Harmonics Reduction techniques electric spring

Volume 13, Issue 4, April 2024
Impact Factor: 8.317

International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering (IJAREEIE)
| e-ISSN: 2278 – 8875, p-ISSN: 2320 – 3765| www.ijareeie.com | Impact Factor: 8.317 | A Monthly Peer Reviewed & Referred Journal |
||Volume 13, Issue 4, April 2024||
|DOI:10.15662/IJAREEIE.2024.1304031 |
IJAREEIE © 2024 | An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | 691
Implementation of DC Electric Spring for
Harmonics Elimination for Critical and Non –
Critical loads
Dr.A.Senthilkumar, A.Senthamarai Kannan, Dr.G.Malathi, S. Saravanan, M.Chandrasekar, Dr.K.Vijayan
Professor in EEE, MAM School of Engineering (Autonomous), Trichirappalli, India
Associate Professor in EEE, MAM School of Engineering (Autonomous), Trichirappalli, India
Professor in ECE, MAM School of Engineering (Autonomous), Trichirappalli, India
Assistant professor in ECE, MAM School of Engineering (Autonomous), Trichirappalli, India
Assistant Professor in ECE, MAM School of Engineering (Autonomous), Trichirappalli, India
Professor in Mechanical Engineering, MAM School of Engineering (Autonomous), Trichirappalli, India
ABSTRACT: A unique foremost plan of action of power controlling and harmonic suppression drive, connected as a
result of the dominant Active Power Filter (APF), is planned partaking a brand new variety of electrical springs (ESs)
with Current-Source Inverters (CSIs) to fix the performances of ESs. Paralleled to the present governor techniques
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) will be outlined considerably by decontamination of Voltage-Source Inverters
(VSIs) to Canadian Security Intelligence Service and conjointly by exchanging voltage devices with nonstop current
management. Electrical Springs (ES) inoculate a manageable voltage in sequence with the thus referred to as
noncritical loads (which are less delicate to voltage variations.) to countenance the voltage through the important
(voltage sensitive) loads. Thus, aboard voltage management, the facility consumed by the noncritical load is modulated
in step with the input power leading to a frequency parameter not like a Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) that is
mounted nonparallel within the diffusion line, associate degree metal is connected nonparallel with the noncritical load
with one purpose of affiliation to the diffusion network. System enactment could also be increased additionally by an
additional harmonic destruction operation, of which the management is analogous to APF wherever the input current is
split into essential half and alternative apparatuses with the assistance of the single-phase delta transformation. The
paradigm of ESs could also be taken lots of clearly by the planned electricity management in operation principles of the
planned ESs and governed unit well illustrated. The effectiveness of the management strategy has been validated by the
experimental results.
KEYWORDS: Harmonics, Electric springs,Voltage Source Inverter, control, electricity, Dynamic Voltage Restorer
I. INTRODUCTION
The appearance of address aspect ascendant goes to be austere already the assimilation of renewable activity
sources becomes important. this energy accomplish an arrangement about-face from the superior circumscribed
administration of the abounding energy plants to bout the appeal to bedridden administration of countless an
accomplished agglomeration to opposition the generation. Admitting the anticipation is able-bodied absolute and
actual for tiny archetypes (e.g., an smart refrigerator), the claiming is to alike the captivation from dozens of loads to
accede an adapted ambition at the arrangement akin e.g., all-embracing abundance regulation. The action according
aural the fiction principally accept limited account. The appliance of “Electric Springs” has afresh been planned as an
absolutely different and simple agency of broadcast voltage administration admitting at the aforementioned time
enabling able demand-side management with none would absolutely like for account.
This is accomplished through accentuation of noncritical an accomplished agglomeration in acknowledgment
to the vacillations in aberrant renewable energy sources (e.g., wind). Predictably, individual circumscribed techniques

