The document provides definitions and examples of what a Geographic Information System (GIS) is. It discusses how GIS involves tools to collect, manage, use, share and interpret spatial data to understand relationships and patterns. A GIS allows users to visualize, analyze and draw conclusions from geographical data. While GIS often involves computer software and hardware, it does not necessarily require technology, as paper maps and mental maps can also serve as GIS.
This document discusses map projections and their properties. Map projections transform the three-dimensional globe onto a two-dimensional surface, necessarily introducing some distortions. The best projection depends on the map's purpose and region. Common projections include cylindrical (like Mercator), conic, and planar/polar types. Key properties that projections aim to preserve, like shape, area, distance and direction, often involve tradeoffs. Choosing a projection minimizes distortions for a map's intended use and geographic extent.
Karst topography refers to landscapes formed by the dissolution of soluble rocks like limestone and dolostone by groundwater. It is characterized by features like sinkholes, caves, underground streams, and disappearing streams. Karst landscapes are widespread globally in areas underlain by carbonate rocks, including regions in the United States, Europe, Asia, Australia, and Cuba. The development of karst topography depends on factors like the lithology of soluble bedrock, structure of the bedrock like joints and fractures, climate, hydrogeology, and time.
Role of Geophysics in the Oil and Gas IndustryMusisi Norbert
Geophysics plays an important role in the oil and gas industry by using non-invasive methods to investigate subsurface conditions. Various geophysical survey methods measure physical properties of the subsurface to aid in exploration, mapping resources, and identifying geohazards. Planning geophysical surveys requires selecting the appropriate methods, equipment, and acquisition parameters to meet project objectives and site conditions. Acquired data then undergoes processing and interpretation to develop an understanding of the subsurface.
Seismic data interpretation aims to tell the geologic story contained in seismic data by correlating seismic features with known geological elements. The summary outlines key concepts including:
1. Reflection, velocity, P and S waves, polarity, phase, resolution and detectability which influence seismic interpretation.
2. Depositional environments, rock types, faults and folds are interpreted from seismic data to understand the subsurface petroleum system.
3. Structural and stratigraphic interpretation including seismic attributes, multi-attribute logging, direct hydrocarbon indicators, and AVO/impedance inversion are used to characterize reservoirs.
Introduction to gis and its application gandhinagar
This document introduces Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and describes its components and applications. GIS is a collection of software, hardware, data, and personnel used to store, manipulate, analyze and present geospatial data. Its major objectives are to maximize efficiency, integrate multiple data sources, enable complex analysis, and minimize redundant data. A GIS has hardware, software, data, procedures, and personnel. It then discusses applications of GIS in transportation, water resource engineering, urban planning, construction, and analysis.
PERSISTENT SCATTERER SAR INTERFEROMETRY APPLICATION.pptxgrssieee
This document discusses the application of persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) to study landslides in the Berkeley Hills. PSI uses phase information from SAR images taken at different times to measure surface deformation with millimeter accuracy. It was applied using Envisat, ERS, Radarsat, and TerraSAR-X data. Thousands of persistent scatterers were identified, allowing measurement of surface motion along the Hayward Fault and within landslides. Future work will continue monitoring with additional SAR data to better resolve three-dimensional landslide motions.
The document provides definitions and examples of what a Geographic Information System (GIS) is. It discusses how GIS involves tools to collect, manage, use, share and interpret spatial data to understand relationships and patterns. A GIS allows users to visualize, analyze and draw conclusions from geographical data. While GIS often involves computer software and hardware, it does not necessarily require technology, as paper maps and mental maps can also serve as GIS.
This document discusses map projections and their properties. Map projections transform the three-dimensional globe onto a two-dimensional surface, necessarily introducing some distortions. The best projection depends on the map's purpose and region. Common projections include cylindrical (like Mercator), conic, and planar/polar types. Key properties that projections aim to preserve, like shape, area, distance and direction, often involve tradeoffs. Choosing a projection minimizes distortions for a map's intended use and geographic extent.
Karst topography refers to landscapes formed by the dissolution of soluble rocks like limestone and dolostone by groundwater. It is characterized by features like sinkholes, caves, underground streams, and disappearing streams. Karst landscapes are widespread globally in areas underlain by carbonate rocks, including regions in the United States, Europe, Asia, Australia, and Cuba. The development of karst topography depends on factors like the lithology of soluble bedrock, structure of the bedrock like joints and fractures, climate, hydrogeology, and time.
Role of Geophysics in the Oil and Gas IndustryMusisi Norbert
Geophysics plays an important role in the oil and gas industry by using non-invasive methods to investigate subsurface conditions. Various geophysical survey methods measure physical properties of the subsurface to aid in exploration, mapping resources, and identifying geohazards. Planning geophysical surveys requires selecting the appropriate methods, equipment, and acquisition parameters to meet project objectives and site conditions. Acquired data then undergoes processing and interpretation to develop an understanding of the subsurface.
Seismic data interpretation aims to tell the geologic story contained in seismic data by correlating seismic features with known geological elements. The summary outlines key concepts including:
1. Reflection, velocity, P and S waves, polarity, phase, resolution and detectability which influence seismic interpretation.
2. Depositional environments, rock types, faults and folds are interpreted from seismic data to understand the subsurface petroleum system.
