This document summarizes information about computer security and hacking. It discusses how the internet has grown rapidly while security has lagged behind, allowing legions of hackers to emerge. It then covers various types of computer crimes throughout the years from 1988 to 2000. Additional sections provide details on topics like spoofing, denial of service attacks, buffer overflows, password attacks, and why security is needed to protect against financial gain, espionage, anger, and terrorism.
This document discusses various topics related to computer security including hackers, cyber attacks, and modes of security. It provides examples of early computer crimes from the 1980s-2000s involving viruses, hacking of sites like NASA and the CIA, and financial theft. Different types of attacks are described such as denial of service attacks, spoofing, session hijacking, and buffer overflows. The document emphasizes that as internet usage has grown, security has lagged behind, enabling legions of hackers to more easily conduct cyber attacks and crimes.
The document discusses various topics related to computer security and hacking. It covers types of computer crimes over the years from the 1980s to 2000s involving viruses, financial theft, and denial of service attacks. It also summarizes different hacking techniques such as spoofing, session hijacking, denial of service attacks, buffer overflows, password attacks, and ways to improve security including password hashing and network security.
This document provides an alphabetical list of terms related to cyber crimes, beginning with "Anonymizer" and ending with "Zombie". Each term is defined in 1-2 paragraphs. Some key terms summarized include:
- Anonymizer - A tool that hides a user's identity and location when browsing the internet. It can enable criminal behavior by avoiding consequences.
- ARP cache poisoning - A technique where an attacker sends fake ARP messages to intercept and alter network data like passwords or credit card numbers.
- Cyber stalking - The use of electronic devices to stalk or harass someone repeatedly in a threatening manner. Most states have laws against cyber stalking.
- DOS/DDOS attacks -
This document provides definitions and concepts related to cryptography. It discusses how encryption works to transform readable plaintext into unreadable ciphertext using an algorithm and key. A cryptosystem encompasses all the necessary components for encryption and decryption, including software, protocols, algorithms and keys. The strength of encryption depends on factors like the algorithm, key length and secrecy. Cryptography provides services like confidentiality, integrity, authentication, authorization and non-repudiation, and different systems may prioritize different services depending on their needs.
This document discusses ethical hacking. It defines hacking as illegally accessing private information from computer systems or networks. Ethical hacking involves legally testing systems for vulnerabilities with permission. The process involves preparing, gathering information on targets, enumerating systems to identify vulnerabilities, and gaining access. Access can be through passwords, backdoors, trojans, or software exploits. The document provides examples of historical hacks and issues like phreaking and spoofing. It suggests preventing hacking through firewalls, strong passwords, and keeping systems updated. Finally, it raises legal and ethical questions around what is considered ethical hacking and how private property laws apply to networks.
Hacking refers to activities aimed at exploiting security flaws to obtain unauthorized access to secured networks and private information. There are different types of hackers, including black hats who hack maliciously, white hats who are ethical hackers, and script kiddies who use tools created by black hats. Common hacking methods include password guessing, software exploitation, backdoors, and trojans. Once inside a network, a hacker can steal or modify files, install backdoors, and attack other systems. Intrusion detection and prevention systems can help monitor for hacking attempts. Hacking is a felony in most countries and can carry heavy fines and prison sentences if prosecuted.
This document provides an introduction to cyber law in India and defines different types of cyber crimes. It categorizes cyber crimes into those where the computer is the target (e.g. hacking, viruses) and those where the computer is used as a weapon to enable real-world crimes (e.g. credit card fraud, IPR violations). Specific cyber crimes discussed include unauthorized access/hacking, Trojan attacks, viruses/worms, email spoofing and spamming, denial of service attacks, and crimes committed over IRC. Technological advancements have enabled new forms of criminal activity through misuse of information technologies.
This document discusses various topics related to computer security including hackers, cyber attacks, and modes of security. It provides examples of early computer crimes from the 1980s-2000s involving viruses, hacking of sites like NASA and the CIA, and financial theft. Different types of attacks are described such as denial of service attacks, spoofing, session hijacking, and buffer overflows. The document emphasizes that as internet usage has grown, security has lagged behind, enabling legions of hackers to more easily conduct cyber attacks and crimes.