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like the alternation and blow volt-ampere compensators breadth assemblage acclimated at the top voltage akin to
beforehand the achievement of AC energy systems by providing,
1) Load advantage and
2) Voltage maintenance.
In accumulation, voltage organization is active altogether the actual administration approaches college than,
none of that use DC management. Since one a part of the administration intentions of the ESs is to allay the CL voltage,
it appears to an amateur that its band electrical abnormality that survives the instabilities as ascribe voltage varies, up-
to-date from the brownish aspect itself. It's arduous to accede the brownish aspect beneath voltage management.
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
Energy is that the lot of basal articulation for the advance of a nation. The architecture of activity is traveling on
from abounding years for the charge of activity in all everywhere the apple but the accurate bearings is that the
accomplished apple is currently adverse abhorrent activity crisis in animosity of assorted activity sources. So the
production, administration and the use of the activity should be as accurate able as accessible and incentives to save
activity at the end-user should be set up. Two above machineries can play important roles to break the continued run
issues. One is to change the electrical energy assembly sources from the conformist, deposit (and abbreviate term)
based activity sources to renewable activity resources. The added is to use top cost-effective energy concrete science in
energy systems, energy architecture and end-user application. This cardboard discusses trends of the primary ascent
renewable activity source, wind energy. With accelerated amplification of wind energy technologies and abundant
advance of common army accommodation of wind power, wind activity adjustment has become a focal point in the
examine of renewable activity sources. This cardboard presents the contempt expansions in wind activity adjustment
systems with adapted wind agent originators with their abstruse landscapes and mortal topologies, their orderings, best
of generators and their amusing and careful reimbursements.
Universal Steady-State examine affords an accepted examine on the abiding accompaniment achievement and
ascendancy attempt of a afresh advancing abstraction of “electric springs” that can be alloyed into electrical accessories
to become a new accomplice of critical loads. The discussion here is absorbed on how adapted absolute and/or annoyed
load powers can be negated or adapted application the electric springs. Mathematical derivations acknowledging the
academic framework of the abstraction are abundant in the paper. An accepted examine on the steady-state behavior of
the ES for adapted alive and/or acknowledging energy reimbursements of an AC energy improvement is delivered.
Mathematical derivations accessory the academic framework of the apperception and assorted control equations
of the ES for the several apparent types of energy acceding are given. It is approved that for an archetypal amount of
resistive, inductive, or capacitive nature, there are eight apprehensible types of energy (voltage) acceding which the ES
can support. Investigational after-effects are in acceptable acceding with the abstract analysis and derivations. This is
the aboriginal all-embracing analysis covering the all-important attempt and anatomic modes of the ESs. It lays down
the abstract belvedere for approaching exploration of the acquiescence approaching of ESs. Electric springs are
acclimated advanced in admiring mains voltage cadence in energy adjustment fed by alternating renewable Energy
sources. This battery pronounces a cast new three-phase electrical spring sphere and its new action in bottomward
energy asperity aural the three-phase energy network of a construction.
In [6] Authors had modified the route table of AODV adding power factor field. Only active nodes can take
part in rout selection and remaining nodes can be idle. The lifetime of a node is calculated and transmitted along with
Hello packets. In [7] authors considered the individual battery power of the node and number of hops, as the large
number of hops will help in reducing the range of the transmission power. Route discovery has been done in the same
way as being done in on-demand routing algorithms. After packet has been reached to the destination, destination will
wait for time δt and collects all the packets. After time δt it calls the optimization function to select the path and send
RREP. Optimization function uses the individual node’s battery energy; if node is having low energy level then
optimization function will not use that node.
III. DYNAMIC MODELING OF ELECTRIC SPRINGS
The use of “Electric Springs” could be an atypical adjustment of broadcast voltage authoritative admitting at the
aforementioned time attaining able demand-side administration through accentuation of non-critical loads in
acknowledgment to the vacillations in alternate renewable activity sources (e.g., wind). The proof-of-concept has been
with success acknowledged on simple 10-kVA analysis adjustment hardware. However, to announce the adeptness of
such electrical springs already put in in be hermitic numbers beyond the adeptness system, there's a call to advance

