Industrial safety aims to reduce risks of injury, loss, or danger from industrial hazards. Hazards refer to substances that can cause harm and include risks like toxicity, chemical exposure, and fires. Common industrial hazards include fires, mechanical, electrical, chemical, pharmaceutical, environmental, and physical dangers. Proper safety measures like equipment maintenance, training, protective gear, and emergency protocols help minimize risks from these various industrial hazards.

2. DEFENITION OF INDUSTRIAL SAFETY
Industrial safety refers to reduce the risk of injury or loss and
danger to persons, property from the industrial hazards.
WHAT DOES A INDUSTRIAL HAZARD MEANT?
Hazard is a term associated with a substance, That is likely
to cause injury to a personnel, One which may lead to loss of
property, products (or) A substance that might prove fatal to the
personnel.

3.  Hazard is the potential of a substance to cause
damage.
 Toxicity is the hazard of a substance which can cause
poisoning.
 Risk is a measure of the probability that harm will
occur under defined conditions of exposure to a
chemical.

4.  Understand the harmful effects of industrial hazards
 Define the relationship between hazard and risk
 Explore the routes of exposure to industrial hazards
 Shed lights on type of toxicity by industrial hazards
 Know the most toxic environmental hazardous
substances.

5.  FIRE HAZARDS
 MECHANICAL HAZARDS
 ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
 CHEMICAL HAZARDS
 PHARMACEUTICAL HAZARDS
 ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS
 NUCLEAR HAZARDS

6. Fire hazards are workplace hazards that either involve the
presence of a flame, increase the probability that an
uncontrolled fire will occur, or increase the severity of a
fire should one occur.
FIRE:-
The self sustaining process of rapid oxidation of a fuel
which produces heat & light. Fire is an exothermic
chemical reaction between oxygen and fuel at certain
temperature.

7. Three things essential for the combustion of fire are:-
 Fuel (any combustible material)
 Oxygen
 Temperature
SOURCESOF FIRE HAZARDS
Fuels include solids, liquids, vapors and gasses.
SOLIDFUELS:-
Wood, fabrics, synthetic materials, packing materials,
papers etc…
LIQUIDFUELS:-
Flammable liquids (e.g., nitro phenol, ammonium
nitrate and potassium chlorate etc…)
Other sources includes flame, sparks, spontaneous ignition
and self combustile chemicals .

8. Many automatic fire detection systems are used in industry.
Some include:-
 Thermal expansion detectors
 Heat sensitive insulation
 Photoelectric fires
 Ionization or radiation sensors
 Ultraviolet or I.R detectors
These sound an alarm through which fire flames are
detected.

9. FIRE ALARMS
FIRE SENSORS

10.  Well planned design and layout
 Proper ventilated systems
 Chemical data sheets
 Proper training of personnel
 Proper maintenance of surroundings
 Use of fire extinguishers, alarms, sensors, detectors
 Fire fighting equipment
 Sprinkler systems

12.  There are associated with power
driven machines, whether automated
or manually operated by steam, hydraulic
or Electric power introduced new hazards
into work place.
 Mechanical hazards are excreted by the
large number and different designs of equipment, crowded
work place conditions and different interaction between
workers and equipment.
 Hazardous electrical and pneumatic thermal energy
must be released or controlled before working on active
equipment.

13.  Prevent contact
 Securable and Durable equipments
 Protection against falling objects
 Do not create unnecessary movements
 Use fixed guards
 Use interlocked and adjustable guards
 Use ejection system in feeding

15.  Electrical hazards occurs when a person come in
contact with the conductor carrying current and
simultaneously contacts with the ground, usually known
to be work place hazard.

16. Short circuits Improper wiring
Arcs and spark hazards Insulation failure

17. DETECTIONOF ELECTRICALHAZARDS
 Circuit tester
 Reacceptance wiring tester

18.  Ensure that power has been disconnected from the system
working with it.
 Do not wear conductive material like such as metal jewelry.
 Periodically inspect insulation.
 Verify circuit voltages.
 Use only explosion proof devices and non sparkling
switches in flammable liquid storage areas.
 All electrical parts should confirm ISI specifications.
 Ensure all flexible wires and power cables are properly
insulated.
 Installation of earth trip devices for all electrical equipments.
 Safe guarding is essential for all electrical equipments.

19.  The Chemical hazard is caused by chemicals because of its
harmful effects
 These are may be in the form of Gases, Vapours, Aerosols.
 Many chemicals can cause severe burns, if these coming to
contact with living tissue or other routes like inhalation.

