clinical pharmacokinetics half-life first-order elimination zero order elimination steady-state conc applied aspect of steady-state applied aspect of half-life advantage and disadvantage
“ Bioavailability-
means the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety is absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the site of action."
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PHARMACOKINETIC MODELS
Drug movement within the body is a complex process. The major objective is therefore to develop a generalized and simple approach to describe, analyse and interpret the data obtained during in vivo drug disposition studies.
The two major approaches in the quantitative study of various kinetic processes of drug disposition in the body are
Model approach, and
Model-independent approach (also called as non-compartmental analysis).
“ Bioavailability-
means the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety is absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the site of action."
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PHARMACOKINETIC MODELS
Drug movement within the body is a complex process. The major objective is therefore to develop a generalized and simple approach to describe, analyse and interpret the data obtained during in vivo drug disposition studies.
The two major approaches in the quantitative study of various kinetic processes of drug disposition in the body are
Model approach, and
Model-independent approach (also called as non-compartmental analysis).
This presentation is about the process by which prolonged therapeutic activity of drug is achieved and it's importance. By this presentation you will learn about dosage regimen, steady state concentration, principle of superposition, drug accumulation, repetitive intravenous injections etc. By this you will also learn how to adjust the dose to the patient.
Pharmacokinetic concepts and principles in humans in order to design individualized dosage regimens which optimize the therapeutic response of a medication while minimizing the chance of an adverse drug reaction.
Pharmacokinetics, sometimes described as what the body does to a drug, refers to the movement of drug into, through, and out of the body—the time course of its absorption, bioavailability, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
1. Dosage Regimen
Dosage regimen is defined as the manner in which a drug is taken. It is the schedule of doses of a medicine including, the dosage form, the time between doses, the duration of treatment and the amount to be taken each time.
2. Designing of Dosage Regimen
For some drugs like analgesics, hypnotics or anti emetics, a single dose may provide effective treatment. However, the duration of most of the illnesses is longer than the therapeutic effect produced by a single dose. In such cases, drugs are required to be taken on a repetitive basis over a period of time depending upon the nature of illness. So for a successful drug therapy, designing of an optimal multiple dosage regimen is required.
3. Objective
The primary objective in dosage regimen design is to obtain a safe plasma drug concentration which neither exceeds the maximum safe concentration nor falls below the minimum effective concentration.
4. Criteria For Optimum Dosage Regimen
The plasma levels of drug given must be maintained within the therapeutic window. For example, the therapeutic range of theophylline is 10-20μg/L. So, the best is to maintain the CP around 15μg/L. Therapeutic window is a range of doses that produces therapeutic response without causing any significant adverse effect in patients. Generally therapeutic window is a ratio between minimum effective concentrations (MEC) to the minimum toxic concentration (MTC).
5. Factors to be Considered In Dosage Regimen Design
Numerous factors must be considered in designing a dosage regimen.
1. Pharmacokinetic Factors
These include absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion characteristics of a drug.
2. Physiological Factors
Age, Weight, Gender and Nutritional status of a patient under treatment must be considered.
3. Pathophysiologic Factors
Existence of diseases like Renal failure, Hepatic diseases, Congestive heart failure, Myocardial infraction etc., must be considered in the patient being treated. This is because co-existence of these diseases will prolong the elimination of drugs. Therefore, the dose in such patients must be carefully adjusted.
4. Personal Lifestyle Habits
Lifestyle habits like cigarette smoking, alcohol abuse, voracious eating etc, must also be taken into consideration.
5. Exposure of patient to Long Term Medication
Chronic intake of medicines can alert the drug pharmacokinetics.
6. Other Factors
These include-
▪ Desired concentration of drug at site of action
▪ Alteration in the sensitivity of the receptors to the drug
▪ Drug dosage form
▪ Drug interactions
▪ Tolerance-dependence
▪ Pharmacogenitics – idiosyncracy
Multiple-Dosage Regimens
Why Multiple-Dosage Regimens is necessary?
After single-dose drug administration, the plasma drug level rises above and then falls below the minimum effective concentration (MEC), resulting in a decline in therapeutic effect.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
2. Learning objectives-
To explain concept
Measurement and significance of kinetics of drug
elimination
Measurement and significance of half life
Measurement and significance of steady state conc
3. Clinical Pharmacokinetics….
Relation between concentration of the drug & its pharmacological
effects, as these change in time
Pharmacological effects :Desired /adverse effect
To know Quantitative relationship between dose &
effect
Adjust drug concentration in biological fluids through
changes in dosing
clinical
pharmacokinetics
Bioavailability, Volume of distribution,
Clearance, Elimination t1/2
Important
parameters
4. Linear/non-linear pharmacokinetics
Doses are increased for most drugs steady-state
concentrations increase in a proportional fashion
leading to linear pharmacokinetics
When steady-state concentrations change in a
disproportionate fashion after the dose is altered
nonlinear pharmacokinetics
5. Pharmacokinetics models
Compartmental model
Compartmental models are categorized by number of
compartments needed to describe drug's behavior in body
One- compartment, Two-compartment and
Multicompartment models
Compartments do not represent a specific tissue or fluid
but may represent a group of similar tissues or fluids
Models can be used to predict time course of drug
concentrations in body
6. one compartment model
• Drug is evenly distributed throughout the body into a single
compartment
• This model is only appropriate for drugs which rapidly and
readily distribute between the plasma and other body
tissues
8. Solid line shows serum concentration/time graph for drug
that follows one-compartment model PK
Dashed line represents serum concentration/time plot
for drug that follows two- compartment model PK after
intravenous bolus is given
9. Importance of two-compartment models
For many drugs multicompartment kinetics may be
observed for significant periods of time
Failure to consider distribution phase can lead to
significant errors in estimates of clearance and in
predictions of appropriate dosage
Also difference between "central" distribution volume is
important in deciding a loading dose strategy
10. Half life
• Amount of time over which drug conc.in plasma decrease to
one half of its original value
t1/2=0.693Vd/ Clearance
11. Plasma half life (t1/2)
• Generally it is measured by –
• The time to decline plasma concentration of a drug Plasma half life
(t1/2) of drug
• Time to decline conc. from 100 to 50 = 2 hr t1/2 of this drug is 2 hr
12.