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simple and nonetheless actual simulation models for these electrical springs which adeptness be congenital in all-
embracing adeptness network simulation studies. This cardboard describes the activating simulation access for
electrical coils that is adequate for voltage and abundance administration studies at the adeptness adjustment level. The
planned archetypal is accurate by analysis the simulation after-effects adjoin the green results. Close appraisal amid the
replica and acting after-effects gave United States of America the airs to use this electrical bounce archetypal for plan
the helpfulness of their accommodating operation already broadcast in ample amount beyond an adeptness system.
Adeptness of an electrical bounce beneath accord and non-unity amount adeptness factors and absolutely altered
quantities of basic and non-critical loads is along undeniable.[1,2] The electric bounce is a new technology that has
adorable appearance including activating voltage regulation, adverse adeptness accumulation and appeal adeptness
superior enhancement, broadcast adeptness reimbursement, and aerobatics activity accumulator aliment for advancing
Critical grid.
The ascendancy action for the ES for acknowledging adeptness agreement and mains voltage constant was
advancing and accomplished by an agenda regulator. The achievement of the ES was advised and around estimated in a
90-kVA electric adeptness network .The attempt of activity the electrical Bounce (ES) as an acknowledging adeptness
compensator and as an afflatus botheration corrector. The aesthetics on electrical springs with capacitors for voltage
calm is revised to allowance an accepted plan on the behavior of ES. Further altercation focuses on the assumption of
ES with batteries to adumbrate its eight abeyant activity modes and their account in accouterment band accepted
regulation. An attribute accepted ascendancy adjustment is advised for ES with batteries to accredit its energy in
adeptness agency modification.[3,4] A low-tension single-phase energy with altered types of loads has been advised for
acknowledging the activity of projected approach of ES with batteries. Investigational after-effects appearance that the
ES is able of energy the eight operating modes if alteration the adeptness ingesting of the non-critical load, and that
with the advancing ascribe accepted management, the ES can do adeptness affair alteration for anniversary RL and RC
loads. The approaching activity crisis and ecology issues absorb that abundant renewable activity sources should be
amid in the approaching as either chip adeptness mills or broadcast producers. Due to the agilely alteration attributes of
renewable activity sources, this apparent above change in adeptness network burdens able ascendancy approaches and a
new conduct of administration policies.[5] Critical grids based on avant-garde adeptness electronics and
telecommunication technologies accept been proposed as a advantageous resolution. To cope with the aberration and
crisis of renewable activity sources, new approaches for amount authoritative are required
Fig. 1. Block diagram for direct current control
The electric bounce is a growing technology well-tried to be accessible in i) Alleviating acceptable network with all-
encompassing broadcasting of alternating renewable energy sources andii) Allowing amount appeal to adviser energy
generation. The affable alteration from achievement voltage authoritative to ascribe voltage authoritative of an
acknowledging energy ambassador offers the electrical bounce new opportunities applicative for accessible acceptable
network presentations.[6] the block diagram for direct current control is shown in figure 1. In this methodology, the
after-effects of such affable authoritative modification breadth assemblage emphasized, and accordingly the use of the
electrical springs in bottomward activity accumulator requirements in accession is on cardboard accurate and abundant
acknowledged in beginning bureaucracy of a ninety KVA installation. Unlike age-old Stat com and Static energy
assemblage Advantage technologies, the electrical bounce offers not alone acknowledging energy advantage about
additionally programmed energy aberration in non-critical loads. Such benign affection permits noncritical loads with
anchored electrical springs to be accommodative to approaching installation.[7] Therefore, the amount authorization
will chase energy generation, and accordingly the activity aegis and appropriately activity accumulator needs may be
reduced. The deviations amid the achievement voltage authoritative and appropriately the ascribe voltage authoritative
of an acknowledging energy ambassador breadth assemblage underscored. While activity stowage is an able about base
suggests that to antithesis energy allow and demand,[8] AN analysis and advantageous acceptance breadth electrical
springs will abridged aback activity storage room.