20.  Carbon dioxide, monoxide, methane, ethane,
hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulphide, helium,
nitrogen.
 These are classified into
Toxic, Corrosive ,Irritant ,Carcinogenic, Flammable ,Mutagenic
Chemicals used in the industry causes harm to the Working
Environment and harms humans

21. Diseases caused by chemicals are:
1. Chronic and Acute diseases
Chronic diseases:-
A disease or condition that usually lasts for few days or
months and can be controlled. The most common
diseases are cancer, heart diseases, stroke,, kidney
diseases, heart failure etc…
Acute diseases:-
Acute diseases are come on rapidly, and are
accompanied by distinct symptoms that require
urgent care, these can be cured. The most common
diseases are hypertension, headache, eye burns etc…

22. Hazardous drugs that pose a potential health risk to
health care workers who may be exposed during drug
manufacturing, packing and storage.
CRITERIA FOR DEFINING HAZARDOUS DRUGS
Drugs that meet one or more of the following criteria
should be hazardous
 Carcinogenicity
 Teratogenicity
 Reproductive toxicity
 Organ toxicity at lower doses

23. ROUTES OF EXPOSURE TO HAZARDOUS DRUGS
Inhalation of an aerosolized drug.
Dermal absorption.
Ingestion.
Injection.
TYPES OF HAZARDS TOXICITY
Acute poisoning.
Chronic poisoning.(Akunuru,1997).

24. Personal protective equipment for hazardous drug
handling
 Disposable gowns made of fabric that has low
permeability to the agents in use, with closed fonts
and cuffs, intended for single use.
 Powder free gloves, labeled and tested for drugs used
with chemotherapy , made of latex, nitride or
neoprene.
 Face and eye protection when splashing is possible.
 Substitution of more harmful material by one which is
less danger to health.

25. To prevent or reduce dangerous expose to toxic materials.
i. Gas releases should be vented outside buildings and
away work areas and other populated areas.
ii. Exhausts and ventilations should be provided to
remove emissions.
 Every bulk drug and pharmaceutical unit must prepare
its disaster management plan.

26.  Standard operating procedures
 Handling of hazardous materials
 Water supply and drainage
 Floors and floor coverings
 Emergency exits
 Back up plan if anything goes wrong
 Specially trained personnel
 Health polices and insurance
 Written procedures
 Safety audits
 Risk analysis
 Appropriate training and education to employee
 Regular monitoring of workplace

27.  A hazard is a situation that posses a level of threat to life
health, property or the entire environment.
 An environmental hazard is an event which has potential
to threaten the surrounding nature.
 They adversely affect peoples health and causes
pollution natural disasters, storms and earthquakes.

29.  Cultural hazards and biological hazards
1. Unsafe working conditions
2. Poor diet and working conditions
 There are two ways to consider these hazards:-
 Lack of access to resources
1. Clean water
2. Food
 Many factors that cause death, disability or a matter of
choice for this cultural hazards
1. Reasons for the cultural hazards are risky behavior like
smoking, drinking, drugs and physical fitness.

30.  A physical hazard is an agent, factor or circumstance
that can cause harm with contact. They can be classified
as type of occupational hazard or environmental hazard.
Physical hazards include ergonomic hazards, radiation,
heat and cold stress, vibration hazards,
and noise hazards. Engineering controls are often used
to mitigate physical hazards.

31.  Physical hazards are a common source of injuries in
many industries.[3] They are perhaps unavoidable in
certain industries, such as construction and mining, but
over time people have developed safety methods and
procedures to manage the risks of physical danger in the
workplace. Employment of children may pose special
problems.

33. Nuclear hazards are threat posed by the invisible and
odorless contamination of the environment by the
presence of radioactive materials such as radio-
nuclides in air water or soil. These radio-nuclides emit
high energy particles (alpha and beta rays) and
electromagnetic radiations (gamma rays).

34.  Nuclear energy can be both beneficial and harmful
depending upon the way in which it is used.
 The radio active wastages from nuclear energy have
caused serious environmental damages.
 We routinely use X rays to examine bones for fractures,
treat cancer with radiation and diagnose diseases with the
help of radioactive elements.

35.  These pollutants majorly effect human life, air, water
and soil.
 The isotopes used are Uranium 235, Uranium 238,
Uranium 239 and Radium 226 which causes radio active
pollution.

36.  Monitoring radio activity around the disposal sites.
 Prevention of radioactive erosion in the waste disposal
site.
 Prevention of any activities such as drilling, digging etc…
around the disposal circle.
 Periodic and long term monitoring of disposals and area
of naturally occurring Uranium rich rocks.

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