3. Structural and stratigraphic interpretation including seismic attributes, multi-attribute logging, direct hydrocarbon indicators, and AVO/impedance inversion are used to characterize reservoirs.
Introduction to gis and its application gandhinagar
This document introduces Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and describes its components and applications. GIS is a collection of software, hardware, data, and personnel used to store, manipulate, analyze and present geospatial data. Its major objectives are to maximize efficiency, integrate multiple data sources, enable complex analysis, and minimize redundant data. A GIS has hardware, software, data, procedures, and personnel. It then discusses applications of GIS in transportation, water resource engineering, urban planning, construction, and analysis.
PERSISTENT SCATTERER SAR INTERFEROMETRY APPLICATION.pptxgrssieee
This document discusses the application of persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) to study landslides in the Berkeley Hills. PSI uses phase information from SAR images taken at different times to measure surface deformation with millimeter accuracy. It was applied using Envisat, ERS, Radarsat, and TerraSAR-X data. Thousands of persistent scatterers were identified, allowing measurement of surface motion along the Hayward Fault and within landslides. Future work will continue monitoring with additional SAR data to better resolve three-dimensional landslide motions.
This document discusses geodetic systems and how they represent the Earth mathematically. It defines key concepts like datums, ellipsoids, and coordinate systems. Specifically, it explains that datums define geodetic systems using reference ellipsoids that approximate the geoid and Earth's irregular shape. Common datums like NAD27, NAD83, and WGS84 are described that use different ellipsoids and reference points. It also outlines how latitude, longitude, and elevation are used in geographic coordinate systems to specify locations on Earth.
Structural measurements in oriented core photograph january 2019_galkineVadim Galkine
n this post I describe the method of structural measurements of planar structures using oriented core digital photographs. The main advantage of the method is an opportunity to reduce field-based time of the drill-core processing. All the measurements can be done in the office.
Users can work either in the standard GIS platforms (ArcMap, MapInfo etc) or even use digitizers outside of GIS environment which makes the technique comparatively cheap.
The method consists of two steps:
1) digitazing photographs and obtaining a table of xy coordinates of the three-point sets of planar structures
2) calculating actual structure orientations using the MSExcel calculation spreadsheets.
The spreadsheets are provided as attachments to the post. They can also be downloaded from http://remoteexploration.com/oriented-core-techniques.html
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pelatihan pemetaan digital yang akan diselenggarakan pada tanggal 7-11 Oktober 2014 di Balai Diklat PU Wilayah III Yogyakarta. Pelatihan ini akan membahas tentang definisi pemetaan digital, teknik-teknik pemetaan digital, dan proses pemetaan digital."
The document provides information on the Landsat satellite program, including details on Landsat 1-8 such as orbital characteristics, sensors, and resolutions. It launched between 1972-2013 with improved sensors over time. The Landsat satellites are used for applications like mapping land cover, monitoring vegetation and coastal zones. The document also summarizes the SPOT satellite program with details on SPOT 1-4 launched between 1986-1998.
This document discusses different types of map projections used to represent the spherical earth on a flat surface. It describes how all projections involve some distortion of properties like shapes, areas, distances or directions. The key types are conformal, equivalent, and equidistant projections. It explains the concepts of projection surfaces like cones, cylinders and planes, as well as variables like the light source and orientation. Specific common projections are also outlined, such as Mercator, Lambert conformal conic, and azimuthal equidistant, along with their characteristic distortions and uses.
DGPS improves upon standard GPS accuracy by using a fixed reference station to calculate and broadcast differential corrections for errors caused by atmospheric delays of GPS signals. Receivers equipped with DGPS can then apply these corrections to achieve sub-meter accuracy, as low as 10 cm in some cases. It works by having a stationary receiver at a known location calculate differential errors compared to GPS satellites and broadcasting correction signals to enable mobile DGPS receivers to determine their position with much greater precision.
Geographic coordinate system & map projectionvishalkedia119
The document discusses geographic coordinate systems and map projections. It defines key concepts like geoid, spheroid, datum, latitude and longitude, projections, and the UTM coordinate system. The UTM system divides the globe into 60 zones, each 6 degrees wide, and uses a Transverse Mercator projection within each zone. UTM coordinates express a point's easting and northing distances in meters from the central meridian and equator/south pole.
When river discharge exceeds the channel's carrying capacity, floods occur as water rises over banks and onto floodplains. Hydrographs record river discharge over time and help predict flooding by showing discharge patterns in a drainage basin. A hydrograph's shape is influenced by various factors including area, slope, soil, land use, precipitation, and tides, which all interact and change along a river's course. Large basins, permeable rocks/soils, and dense forests tend to delay flooding while steep slopes, urbanization, and intense rains produce faster responses during storms.
Information regarding cadastral mapping and various survey techniques.
Well touch to technical student regarding the cadastral mapping its benefits to their career.
This document summarizes the historical development of photogrammetry. It describes how photogrammetry evolved from early plane table photogrammetry between 1850-1900, to analog photogrammetry between 1900-1960, to analytical photogrammetry between 1960-present. It also discusses how digital photogrammetry is just beginning. The document provides background on important historical figures and developments in the field, including the first uses of aerial photography in the late 19th century and how photogrammetry has been used to create topographic maps since the 1840s.