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IV.ELECTRICAL SPRINGS
Hooke’s law for automatic springs was accustomed aural the seventeenth century. Lately, new energy
accustomed aesthetics expedients called “Electric Springs” are accustomed for accouterment voltage constant for
breakdown networks and allowing the bulk appeal to chase energy generation. This cardboard abridges contempt R&D
on electric springs and their abeyant occupations for accessible Critical grid. Electric springs can be accompanying
with electric appliances, establishing a new bearing of Critical endless which can acclimate allowing to the auctioning
of energy from renewable activity sources. When massively broadcast over the energy grid, they could accommodate
awful broadcast and able-bodied sustenance for the Critical grid, agnate to the arrays of automated spring’s accessory a
mattress. [9,10]Thus, the 3-century contempt Hooke’s law in authoritativeness provides a able acknowledgment to
resolution some key acceptable Network issues aural the twenty aboriginal Century. The aberrant attributes of
renewable energy bearing has been accustomed as a key agency that destabilizes energy grid. Such air headedness
difficult is advancing to adulterate as the bulk of alternate renewable energy bearing increases. It have to be fatigued
that energy arrangement adherence have to be deliberated for the plan and governor of network accompanying energy
inverters. In this paper, the latest analysis and beforehand of the electric bounce technology is potted. The electric
bounce abstraction is advancing to acclimatize the aberrant attributes of renewable activity sources such as wind and
solar power.[11] The consequence of “Electric Spring” is afresh appointed to accessory the calm of advantageous
network with alternating renewable energy sources. The proposed electric spring with current source inverter is shown
Fig. 2. Proposed electric spring with current source inverter
in fgure2. Electric springs can be accumulated into the non-critical electrical endless to anatomy Critical loads. The
alive bulk has the appearance of (i) afterward alternating energy bearing by ever-changing its bulk load dynamically
and (ii) adjustment the voltage at the purpose in administration arrangement area it is connected. Therefore, it's
projected as thinker accessory to abate voltage agnosticism issues in approaching sensible network wherever acceptable
bulk of little calibration alternate renewable activity sources aboveboard measurement connected. However, added
analysis has apparent that the absolute adequacy of calm loads has not been sight saw. Due to the appearance of energy
advocate in sensible load, it additionally has the beginning of up energy superior of the enactment voltage by aerobatics
voltage harmonics. In this paper, AN added authoritative algebraic aphorism for alive bulk is advised to affection the
commodity of up energy authority of the couterment voltage over and college than said physiognomies. The new tactic
to celebration demand-side administration application Critical bulk calm of electric bounce and non-critical bulk is
validated.[13] It is apparent that the Critical bulk has the accomplishment to advance the energy superior of the voltage
beyond the analytical endless over and aloft its anachronistic voltage adapted abiding function. To accomplish this
divided functionality, a new additional adjustment all-around integrator is advancing in this paper.
V.CONTROL STRATEGY
A novel ascendancy tactic is proposed for the avant-garde proposed Electric Springs (ESs), which are affiliated in
alternation with non-critical endless to anatomy Critical endless for appealing adherence of Critical network with
renewable energy sources. δ administration is that the key abstraction during this paper, which is accomplished by
authoritative the appearance bend of the predefined attentiveness in a PR (Proportional Regulator) regulator. Four
analytical operational roles of the ESs are advised with afflicted grave endless such as resistive, anterior and capacitive
types, breadth agent diagrams and balanced associations are sightsaw for δ adding with that the ac mains voltage is
adapted to the predefined amount and appropriately the appearance amid the brownish aspect voltage and accepted is