The document discusses various topics related to computer security and hacking. It covers types of computer crimes over the years from the 1980s to 2000s involving viruses, financial theft, and denial of service attacks. It also summarizes different hacking techniques such as spoofing, session hijacking, denial of service attacks, buffer overflows, password attacks, and ways to improve security including password hashing and network security.
This document provides an alphabetical list of terms related to cyber crimes, beginning with "Anonymizer" and ending with "Zombie". Each term is defined in 1-2 paragraphs. Some key terms summarized include:
- Anonymizer - A tool that hides a user's identity and location when browsing the internet. It can enable criminal behavior by avoiding consequences.
- ARP cache poisoning - A technique where an attacker sends fake ARP messages to intercept and alter network data like passwords or credit card numbers.
- Cyber stalking - The use of electronic devices to stalk or harass someone repeatedly in a threatening manner. Most states have laws against cyber stalking.
- DOS/DDOS attacks -
This document provides definitions and concepts related to cryptography. It discusses how encryption works to transform readable plaintext into unreadable ciphertext using an algorithm and key. A cryptosystem encompasses all the necessary components for encryption and decryption, including software, protocols, algorithms and keys. The strength of encryption depends on factors like the algorithm, key length and secrecy. Cryptography provides services like confidentiality, integrity, authentication, authorization and non-repudiation, and different systems may prioritize different services depending on their needs.
This document discusses ethical hacking. It defines hacking as illegally accessing private information from computer systems or networks. Ethical hacking involves legally testing systems for vulnerabilities with permission. The process involves preparing, gathering information on targets, enumerating systems to identify vulnerabilities, and gaining access. Access can be through passwords, backdoors, trojans, or software exploits. The document provides examples of historical hacks and issues like phreaking and spoofing. It suggests preventing hacking through firewalls, strong passwords, and keeping systems updated. Finally, it raises legal and ethical questions around what is considered ethical hacking and how private property laws apply to networks.
Hacking refers to activities aimed at exploiting security flaws to obtain unauthorized access to secured networks and private information. There are different types of hackers, including black hats who hack maliciously, white hats who are ethical hackers, and script kiddies who use tools created by black hats. Common hacking methods include password guessing, software exploitation, backdoors, and trojans. Once inside a network, a hacker can steal or modify files, install backdoors, and attack other systems. Intrusion detection and prevention systems can help monitor for hacking attempts. Hacking is a felony in most countries and can carry heavy fines and prison sentences if prosecuted.
This document provides an introduction to cyber law in India and defines different types of cyber crimes. It categorizes cyber crimes into those where the computer is the target (e.g. hacking, viruses) and those where the computer is used as a weapon to enable real-world crimes (e.g. credit card fraud, IPR violations). Specific cyber crimes discussed include unauthorized access/hacking, Trojan attacks, viruses/worms, email spoofing and spamming, denial of service attacks, and crimes committed over IRC. Technological advancements have enabled new forms of criminal activity through misuse of information technologies.
Hacking is a term used to refer to activities aimed at exploiting security flaws to obtain critical information for gaining access to secured networks.
This document discusses hacking and provides definitions and examples. It defines hacking as unauthorized computer access and distinguishes between hackers and crackers. Various types of hacking are described such as password, email, and credit card hacking. The document also gives a brief history of hacking and reasons why hackers engage in hacking. Examples are provided for how to hack passwords on websites like Yahoo, Facebook, and Gmail.
Hacking refers to activities aimed at exploiting security flaws to obtain unauthorized access to secured networks and personal information, often for malicious purposes. A brief history outlines some notable early hackers and exploits from the late 19th century to the early 2000s. Hackers are categorized as white hat (non-malicious), grey hat (beyond malicious intent), black hat (malicious with intent to harm), or script kiddies (non-experts using automated tools). Famous hackers like Kevin Mitnick, Kevin Poulsen, and Adrian Lamo are discussed in relation to their hacking activities and categorization. Ethical hacking is defined as a methodology to discover vulnerabilities by having professionals attempt authorized access to computer systems to evaluate security threats
Hacking is the process of attempting to gain or successfully gaining , unauthorized access to computer resources.