Using 3-D Seismic Attributes in Reservoir Characterizationguest05b785
The document discusses using 3D seismic attributes for reservoir characterization. It provides an overview of seismic reflection methods and defines seismic attributes as any measurement derived from seismic data. Common types of attributes are described including time, complex trace, window, Fourier and multi-trace attributes. The document gives examples of attributes like envelope, phase, frequency and coherence that can provide information on lithology, thickness, faults and fractures. Methods of interpreting attribute data from 3D volumes are outlined. The document concludes by providing examples of how attributes can be used for reservoir characterization tasks like fault interpretation and porosity estimation.
Weather is defined as the condition of the atmosphere at a particular time and place. Key factors that influence weather changes include temperature, wind, moisture, and precipitation. Insolation refers to the amount of sun energy reaching the Earth, and its angle is a measure of how high the sun is in the sky. As the angle of insolation increases, the intensity of sunlight increases due to being concentrated in a smaller area, while a decreasing angle spreads heat over a larger area. The angle and intensity of insolation varies across the Earth and is greatest near the equator and lowest at the poles, with the noon sun providing the maximum angle.
Geophysical surveys use physical methods at the Earth's surface to measure subsurface physical properties and anomalies. Types of geophysical surveys include gravity, magnetic, electrical, seismic, radiometric, and geothermal methods. The gravity method measures minute variations in gravity caused by differences in subsurface density and distance from the Earth's center. Gravity surveys can be aerial or land-based, using a highly sensitive gravimeter. Processed gravity data is plotted on maps showing variations due to subsurface densities, and is used for hydrocarbon exploration, mineral deposits, cavity detection, and other applications.
The document discusses coordinate systems used in geodesy. It describes how a point on Earth's surface is projected onto a reference spheroid and geoid to define its horizontal and vertical positions. Geodetic coordinates use latitude, longitude, and elevation to precisely locate points on the spheroid. It also describes the Cartesian coordinate system and WGS 84 system used by the U.S. Defense Department as a geocentric reference frame. Key elements like great circles, parallels, and meridians are defined on the spheroid for determining latitude and longitude.
This document discusses the use of geographic information systems (GIS) in water resource management and assessment. It provides examples of GIS applications in watershed management, groundwater assessment, flood management, and water quality studies. It then describes a case study that developed a GIS-based decision support system to assess watershed runoff in the Kk3 Macro Watershed in India. Key steps included delineating sub-watersheds, creating soil and land use maps, determining hydrologic response units, computing runoff, and generating thematic runoff maps. The system allows users to update rainfall data and evaluate variations in spatial runoff distribution over time.
The IKONOS satellite was launched in 1999 and has an operational life of over 7 years. It captures high resolution imagery with 0.82m panchromatic and 3.2m multispectral resolution. Its applications include mapping natural resources, disasters, agriculture, and it provides imagery for security, coastal monitoring, and 3D terrain analysis.
With increasing use of remote sensing, the need for crispier, accurate and enhanced precision has deemed to the improvement in the spectral and spatial resolution of remotely sensed imagery. For most of the systems, panchromatic images typically have higher resolution, while multispectral images offer information in several spectral channels. Resolution merge (also called pan-sharpening) allows us to combine advantages of both kinds of images by merging them into one.
The resolution merge or pan sharpening is the technique used to obtain high resolution multi-spectral images. The color information is collected from the coarse resolution satellite data and the intensity from the high resolution satellite data.
The main constraint is to preserve the spectral information for aspects like land use. Saving theimage from distortion of the spectral characteristics is important in the merged dataset.
The most common techniques for spatial enhancement of low-resolution imagery combining high and low resolution data can be used are: Intensity-Hue-Saturation, Principal Component, Multiplicative and Brovey Transform.
THIS PRESENTATION IS TO HELP YOU PERFORM THE TASK STEP BY STEP.
This document discusses geodetic systems and how they represent the Earth mathematically. It defines key concepts like datums, ellipsoids, and coordinate systems. Specifically, it explains that datums define geodetic systems using reference ellipsoids that approximate the geoid and Earth's irregular shape. Common datums like NAD27, NAD83, and WGS84 are described that use different ellipsoids and reference points. It also outlines how latitude, longitude, and elevation are used in geographic coordinate systems to specify locations on Earth.
Structural measurements in oriented core photograph january 2019_galkineVadim Galkine
n this post I describe the method of structural measurements of planar structures using oriented core digital photographs. The main advantage of the method is an opportunity to reduce field-based time of the drill-core processing. All the measurements can be done in the office.
Users can work either in the standard GIS platforms (ArcMap, MapInfo etc) or even use digitizers outside of GIS environment which makes the technique comparatively cheap.
The method consists of two steps:
1) digitazing photographs and obtaining a table of xy coordinates of the three-point sets of planar structures
2) calculating actual structure orientations using the MSExcel calculation spreadsheets.
The spreadsheets are provided as attachments to the post. They can also be downloaded from http://remoteexploration.com/oriented-core-techniques.html
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pelatihan pemetaan digital yang akan diselenggarakan pada tanggal 7-11 Oktober 2014 di Balai Diklat PU Wilayah III Yogyakarta. Pelatihan ini akan membahas tentang definisi pemetaan digital, teknik-teknik pemetaan digital, dan proses pemetaan digital."