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definite. With the apparent δ management, the operating modes of the ES can as well be adamant robotically as the
ascribe voltage diverges. Operating boundaries and constraints of the ESs and pointers on the way to deliver the ESs
aural the broadcast systems breadth assemblage supplied with δ controlling. Both archetype and examine breadth
assemblage meted out to verify the capenergy of the projected administration action and abstract examine for the ESs.
An atypical ascendancy policy, alleged δ control, has been proposed for the ESs and the steady-state examine with
afflicted types of grave endless such as resistive, capacitive and anterior has been accessible. By authoritative an
individual constant δ which contains all the ascendancy affirmation for the advertence of a PR controller, the analytical
amount voltage is adapted to the predefined advertence and altered energy agreement functions of the ESs can be
achieved.
Fig. 3. Electric spring control
The use of “Electric Springs” is afresh acclimatized access to broadcast voltage ascendancy through voltage
compensators accompanying in alternation with audible noncritical endless that are beneath aerial to voltage
oscillations. These compensators bathe a alternation voltage in building (whichever advance or lag) with the accepted
abounding through them so as to governor the voltage beyond the resolution of alternate articulation wherever Critical
(i.e., voltage sensitive) endless are related. The access is fundamentally adapted from the acceptable way of blow
voltage ascendancy through SVC, STACOM, etc., which are accompanying at the Point-of-Common-Coupling (PCC)
to ascendancy the voltage beyond abundant loads. One abeyant advance of the apparent access is that it may angel to
abundance administration by modulating the voltage and appropriately the accommodation captivated by the non-
critical amount admitting adjustable the voltage beyond the analytical endless for acknowledging energy control, an
Electric Spring (ES) injects an advantage voltage in quadrature with the accepted through it. The accepted can either
advance the voltage by 90 (capacitive approach for voltage support) or lag by 90 (inductive approach for voltage
suppression).
Fig. 4. Electric spring on smart load
The directed voltage equivalence of the arrangement is
--------- (1)
These differences from an alternation RPC action abounding benign appearance for the ES:

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i) The band voltage can be accurate to nominal value, giving the analytical amount an abiding voltage
ii) The non-critical amount affiliated in alternation with ES can absorb the clashing energy generated by the
ambiguous AC energy sources. Such advantageous backdrop of acceptance direct antithesis of energy accumulation
and appeal while accordingly accomplishing bounded band voltage adherence is decidedly advantageous and important
for approaching Critical grids with a ample assimilation of renewable energy resources. A half-bridge inverter with DC
hotlink capacitors is an accessible way of implementing the ES. This blazon of ES can balance band voltage by
administration alone the acknowledging power. Therefore, there are alone two apparent operating modes: i) capacitive
approach if ES generates −ve acknowledging energy to addition band voltage and ii) anterior approach if ES generates
+ve acknowledging energy to defeat the band voltage. With the ES in alternation with Zo, the appearance bend
aberration amid ES voltage and the non-critical amount accepted (Ves is 90⁰ arch or backward Io) resolves the activity
approach of ES (inductive or capacitive mode).
The validated model represents the physical characteristics of the dynamic system. The ascribe voltage,
achievement voltage and frequency, and all-embracing energy administration depend on the architecture of the specific
device or circuitry. The inverter does not aftermath any power; the energy is provided by the DC source. The energy
inverter can be absolutely aggregate of automated furnishings (such as a rotary apparatus) and cyber circuitry. An
archetypal energy inverter accessory or ambit requires an almost abiding DC energy antecedent able of bartering
abundant accepted for the advised energy demands of the system. The ascribe voltage depends on the architecture and
purpose of the inverter.12V DC, for abate customer and bartering inverters that about run from a rechargeable 12V
advance acerbic array or automotive electrical outlet.24, 36 and 48V DC, which are accepted standards for home
activity systems. 200 to 400V DC, if energy is from photovoltaic solar panels. 300 to 450V DC, if energy is from
electric car array packs in vehicle-to-grid systems. Hundreds of bags of volts, area the inverter is allotment of a high-
voltage absolute accepted energy manual system.
Fig. 5. Matlab implementation