Hacking refers to an array of activities which are done to intrude someone else’s personal information so as to use it for malicious , unwanted purposes. Cyber Security.
This document discusses hacking, including definitions of hacking and different types of hackers. It defines hacking as gaining unauthorized access to a computer or network. Hackers are expert programmers who break into systems. There are three main types of hackers - white hats who help security, black hats who hack maliciously, and grey hats who notify admins of vulnerabilities. The document also outlines the history of hacking and different types of hacking like password, email, and website hacking. It provides examples of how to hack passwords, email, websites, and credit cards. Finally, it lists ways to prevent hacking like installing firewalls and antivirus software, changing passwords regularly, and not giving out personal information.
Do you think your home-based enterprise is too small to attract attention of hackers and cyber criminals? A hacker would be sitting behind you and follow your password over your shoulder as you are using a public Wi-Fi at Starbucks! Did you know that a pacemaker could be hacked to get personal and medical information to exploit against you for vandalism or monetary gain? The more you are unsuspecting and off-the-guard, the more you are prone to fall prey to devious schemes of cyber attacks. That’s why we created this presentation to present you everything you need to know to detect signs of cyber attacks including
- all possible risks of cyber attacks
- what’s your chances of getting hit by a hacker,
- who is targeting you
- What hackers can do?
- what type of information they are trying to steal
- Are you an Instagram addict? Get to know how your favorite social networking sites and other web-based services are exposing you to hackers
- Different types of cyber attacks
- Different types of baits, techniques and tools used by hackers
- How each type of cyber attacks works
- Do you know group of password crackers are at work in cracking your netbanking password? Check out if your password is strong and hard to crack
- What tools are they using to crack your password?
- How to verify all those banking email communications are NOT FROM YOUR BANK, but cyber attackers? Look out for these signs to distinguish between a phishing and a genuine email message.
- Are you choosing the right browser? Is your browser a staple target of hackers – here is how to choose the right browser before you get online
- Is your router doubling as a gateway for hackers to pass your information? Here is how to spot and prevent cyber attacks carried out through the router
- How to identify if you are opening a genuine or fake website? Here is how you can safeguard yourself before revealing your personal or financial data on a genuine-looking
fake website.
And many more scary facts and trends of cyber attacks covered in this presentation which can be a small handy 101 guide to keep you alert and safe online. In addition to the information and tips, we have a powerful and really effective tool to help you dodge and combat against hackers as you use Internet. If you needed an active watchdog to monitor, block and guard you from all types of online malicious activities in the background, then you cannot possibly give this a miss to find the best online safety partner for you.
Surf through the slides to find out everything you need to know and never thought you actually need… and let us know what you think. We are waiting!
Hacking,History Of Hacking,Types of Hacking,Types Of Hackers,Cyber Laws for ...Qazi Anwar
Hacking
History Of Hacking
Types of Hacking
The Most World’s famous Hackers
Types Of Hackers
Scope Of Ethical Hackers
Cyber Laws for Hacking and their Punishments in Pakistan
How to Prevent Hacking
This document defines hacking and discusses its history and types. It began in the 1960s at MIT and was done by early computer programmers out of curiosity. There are three main types of hackers - black hat hackers violate security for gain/malice, white hats exploit weaknesses ethically, and grey hats fall in between. Reasons for hacking include fun, status, stealing information, or destroying enemy networks. The document outlines various hacking techniques like website, network, password and computer hacking. It provides tips for securing data and accounts as well as discussing advantages like recovering lost information and disadvantages like harming privacy and illegality.