The document provides information on the Landsat satellite program, including details on Landsat 1-8 such as orbital characteristics, sensors, and resolutions. It launched between 1972-2013 with improved sensors over time. The Landsat satellites are used for applications like mapping land cover, monitoring vegetation and coastal zones. The document also summarizes the SPOT satellite program with details on SPOT 1-4 launched between 1986-1998.
This document discusses different types of map projections used to represent the spherical earth on a flat surface. It describes how all projections involve some distortion of properties like shapes, areas, distances or directions. The key types are conformal, equivalent, and equidistant projections. It explains the concepts of projection surfaces like cones, cylinders and planes, as well as variables like the light source and orientation. Specific common projections are also outlined, such as Mercator, Lambert conformal conic, and azimuthal equidistant, along with their characteristic distortions and uses.
DGPS improves upon standard GPS accuracy by using a fixed reference station to calculate and broadcast differential corrections for errors caused by atmospheric delays of GPS signals. Receivers equipped with DGPS can then apply these corrections to achieve sub-meter accuracy, as low as 10 cm in some cases. It works by having a stationary receiver at a known location calculate differential errors compared to GPS satellites and broadcasting correction signals to enable mobile DGPS receivers to determine their position with much greater precision.
Geographic coordinate system & map projectionvishalkedia119
The document discusses geographic coordinate systems and map projections. It defines key concepts like geoid, spheroid, datum, latitude and longitude, projections, and the UTM coordinate system. The UTM system divides the globe into 60 zones, each 6 degrees wide, and uses a Transverse Mercator projection within each zone. UTM coordinates express a point's easting and northing distances in meters from the central meridian and equator/south pole.
When river discharge exceeds the channel's carrying capacity, floods occur as water rises over banks and onto floodplains. Hydrographs record river discharge over time and help predict flooding by showing discharge patterns in a drainage basin. A hydrograph's shape is influenced by various factors including area, slope, soil, land use, precipitation, and tides, which all interact and change along a river's course. Large basins, permeable rocks/soils, and dense forests tend to delay flooding while steep slopes, urbanization, and intense rains produce faster responses during storms.
Information regarding cadastral mapping and various survey techniques.
Well touch to technical student regarding the cadastral mapping its benefits to their career.
This document summarizes the historical development of photogrammetry. It describes how photogrammetry evolved from early plane table photogrammetry between 1850-1900, to analog photogrammetry between 1900-1960, to analytical photogrammetry between 1960-present. It also discusses how digital photogrammetry is just beginning. The document provides background on important historical figures and developments in the field, including the first uses of aerial photography in the late 19th century and how photogrammetry has been used to create topographic maps since the 1840s.
Using 3-D Seismic Attributes in Reservoir Characterizationguest05b785
The document discusses using 3D seismic attributes for reservoir characterization. It provides an overview of seismic reflection methods and defines seismic attributes as any measurement derived from seismic data. Common types of attributes are described including time, complex trace, window, Fourier and multi-trace attributes. The document gives examples of attributes like envelope, phase, frequency and coherence that can provide information on lithology, thickness, faults and fractures. Methods of interpreting attribute data from 3D volumes are outlined. The document concludes by providing examples of how attributes can be used for reservoir characterization tasks like fault interpretation and porosity estimation.
Weather is defined as the condition of the atmosphere at a particular time and place. Key factors that influence weather changes include temperature, wind, moisture, and precipitation. Insolation refers to the amount of sun energy reaching the Earth, and its angle is a measure of how high the sun is in the sky. As the angle of insolation increases, the intensity of sunlight increases due to being concentrated in a smaller area, while a decreasing angle spreads heat over a larger area. The angle and intensity of insolation varies across the Earth and is greatest near the equator and lowest at the poles, with the noon sun providing the maximum angle.
Geophysical surveys use physical methods at the Earth's surface to measure subsurface physical properties and anomalies. Types of geophysical surveys include gravity, magnetic, electrical, seismic, radiometric, and geothermal methods. The gravity method measures minute variations in gravity caused by differences in subsurface density and distance from the Earth's center. Gravity surveys can be aerial or land-based, using a highly sensitive gravimeter. Processed gravity data is plotted on maps showing variations due to subsurface densities, and is used for hydrocarbon exploration, mineral deposits, cavity detection, and other applications.
The document discusses coordinate systems used in geodesy. It describes how a point on Earth's surface is projected onto a reference spheroid and geoid to define its horizontal and vertical positions. Geodetic coordinates use latitude, longitude, and elevation to precisely locate points on the spheroid. It also describes the Cartesian coordinate system and WGS 84 system used by the U.S. Defense Department as a geocentric reference frame. Key elements like great circles, parallels, and meridians are defined on the spheroid for determining latitude and longitude.
This document discusses the use of geographic information systems (GIS) in water resource management and assessment. It provides examples of GIS applications in watershed management, groundwater assessment, flood management, and water quality studies. It then describes a case study that developed a GIS-based decision support system to assess watershed runoff in the Kk3 Macro Watershed in India. Key steps included delineating sub-watersheds, creating soil and land use maps, determining hydrologic response units, computing runoff, and generating thematic runoff maps. The system allows users to update rainfall data and evaluate variations in spatial runoff distribution over time.