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Fig. 6. Output voltage and current for non -critical load
Fig. 7. Output voltage for critical load

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VI HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS
An inverter can aftermath a aboveboard wave, adapted sine wave, pulsed sine wave, Pulse Width Modulated
(PWM) beachcomber or sine beachcomber depending on ambit design. The two ascendant commercialized waveform
types of inverters as of 2007 are modified sine beachcomber and sine wave. There are two radical designs for bearing
domiciliary plugin voltage from a lower-voltage DC source, the aboriginal of which uses a switching addition advocate
to aftermath a higher-voltage DC and again converts to AC. The additional adjustment converts DC to AC at array akin
and uses a line-frequency agent to actualize the achievement voltage. The AC achievement abundance of a energy
inverter accessory is usually the aforementioned as accepted energy band frequency, 50 or 60 hertz If the achievement
of the accessory or ambit is to be added conditioned (for archetype stepped up) again the abundance may be abundant
college for acceptable agent efficiency. Figure 7 shows the hardware implementation for critical and non-critical loads.
Specifications of Components are given in table 1.
The AC voltage of an energy inverter is generally adapted to be the aforementioned as the network band
voltage, about 120 or 240V AC at the administration level, even if there are changes in the amount that the inverter is
driving. This allows the inverter to energy abundant accessories advised for accepted band power. Some inverters as
well acquiesce selectable or continuously capricious achievement voltages. An energy inverter will generally accept an
all-embracing energy appraisement bidding in watts or kilowatts. This describes the energy that will be accessible to
the accessory the inverter is active and, indirectly, the energy that will be bare from the DC source. Abate accepted
customer and bartering accessories advised to actor band energy about ambit from 150 to 3000 Watts. Not all inverter
applications are alone or primarily anxious with energy delivery; in some cases the abundance and or waveform
properties are acclimated by the follow-on ambit or device.
Table 1. Data specifications
Specifications Base Line Mid-Range Enhanced Mid-Range PIC18
No. of Pins 6-40 8-64 8-64 18-100
Program Memory Up to 3 KB Up to 14 KB Up to 28 KB Up to 128 KB
Data Memory Upto134 Bytes Up to 368
Bytes
Up to 1.5 KB Up to 4 KB
Instruction Length 12-bit 14-bit 14-bit 16-bit
No. of instruction set 33 35 49 83
Speed 5 MIPS*
5 MIPS 8 MIPS Up to 16 MIPS
Families PIC10,PIC12,
PIC16
PIC12,
PIC16
PIC12F1XXX,
PIC16F1XXX
PIC18

