
such attitude.
•CLASS STRUCTURE- Researchers have shown that you can forecast with a certain
degree of accuracy the value system of people by knowing their class status in the
community, their folkways and mores.
•EXPERIENCE – An individual may be a male or female, Chinese or American mestizo,
college graduate or high school graduate, doctor or businessmen, or whether he
grew up in the rural area or has been raised in the city.

6. FORMATION OF ATTITUDE
• Attitudes of individuals are influenced by the
culture, by the larger aggregates to which the
individuals belong, and by primary groups.
This does not mean that any of these act
independently; all the groups relate one to the
other. Indeed, the family, as the most
important primary group, has been often
referred to as the mediator of culture.
• The values and norms of the primary group
particularly, the family, plays a very
important role in influencing attitudes,
opinions and beliefs of the members of the
group.
• In addition, social class and religious affiliation,
learning and experience, play a vital role.

7. Concept of Work
• WORK – the utilization of physiological and
mental processes to achieve a goal or
accomplish a task.
• It is a means to social progress and culture
(Calvin Coolidge).
• “All growth depends upon activity. There is no
development – physically and intellectually
without effort and effort means work. Work is
not a curse; it is the prerogative of intelligence,
the only means to manhood and the measure of
civilization.”

8. Classification of Work
1. Mental and physical work
MENTAL WORK – refers to those types of activities in which
remembering, thinking, reasoning, judging, etc. are
involved.
PHYSICAL WORK – refers to those activities where speed,
coordination and intensity of muscular responses are the
concern of the individual.
• One thing we should realize is that whatever the work be,
the individual does not only engage in muscular and motor
activities but also uses his memory and judgment.
2. Sedentary or Muscular work
SEDENTARY WORK – involves control, timing and direction
of activity.
MUSCULAR WORK – the main consideration is mechanical
force.

9. Elements of Work:
1. Willpower – desire; motive; urge
•The tendency of an individual to do something,
without being told or directed by anybody.
According to psychologist, this is known as
“internal motivation.”
2. Objective – aims; targets; goals
•A goal or an intended purpose which defines the
scope and direction of efforts.
•Objectives, whether for individual or groups, are
not static. They shift with time, place and
circumstances in response to the influence of
growth and expansion of the business, shifts in
population and the public acceptance or favor
enjoyed by an individual or by an enterprise.

10. Elements of Work:
3. Responsibility – commitment; love; reliability
•The obligatory duty to which a person is bound by reason of his status, occupation or assigned
task. Embodied in this definition are 3 main elements of conduct: Compliance, Obedience &
Dependability.
•COMPLIANCE – means action in conforming with directives that flow down from superiors to
subordinates. This is responsibility for performance.
•OBEDIENCE – means submission to the guidance of an authority. This is responsibility for
person.
•DEPENDABILITY – means reliability & trustworthiness. This is confidence that develops when
tasks are commensurate with capabilities. This means responsibility for duty.
4. Knowledge – perception; understanding; wisdom
•A person’s range of information which includes theoretical or practical understanding. This is
the mental equipment that enables man or the worker to understand clearly the objective, the
nature of the work, and the requirements of the job or if he has full knowledge of the tasks he
can participate with pleasure in the intellectual and emotional experience.

11. Dimensions
of Work:
• Work can be discussed
from two points of view –
the objective & the
subjective.
• Work in the objective
sense refers to the various
ways & processes of
achieving the purpose.
• Work in the subjective
sense refers to the
processes whereby man
manifests & confirms
himself as one who
controls all activities –
mental and physical.

12. Ethics of Work:
• ETHICS – the systematized principles of morally,
correct conduct.
• Moral Obligation – The absence of a strong moral
obligation within the individual and among our
people to make their best contribution to the
cause, may postpone, if not altogether thwart
personal satisfaction & emotional success.
• Honesty – The most powerful people are those
who work hard enough and honestly enough to
fulfill themselves and thus make contributions to
national growth. An individual may have the best
blue prints for development and they may be good
to start with, but, if he lacks the will to pursue
them honestly, he may never get off the ground.
One who lacks will, lacks the commitment of the
true behavior in hard & honest labor.

13. Worker Efficiency
Self-efficiency means using our abilities in
order to bring optimum results with least
waste and strain. To become efficiency
minded, one must keep three (3) aspects in
mind as general objectives:
1. Self-efficiency – self-awareness & self-
development to realize one’s aspiration.
2. Group-efficiency – Human relations,
teamwork & social efficiency.
3. Things-efficiency – Work methods that
spend time and effort.
Like a three-legged stool, it takes all 3 aspects
to balance one’s efficiency

14. Worker Efficiency
Self-efficiency means using our
abilities in order to bring optimum
results with least waste and strain. To
become efficiency minded, one must
keep three (3) aspects in mind as
general objectives:
1. Self-efficiency – self-awareness &
self-development to realize one’s
aspiration.
2. Group-efficiency – Human relations,
teamwork & social efficiency.
3. Things-efficiency – Work methods
that spend time and effort.

16. Factors Affecting Worker’s Efficiency &
Performance:A) Personal Characteristics:
1. Age – Job performance declines with increasing age. Thus, Social Security Office has
limited the age retirement at 62 years old optional & 65 years old as compulsory
retirement.
2. Gender – There are no consistent male-female differences in problem-solving ability,
analytical skills, competitive drive, motivation, sociability or learning ability.
However, on absence & turnover rates, females have higher turnover rates and on
absences, women have higher rate of absenteeism than men do.
3. Marital status – married employees have fewer absences, undergo fewer turnovers,
and are more satisfied with their job than their unmarried workers.
4. Number of dependents – the number of children an employee has is positively
correlated with absence among females. Similarly, there’s a positive relationship
between number of dependents and job satisfaction.
5. Tenure – there is no reason to believe that people who have been on a job longer are
more productive than are those with less seniority.

17. Factors Affecting Worker’s Efficiency &
Performance:B) Ability – refers to an individual’s capacity to perform the various tasks in a job. An
individual’s overall abilities are made up to two skills: Intellectual and Physical.
C) Personality – these traits are enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s
behavior. INDIVIDUAL SELFGETTING DEVELOPMENT ALONG WITH OTHERS EFFICIENT
WORK METHODS
D) Changing Concept of Work
 Our work defines the image we have of ourselves. Work can shape personality. An
individual tends to become the kind of person the situation demand.
 There are changing concepts related to work and these will have
corresponding effects on the individual’s attitude and performance.
Management has made some programs to adjust to the changing
situations adequately. It has implemented and applied sensitivity
programs, management by objectives, group dynamics,
and other job enrichment activities.

18. •THAT’S ALL FOR NOW!
• Prepare for a SHORT QUIZ next meeting.