The IKONOS satellite was launched in 1999 and has an operational life of over 7 years. It captures high resolution imagery with 0.82m panchromatic and 3.2m multispectral resolution. Its applications include mapping natural resources, disasters, agriculture, and it provides imagery for security, coastal monitoring, and 3D terrain analysis.
With increasing use of remote sensing, the need for crispier, accurate and enhanced precision has deemed to the improvement in the spectral and spatial resolution of remotely sensed imagery. For most of the systems, panchromatic images typically have higher resolution, while multispectral images offer information in several spectral channels. Resolution merge (also called pan-sharpening) allows us to combine advantages of both kinds of images by merging them into one.
The resolution merge or pan sharpening is the technique used to obtain high resolution multi-spectral images. The color information is collected from the coarse resolution satellite data and the intensity from the high resolution satellite data.
The main constraint is to preserve the spectral information for aspects like land use. Saving theimage from distortion of the spectral characteristics is important in the merged dataset.
The most common techniques for spatial enhancement of low-resolution imagery combining high and low resolution data can be used are: Intensity-Hue-Saturation, Principal Component, Multiplicative and Brovey Transform.
THIS PRESENTATION IS TO HELP YOU PERFORM THE TASK STEP BY STEP.
6. Yanda Avustralya’da etkili
olan başlıca iklim tiplerinin
dağılış haritası verilmiştir.
Bu haritaya göre ılıman
karasal, Akdeniz, çöl ve
savan iklimlerinin nerelerde
etkili olduğunu gösterelim
10:48 6
8. Aşağıdaki harita ile yandaki
fotoğraf ve uydu fotoğrafını
karşılaştıralım. Her üç görsel aynı
yeri mi gösteriyor?
Görsellerin benzer ve farklı yönleri
nelerdir? Bu görseller nasıl elde
edilmiş olabilir?
10:48 8
15. Yurt savunması ve güvenliğin sağlanması
Coğrafi olayların dağılışı
Ulaşım sorunlarının azaltılması
Baraj yerinin seçimi ve yönetimi
Arazi düzenleme çalışmaları
İmar planlarının düzenlenmesi
Çevre düzenlemesi
Turizm yatırımları
Hastalıkların dağılımı
10:48 15
18. Değişik özellikler dikkate
alınarak hazırlanan
haritalar, kullanım amaçları
açısından farklı isimler alır.
Örneğin iklim bölgeleri
haritası, toprak
haritası, maden haritası, fiziki
harita, nüfus haritası vb.
10:48 18
19. 1 2
3 4
5 6
1. Trabzon ili ve
ilçelerini detaylı
olarak görmek için
hangi haritayı
kullanırsınız?
2. Trabzon ilinin
akarsu havzaları
ve bunların
sınırlarını hangi
haritayı
kullanarak daha
kolay
bulabilirsiniz?
3. Hangi haritayı
kullanarak ulaşım
yolları ve
çeşitlerini daha
kolay
bulabilirsiniz?10:48 19
20. 1 2
3 4
5 6
4. Bitki örtüsü ve
çeşitliliğini hangi
haritaya bakarak
daha kolay
bulabilirsiniz?
5. Hangi
haritaların zaman
içinde yeniden
düzenlenmesi
gerekebilir?
6. Haritaları
mevcut kullanım
amaçları açısından
incelediğinizde
hangi harita ya da
haritalardan doğal
afetlere yönelik
risk haritası
hazırlanabilir?10:48 20
21. Basınç Haritası
Bitki Örtüsü Haritası
Hidrografya Haritası
Arazi Kullanım Haritası
Haritaları
inceleyerek
bunların hangi
amaçlarla
yapıldığını
anlamaya
çalışınız.
Siz de haritaya
konu olabilecek
bilgileri
düşünerek
yapılabilecek
harita çeşitlerinin
bir listesini
oluşturunuz.
10:48 21
22. Basınç Haritası
Bitki Örtüsü Haritası
Hidrografya Haritası
Arazi Kullanım Haritası
Listelediğiniz bu
harita çeşitlerini ilgili
bilim ve mesleklerle
eşleştirmeye çalışınız.
Listenizdeki
haritalardan
bazılarının herkes
tarafından
kullanılabilecek (genel
amaçlı),
Bazılarının ise çok özel
bilgiler içerdiği için
ancak belirli meslek
sahiplerince
kullanılabilecek
nitelikte (özel amaçlı)
olduğunu fark etmiş
olmalısınız.
10:48 22
23. Konuları gereği geniş bir kesim
tarafından kullanılan haritalardır.
Fiziki Haritalar
İdari Haritalar
Siyasi Haritalar
Topografya Haritaları
Atlas Haritaları
Beşeri ve Ekonomik Har.
Bir konunun uzmanları tarafından
hazırlanıp kullanılan haritalardır.
Jeoloji Haritaları
Toprak Haritaları
İklim Haritaları
Meteoroloji Haritaları
Deprem Haritaları
Bitki Örtüsü Haritaları
10:48 23
39. Türkler tarafından yapıldığı bilinen en eski
harita, KAŞGARLI MAHMUT’un DİVANÜ LUGATİ’T-
TÜRK
adlı kitabında bulunmaktadır.