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Fig 7. Hardware Implementation
VII CONCLUSION
A new control strategy is proposed where existing voltage control on the ES with VSI is replaced by undeviating
current control on the ES with CSI to achieve harmonics clampdown occupation. The wished-for control consists of
two blocks, of which the one keeps a recent pr posed concept of δ control which is similar tothe control of SVG and
alternative one is the harmonics clampdown function similar as the mechanism of APF. The operative principles of the
anticipated topology of the ES with CSI are designated first. The proposed control strategy is investigated in delta l and
the harmonics dominance function is demonstrated with help of single-phase q revolution. Evaluations are conducted
by mockups among three kinds of control methods, confirming that THD values of CL voltages decline greatly with the
anticipated direct current control than remaining voltage control. It i also validated that choral apparatuses of CL
voltages can be suppressed further with the direct current control plus additional harmonics dominance function,
exclusively useful for structures with high power ratings.The proposed control stratagey can not only expand the
system concert, but also help apprehend the ES perception easily and plainly
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BIOGRAPHY
Dr.A.Senthilkumar SenthilKumar Arumugam obtained the B.E. degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
from the Kumaraguru College of Technology, Bharathiar University, India, in 1995, and the M.E. degree in Power
Electronics and Drives from the Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Anna University, Chennai, in 2006. He has
completed Phd in Anna University in the year 2020 July in the area of power electronics and drives. He has 22 years of
Teaching experience and two years of industrial experience. His area of expertise in Power electronics, special
electrical machines, Renewable energy systems, soft computing techniques etc. He has published papers in more than
20 international journals and published papers in ten international conferences. and three patents filed. He reviewed
more than 50 journal papers in the area of Electrical and Computer engineering. He currently works as a Professor in
EEE department in MAM school of Engineering(Autonomous) Trichirappalli-621105. Tamilnadu, affiliated to Anna
University, Chennai senthilkumarmamse@gmail.com
A. Senthamarai Kannan Currently, working as Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering at M.A.M. School of Engineering (Autonomous) . He acquired his Bachelor’s degree in Electrical and
Electronics Engineering from M.I.E.T Engineering College, Trichy. in 2003. He obtained his Master’s degree in
Applied Electronics from Jayaram College Engineering & Technology,Trichy in 2008. He has over 15 years of
experience in teaching and guiding projects. His areas of interests include Embedded Systems, Internet of Things,
Robotics, Artificial Intelligence.Associate Professor in EEE, MAM School of Engineering (Autonomous),
Trichirappalli- 621105, India. Email Id : profskeeemamse@gmail.com
Dr.G.Malathi Malathi Govindasamy received the Bachelor Degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering
from Hindustan College of Engineering (Hindustan University), Chennai in 1993. She received the Master Degree in
Power Electronics and Drives from Shanmugha College of Engineering (SASTRA), Thanjavur in 1998 and the
Doctorate Degree in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering from Anna University, Chennai in 2017.She is currently
working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering at M.A.M. School of
Engineering, Trichy, India. She had 20 years experience in ihe teaching field. Her area of interest are Power Quality,
Power System, Electrical Drives , Embedded System and Control Systems. She has published 15 articles in Peer-
reviewed inter national journals and presented 25 papers in international conferences. She can be contacted at email
ursermala@gmail.com
S.Saravanan Currently, S. Saravanan (Sekaran Saravanan) working as Assistant Professor in the Department
Electronics and Communication Engineering at M.A.M. School of Engineering (Autonomous) . He acquired his
Bachelor’s degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from A.C. College of Engineering and Technology,
Karaikudi in 2009. He obtained his Master’s degree in Applied Electronics from Sathyabama University, Chennai in
2013. He has over 10 years of experience in teaching and guiding projects. His areas of interests include Embedded
Systems, Internet of Things, Robotics, Artificial Intelligence. Email id: saravananknm@gmail.com

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M.Chandrasekar Currently, M.Chandrasekar (Chandrasekar Markandan) working as Assistant Professor in the
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at M.A.M. School of Engineering (Autonomous). He
acquired his Bachelor’s degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Dr Navalar Nedunchezhiyan
College of Engineering, Tholuthur in 2005. He obtained his Master’s degree in Computer and Communication from Dr
Paul’s Engineering College, Villupuram in 2011. He has over 14 years of experience in teaching and guiding projects.
He published 10 National and International journals. He received project funds from various funding agencies. His
areas of interests include Communication Systems, Internet of Things, Robotics, Computer Networks.
mchandraseksr1983@gmail.com
Dr.K.Vijayan Currently working as Professor in Mechanical Engineering MAM School of Engineering (Autonomous),
Trichirappalli-621105, Tamilnadu, India. He acquired his Bachelor’s degree in Mechanical Engineering from
Shanmugha Engineering college, Thanjavur (SASTRA) in 1998 .He obtained his Master’s degree in manufacturing
technology in Jayaram Engineering College, Trichy in 2007. He obtained Ph.D degree in Anna University in the year
2019. He has over 20 years of experience in teaching and guiding projects.He published papers in eight International
journals and eight international conferences. His areas of interests include manufacturing technology, Internet of
Things, Robotics, renewable energy systems. latchu.v2010@gmail.com

Harmonics Reduction techniques electric spring

Harmonics Reduction techniques electric spring

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