13. Plasma half life (t1/2) of drug
Generally a drug will be completely eliminated
after 6 half lives-
After 1 half-life the conc. will be 50%
After 2 half-lives it will be 25%
After 3 half-lives 12.5% and
After 4 half-lives 6.25%
After 5 half-lives 3.125%
After 6 half-lives 1.56%
14. Why is half-life important ?
Half-life is a major determinant of
Duration of action after a single dose
Time required to reach steady state
Dosing frequency
Importance of( t 1/2 A)
Estimation of dosing schedule
It defines time interval between doses, and is very
important in design of infusion systems
Estimation of time to drug elimination
It gives idea to estimate time to total drug elimination
Generally most drugs will be eliminated in approximately
six half-lives
15. Kinetics of drug elimination
Rate and pattern of drug elimination follow
First order
Zero order
Mixed Order Kinetics
16. First order kinetics
Majority of the drugs follow this type of elimination
A constant fraction of the drug is eliminated at a constant
interval of time. eg: Plasma concentration declining at a rate
of 50% per two hours
100 µg/ ml 50 µg/ml
25 µg/ ml
12.5 µg/ml and so on
17. First order kinetics: (contd.)
Rate of drug elimination is directly proportional to the
plasma concentration eg: 200-> 100-> 50-> 25-> 12.5
so on
t ½ of any drug would always remain constant
irrespective of the dose
18. First order kinetics: (contd.)
Plasma concentration is plotted against time , the resultant
“ plasma fall-out curve” curvilinear
Log of plasma concentration are plotted against time
resultant curve - linear
19. Zero order kinetics
A constant or a fixed quantity of drug is eliminated per unit
time rate of elimination is independent of the concentration
of drug in plasma
Ethyl alcohol exhibit zero order at virtually all plasma
concentrations
For eg: if plasma concentration falls at a rate of 25 µg per
hour then 50mg
25mg
nil
t ½ of a drug following zero order is never constant
20. Zero order kinetics
If such a fall in plasma concentration is plotted against
time the resultant “plasma fall-out curve” is steeply linear
if logarithm of plasma concentration are plotted against
time then the curve becomes curvilinear
21.
22. Mixed Order Kinetics/ Saturation Kinetics
Dose-dependent kinetics - smaller doses are eliminated by
first order kinetics as plasma concentration reaches higher
values rate of drug elimination- zero order
Phenytoin, warfarin After a single dose administration if
plasma concentrations are plotted against time resultant
curve remains linear in beginning (zero order) and then
become predominantly exponential ( curvilinear i.e. first
order)
23.
24. Clinical Importance:
Drugs having very short half-life are given by constant i.v.
infusion to maintain steady state concentration
For drugs having longer t ½, with high Vd & slow rate of
clearance also are cumulative in nature
To reach steady state Loading dose given Maintenance
dose
Loading dose= Desired plasma conc. x aVd
25. Clinical Importance:
Digoxin 0.25 mg given/24 hour 5 days a week considering
its nature of accumulation
Lignocaine in cardiac arrhythmia- loading dose given
irrespective of shorter t ½
Loading dose also necessary in case of certain antibiotics
to keep the plasma conc. higher than MIC
26. Fixed-Dose Drug Combination
Rationale fixed-drug formulation of two drugs can be
advantageous drug should have equal t ½ Eg Cotrimoxazole
(Sulfamethoxazole [t ½ 11 hr]) & Trimethoprim [t ½ 10 hr]
Ratio of dose depends on aVd & plasma conc. Of individual
drug eg t ½ & Vd of Amoxycillin (1-2hr 0.21 L/kg) matches
with t ½ &Vd of Clavulanic acid (1-1.5hr 0.20 L/kg )
Advantage of Fixed-dose formulation
Convenient dose schedule
Better patient compliance
Enhanced effect
Minimal side effect
27. Steady State
Amount of drug administered is equal to amount of drug
eliminated within one dosing interval resulting in a plateau
or constant serum drug level
Drugs with short half-life reach steady state rapidly
Drugs with long half-life take days to weeks to reach
steady state
Drug bioavailability, clearance, dose, and
Dosing interval (the frequency of administration)
Why is it important ?
Rate in = Rate Out
Reached in 4 – 5 half-lives (linear kinetics)
29. Applied Steady State
Effective pharmacological management of diseases
Serum concentrations of antibiotics need to remain within a
clinically effective range for optimal treatment
Concentrations below range could fail to treat infections and
levels above range could cause toxicity
General anesthesia in totally intravenous anesthesia (TIVA)
of propofol and remifentanil are used to maintain a constant
blood concentration and therefore a predictable
concentration at site effector (brain)
30. Applied Steady State
longer half life high Vd and slow rate of clearance (Digoxin
40 hr),chloroquine (40hr 130L) need 5 half life to reach SSC
leads several days to achieve therapeutic range
If there is clinical emergency like CHF cause fatal for patient
in such case loading dose is required followed by MD to
achieve steady state
Drug very short half life (dopamine epinephrine) usually
given by a constant IV infusion to maintain steady state PC
31.
32.
33.
34. References
•PRINCIPLES of PHARMACOLOGY THE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF DRUG
THERAPY third edition by GOLAN
•13th edition 2018 Goodman & Gilman
•Rang and Dale 8th