Bu harita,
Türkçenin
konuşulduğu
ülkeleri göstermek
amacıyla
yapılmıştır.
10:48 39
49. Yerleşim biriminin ayrıntılı jeolojik bilgileri elde
edilerek veriler sayısal olarak bilgisayara
kaydedilir.
Yerleşim alanındaki zeminin heyelana karşı
hassasiyetiyle ilgili bilgiler kaydedilir.
Yerleşim alanındaki binalar, yapı malzemelerinin
cinsine göre sınıflandırılarak bilgisayara
kaydedilir.
Binalardaki kat sayısı ve bina yükseklikleri
bilgisayara kaydedilir.
Yerleşim biriminde yaşayan insan sayısı kaydedilir.
JEOLOJİK
HEYELAN
BİNA YAPI MALZEMESİ
BİNA KAT SAYISI VE YÜK.
İNSAN SAYISI
10:48 49
50. JEOLOJİKHEYELAN RİSKİBİNA YAPI MALZEMESİBİNA KAT SAYISI VE YÜK.İNSAN SAYISIDEPREM RİSK HARİTASI
Bilgisayara
girilen her veri
ayrı bir karta
işlenir. Daha
sonra bu veriler
bilgisayar
ortamında
birleştirilerek
tek bir harita
elde edilir.
10:48 50
51. Haritalar, çizimler
Yer’in havadan çekilmiş fotoğrafları
Uzaktan algılama görüntüleri
İstatistik bilgiler
Yazılı (metinsel) bilgiler
Arazi çalışmalarından elde edilen bilgiler
10:48 51
59. Otoyol, devlet yolu, demiryolu ve
boru hattı koridor seçimleri, sulama,
baraj, madencilik ve ormancılık ön
etütlerinde,
Deniz ve kıyı kirliliği etütlerinde, uydu
görüntülerinden işlenip uygun
filtrelemeler yapılarak kirlilik
haritalarının yapımında,
Tarımsal amaçlı, arazi kullanım ve
toprak haritalarının etüdünde
10:48 59
60. Orman kaynaklarının ön
envanterlerinin yapımı ve
haritalanmasında,
Ayrıca orman yangınlarının yaptığı
hasarların tespitinde ve görüntülerin
işlenmesi-haritalandırılmasında,
Maden aramalarında, jeolojik
etütlerin yapımında, yer çalışmalarını
süre ve maliyet açısından en aza
indirmek amacıyla,
10:48 60
63. Bu sistemin ilk kuruluş hedefi tamamen askeri amaçlar içindi.
GPS alıcıları yön bulma, askeri
çıkartma ve roket atışlarında
kullanılmak üzere
tasarlanmıştır.
Ancak, 1980'lerde GPS sistemi
sivil kullanıma da açılmıştır.
10:48 63
68. Yol, nehir, sınır, fay hattı ve kıvrım ekseni gibi
verilerin gösterimi çizgi olarak gerçekleştirilir.
10:48 68
69. Alan olarak gösterilen verilerin başlıcaları
ormanlar, göller, jeolojik alanlar ve arazi
parselleridir.
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70. Okulumuz ve çevresindeki yerleri bir haritaya aktarırken,
veriler NOKTASAL, ÇİZGİSEL ve ALANSAL olarak aktarılır.
Binalar= Yollar=
Bahçemiz=
NOKTASAL ÇİZGİSEL
ALANSAL
SİZ DE BUNA
BENZER DİĞER
ÖRNEKLER VERİNİZ
10:48 70
73. Küresel şekildeki taralı alan aynı koordinatlardaki düzlem
üzerine aktarılmıştır. Buna göre;
1. İkinci şekil ile birinci şekil birbirine benziyor mu?
Karşılaştırınız
2. İkinci ile birinci şeklin kapladığı alan neden aynı
değildir?
10:48 73
74. Bir portakalın üzerine
kıtaların sınırlarını çizip
içini çıkardıktan sonra
kabuğunu A4 kağıdına
bastırarak
düzleştirmeye çalışalım.
Kıtaların seklinde ne
gibi değişimler
görürsünüz?
10:48 74
78. Model kürenin merkezinde bir ışık bulunduğu kabul edilir.
Böylece küre üzerindeki paralel ve meridyenlerin düzleme yansıyan iz
düşümleri elde edilerek haritanın koordinat sistemi oluşturulur.
Haritalanacak bilgiler de koordinat sistemine göre yüzey üzerine aktarılır.
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82. Bu sistem, Ekvator’a yakın yerlerin haritası için uygundur.
Kutuplara doğru gidildikçe şekillerde bozulmalar artar.
Dünya’nın tamamı haritada gösterilebilir
Daha çok deniz ve hava ulaşımı haritaları çizilirken kullanılır
10:48 82
84. Bu sistem, orta enlemlerin gösterimi açısından daha uygundur.
Kutuplara ve Ekvator’a gidildikçe şekillerde bozulmalar artar
Ülke haritaları ile teknik ayrıntı isteyen haritalar bu projeksiyonla çizilmektedir.