This document discusses ethical hacking. It begins by defining hacking and distinguishing between black hat, white hat, and grey hat hackers. White hat hackers, also known as ethical hackers, hack systems with permission to identify vulnerabilities. The document outlines the different phases of ethical hacking including footprinting, scanning, enumeration, gaining access, and maintaining access. It provides examples of tools used in each phase and types of attacks like social engineering and SQL injection. The document emphasizes that for hacking to be ethical, hackers must have permission and respect privacy. It concludes by discussing how organizations can prevent hacking by closing vulnerabilities identified through ethical hacking activities.
Hacking refers to gaining unauthorized access to computer systems or networks. There are different types of hacking such as website hacking, email hacking, network hacking, password hacking, and online banking hacking. Ethical hacking involves testing a system's security vulnerabilities to help secure it. The document discusses these types of hacking in further detail, explaining how they work and can be prevented. It emphasizes using strong passwords, protecting computers, only downloading from trusted sources, and not using public networks without protection. Ethical hackers play an important role in evaluating security systems.
Ransomware and email security ver - 1.3Denise Bailey
This document provides an overview of ransomware attacks and email security. It begins with discussing trends in ransomware attacks and examples of recent high-profile ransomware incidents. It then explains what ransomware is, how it works, and the threats it poses. The document outlines common ransomware lures being used during the COVID-19 pandemic and describes how a ransomware attack occurs and spreads. It provides tips for prevention, detection, recovery from an attack, and discusses whether organizations should pay ransom demands. The document concludes with a discussion on decryption tools and additional security measures organizations can take.
The document discusses the topic of hacking. It defines a hacker as someone who hacks computer systems and networks. The document then covers the history of hacking, different types of hacking, reasons why hackers hack, and ways to protect systems from hackers. It also provides instructions on how kids and non-English speakers can engage in hacking and how to translate hackers' slang language.
This document discusses internet security and how to stay safe online. It begins with an introduction on why internet security is important because people access sensitive personal information like banking records online. It then discusses what internet security entails, including securing web browsers and authentication of data sent over the internet. It describes hackers as people with computer skills who can explore software and hardware, noting some hack illegally while others work to improve security. Common attacks are also outlined, such as phishing scams, pharming, and SQL injection. The document concludes with recommendations for staying safe, like using strong passwords, antivirus software, firewalls, and keeping computers updated.
The document discusses several modes and types of hacker attacks, including spoofing, denial of service attacks, session hijacking, and buffer overflow attacks. Spoofing involves altering one's identity to masquerade as another user or system. Specific types of spoofing covered include IP, email, and web spoofing. Denial of service attacks aim to overload systems to render them unusable. Session hijacking involves taking over an active session between another user and a server. Buffer overflow attacks exploit program vulnerabilities to overwrite memory and execute malicious code.
This document discusses ethical hacking. It defines ethical hacking as testing systems for security purposes with permission, compared to cracking which is hacking without permission for malicious reasons. It outlines different types of hackers like script kiddies, white hat hackers who hack legally for security work, grey hat hackers who can help or harm, and black hat hackers who hack criminally. The document advises on security practices like using antiviruses and strong passwords to prevent hacking.
This document discusses web security and outlines some key terminology and issues. It defines internet security as protecting information by preventing, detecting, and responding to attacks. Some key points made are that 1 in 8 computers are infected with malware, spam and phishing attacks are common threats, and firewalls and antivirus software can help secure systems and block unwanted traffic. The document also provides definitions for common security terms like hackers, viruses, Trojan horses, and ransomware.
This document provides an overview of DewanStudio, a digital agency. It highlights some of their clients which include banks, food companies, media organizations, and more. It also outlines the types of services DewanStudio provides such as website development, digital marketing, branding, and print work. Examples of projects completed for each client are listed.
La psicología educativa estudia procesos como el desarrollo, aprendizaje y motivación de los estudiantes. Los psicólogos educativos analizan las características de cada estudiante para potenciar su aprendizaje. Es importante que sigan principios éticos como promover la psicología científica y contribuir a mejorar la calidad de vida. La motivación es clave para el aprendizaje, y depende de factores intrínsecos y extrínsecos.
Hacking is a term used to refer to activities aimed at exploiting security flaws to obtain critical information for gaining access to secured networks.