Şekiller bozulur, ancak alanlar korunur
10:48 84
86. Genellikle kutup bölgelerinin haritası için kullanılır.
Ekvator’a doğru gidildikçe haritalardaki gerçeklik azalır
Dar alanların ve büyük ölçekli haritaların çiziminde kullanılır
Bozulmaların en fazla olduğu projeksiyonlardır.
10:48 86
91. Yeryüzü şekillerinin belirli ölçek dahilinde küçültülerek oluşturulan
maketleridir.
Ancak, kabartma haritaların yapılışı ve taşınması zor olduğundan
kullanım alanı dardır.
gerçeğe en
uygun
10:48 91
93. Fiziki haritalarda beyaz renkler buzulları ya
da kalıcı karları gösterirler.
Göl, deniz ve okyanuslar ise mavi renkle
gösterilmektedir.
Mavinin tonu koyulaştıkça derinliğin arttığı
anlaşılır.
Yeşil renk orman, ova veya tarla değildir.
Kahve renk de dağ değil
10:48 93
94. 10:48 94
KALIN, KISA, SIK EĞİM FAZLA
İNCE,UZUN,SEYREK EĞİM AZ
TARANMAYAN ALAN DÜZ ALANLAR
95. Harita yapımının zor olması,
Yükselti, eğim bulma
gibi hesaplamaların
yapılamaması
Nedeniyle kullanımı
azdır.
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96. Işık alan yerler
açık, gölgede kalan
yerler koyu renkte
boyanır.
Daha çok yardımcı
bir yöntem olarak
kullanılır.
10:48 96
108. PAY:(Harita Uzunluğu)(cm)
Daima 1'dir. 1 sayısı, harita üzerindeki
bir santimetreyi ifade eder.
PAYDA:(Gerçek Uzunluk)(cm)
Değişkendir. Paydada yer alan sayı,
haritası çizilen alanın kaç defa
küçültüldüğünü gösterir.
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113. Çizgi ölçek kesir
ölçeğe göre çok daha
pratik ve kullanışlıdır.
Harita üzerinde iki
nokta arası kuş uçuşu
mesafenin kolayca
bulunmasını sağlar.
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115. Aşağıdaki topoğrafya haritasında, X
noktasıyla gösterilen yerde bulunan bir
kişi, kurumuş akarsu yatağını izleyerek Y
köyüne ulaşmak istemektedir.
Bu kişinin izlemesi gereken yön ve kat
etmesi gereken yaklaşık mesafe
aşağıdakilerin hangisinde doğru sırada
verilmiştir?
A) Güneybatıya 3 km, kuzeydoğuya 5 km
B) Kuzeydoğuya 5 km, güneye 8 km,
kuzeybatıya 5 km
C) Kuzeybatıya 5 km, güneydoğuya 5 km
D) Güneybatıya 3 km, kuzeye 8 km,
güneybatıya 5 km
E) Güneybatıya 3 km, kuzeybatıya 5 km
10:48 115
118. Her çentik arası 1 cm olduğundan 1cm= 1o km
Harita Uzunluğu Çizginin uzunluğudur
Gerçek Uzunluk Çizgi ölçek üzerinde km, hm vb cinsinden
yazılmış uzunluklardır.
10:48 118
10 20 3010 0
km
1 cm
122. Ölçeklerine Göre Haritalar Ölçek
Büyük
Ölçekli
Plan
1 /20.000 ‘e
kadar
Topografya
1 /20.000 ile
1 /200.000 arası
Küçük Ölçekli
1 /500.000'den
küçük
10:48 122
123. Küçük Ölçekli Haritalar Büyük Ölçekli Haritalar
Ölçek paydası büyük
Küçültme oranı fazla
Ayrıntı az
Gösterilen alan fazla
10:48 123
124. Küçük Ölçekli Haritalar Büyük Ölçekli Haritalar
Hata oranı fazla
Kağıt üzerinde kapladığı
alan az
10:48 124
125. Küçük Ölçekli Haritalar Büyük Ölçekli Haritalar
İzohipsler arası yükselti
farkı fazla
10:48 125
130. Ölçeği 1/1.500.000 olan
haritada Balıkesir- Bursa
arası 8 cm ölçüldüğüne
göre gerçek uzunluk kaç
km. dir?
Gerçek Uzunluk= HU x ÖP
GU= 8 cm x 1.500.000 cm
GU= 12.000.000 cm
GU= 120 km
10:48 130
131. Ölçeği 1/1.500.000 olan
haritada Balıkesir-
Karacabey arası 5 cm
ölçüldüğüne göre gerçek
uzunluk kaç km. dir?
Gerçek Uzunluk= HU x ÖP
GU= 5 cm x 1.500.000 cm
GU= 7.500.000 cm
GU= 75 km
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132. 180 km
1/1.500.000 kaç cm
Harita Uzunluğu= GU / ÖP
HU=180km / 1.500.000 cm
HU=18.000.000 cm/1.500.000cm
HU= 12 cm
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133. Ölçek = HU / GU
Ö= 8 cm / 120 km
Ö= 8 cm/ 12.000.000 cm
Ö= 1/1.500.000
120 km
8 cm ölçeğini
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136. 1/1.500.000 2 cm2
kaç km2
Gerçek Alan= HA x ÖP2
GA= 2 cm2 x (1.500.000 cm)2
GA= 2 cm2 x 225 km2
GA= 450 km2
GA= 2 cm2 x 2.250.000.000.000 cm2
10:48 136
137. 14400 km2
1/1.500.000 kaç cm2
Harita Alanı= GA / ÖP2
HA= 14400 km2 / (15 km)2
HA= 14400 km2 / 225 km2
HA= 64 cm2
HA= 14400 km2 / (15kmx15km)
Ö= 1/1.500.000
GA= 14400 km2
10:48 137
138. 14400 km2
64cm2 ölçeğini
Ö= 1 cm / 15 km
Ö= 1/ 1.500.000
Ö= 8 cm /120 km
HA= 64 cm2
GA= 14400 km2
Ölçek= HA /GA
Ö= 64 cm2 / 14400 km2
10:48 138
140. Ölçeği 1/1.500.000 olan
haritada Balıkesir - Bursa
arası 8 cm ölçüldüğüne göre;
ölçeği 1/3.000.000 olan
haritada Balıkesir - Bursa
arası kaç cm ile gösterilir?
1/ 1.500.000 8 cm
1/ 3.000.000 ? cm
Ölçek
2 kat küçülmüş
4 cm
Harita Uzunluğu
2 kat küçülür
10:48 140
141. 1/ 1.500.000 8 cm
1/ 750.000 ? cm
Ölçek
2 kat büyümüş
16 cm
Harita Uzunluğu
2 kat büyür
Ölçeği 1/1.500.000 olan
haritada Balıkesir - Bursa
arası 8 cm ölçüldüğüne göre;
ölçeği 1/750.000 olan
haritada Balıkesir - Bursa
arası kaç cm ile gösterilir?
10:48 141
142. HA= 64 cm2
Ö= 1/1.500.000
1/ 1.500.000 64cm2
1/ 3.000.000 ? cm2
Ölçek
2 kat küçülmüş
16 cm2
Harita Alanı
22 kat küçülür
Ölçeği 1/1.500.000 olan haritada
Balıkesir ili 64cm2ölçüldüğüne göre;
ölçeği 1/3.000.000 olan haritada
Balıkesir ili kaç cm2 ile gösterilir?
10:48 142
143. 1/ 300.000 9 cm
1/ 900.000 ? cm
Ölçek
3 kat küçülmüş
3 cm
Harita Uzunluğu
3 kat küçülür
10:48 143
1/300.000 9 cm
1/900.000 kaç cm
145. Arazide yön ve hedef bulma
sporlarında pusula ve büyük ölçekli
haritalar sporcuların en önemli
yardımcılarıdır.
Sporcular bu haritalar ile yer
şekillerini belirleyerek en kısa
zamanda yönlerini ve hedeflerini
bulmaya çalışırlar.
Buna göre, Uludağ’da yapılacak bir
yarışmada sporcuların yarışma
alanına ait aşağıda birer parçası
verilen haritalardan hangisini
kullanması daha uygundur?
10:48 145
146. I. Ankara ile İstanbul
arasındaki kuş uçuşu uzaklık
II. Tuz Gölü’nün alanı
III. Bolu il merkezinin coğrafi
koordinatları
IV. Erciyes Dağı’nın yüksekliği
Türkiye’nin fiziki haritasında
yukarıdakilerden hangilerinin
belirlenmesi için ölçek
gereklidir?
A) I ve II
B) I ve III
C) II ve III
D) II ve IV
E) III ve IV
10:48 146
147. Aşağıda, I. şekilde çizgi ölçeği bulunmayan ve
yalnızca kesir ölçeği verilen bir topografya
haritası, II. şekilde ise bu haritanın fotokopiyle
belli bir oranda küçültülmüş hâli gösterilmiştir.
II. şekildeki haritaya sahip olan ve bu haritanın
fotokopiyle küçültüldüğünü bilmeyen bir kişi,
aşağıdakilerden hangisini hesapladığında doğru
sonuca ulaşabilir?
A) K gölünün kapladığı alanı
B) X ve Y noktaları arasındaki yükselti farkını
C) L akarsuyunun aktığı vadinin ortalama eğimini
D) X ve Y noktaları arasındaki kuş uçumu uzaklığı
E) L akarsuyunun gerçek uzunluğunu
10:48 147
148. KOMİSYON, Coğrafya 9, MEB Yayınevi, İstanbul 2010
ŞAHİN, Cemalettin, Coğrafya 9, Lider Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2011
BARANAYDIN, Mehmet, Coğrafya 9, Lider Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2012
KOMİSYON, Coğrafya 9, Coşku Yayınları, İzmir 2011
ZOR, Mehmet, İLKAY, Kemal, KIZIL, Tülay; 9. Sınıf Coğrafya, Ekip Yayınları, Ankara 2011
ABAY, Cumhur, 9. Sınıf Coğrafya, Esen Yayınları, Ankara 2010
KÖROĞLU, S., KÖROĞLU, M., 9. Sınıf Coğrafya, Esen Yayınları, Ankara 2010
ATEŞ, Doğu, Coğrafya 9, Ateş Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2012
10:48 148