This document discusses hacking and provides definitions and examples. It defines hacking as unauthorized computer access and distinguishes between hackers and crackers. Various types of hacking are described such as password, email, and credit card hacking. The document also gives a brief history of hacking and reasons why hackers engage in hacking. Examples are provided for how to hack passwords on websites like Yahoo, Facebook, and Gmail.
Hacking refers to activities aimed at exploiting security flaws to obtain unauthorized access to secured networks and personal information, often for malicious purposes. A brief history outlines some notable early hackers and exploits from the late 19th century to the early 2000s. Hackers are categorized as white hat (non-malicious), grey hat (beyond malicious intent), black hat (malicious with intent to harm), or script kiddies (non-experts using automated tools). Famous hackers like Kevin Mitnick, Kevin Poulsen, and Adrian Lamo are discussed in relation to their hacking activities and categorization. Ethical hacking is defined as a methodology to discover vulnerabilities by having professionals attempt authorized access to computer systems to evaluate security threats
Hacking is the process of attempting to gain or successfully gaining , unauthorized access to computer resources.
Hacking refers to an array of activities which are done to intrude someone else’s personal information so as to use it for malicious , unwanted purposes. Cyber Security.
This document discusses hacking, including definitions of hacking and different types of hackers. It defines hacking as gaining unauthorized access to a computer or network. Hackers are expert programmers who break into systems. There are three main types of hackers - white hats who help security, black hats who hack maliciously, and grey hats who notify admins of vulnerabilities. The document also outlines the history of hacking and different types of hacking like password, email, and website hacking. It provides examples of how to hack passwords, email, websites, and credit cards. Finally, it lists ways to prevent hacking like installing firewalls and antivirus software, changing passwords regularly, and not giving out personal information.
Do you think your home-based enterprise is too small to attract attention of hackers and cyber criminals? A hacker would be sitting behind you and follow your password over your shoulder as you are using a public Wi-Fi at Starbucks! Did you know that a pacemaker could be hacked to get personal and medical information to exploit against you for vandalism or monetary gain? The more you are unsuspecting and off-the-guard, the more you are prone to fall prey to devious schemes of cyber attacks. That’s why we created this presentation to present you everything you need to know to detect signs of cyber attacks including
- all possible risks of cyber attacks
- what’s your chances of getting hit by a hacker,
- who is targeting you
- What hackers can do?
- what type of information they are trying to steal
- Are you an Instagram addict? Get to know how your favorite social networking sites and other web-based services are exposing you to hackers
- Different types of cyber attacks
- Different types of baits, techniques and tools used by hackers
- How each type of cyber attacks works
- Do you know group of password crackers are at work in cracking your netbanking password? Check out if your password is strong and hard to crack
- What tools are they using to crack your password?
- How to verify all those banking email communications are NOT FROM YOUR BANK, but cyber attackers? Look out for these signs to distinguish between a phishing and a genuine email message.
- Are you choosing the right browser? Is your browser a staple target of hackers – here is how to choose the right browser before you get online
- Is your router doubling as a gateway for hackers to pass your information? Here is how to spot and prevent cyber attacks carried out through the router
- How to identify if you are opening a genuine or fake website? Here is how you can safeguard yourself before revealing your personal or financial data on a genuine-looking
fake website.
And many more scary facts and trends of cyber attacks covered in this presentation which can be a small handy 101 guide to keep you alert and safe online. In addition to the information and tips, we have a powerful and really effective tool to help you dodge and combat against hackers as you use Internet. If you needed an active watchdog to monitor, block and guard you from all types of online malicious activities in the background, then you cannot possibly give this a miss to find the best online safety partner for you.
Surf through the slides to find out everything you need to know and never thought you actually need… and let us know what you think. We are waiting!
Hacking,History Of Hacking,Types of Hacking,Types Of Hackers,Cyber Laws for ...Qazi Anwar
Hacking
History Of Hacking
Types of Hacking
The Most World’s famous Hackers
Types Of Hackers
Scope Of Ethical Hackers
Cyber Laws for Hacking and their Punishments in Pakistan
How to Prevent Hacking
This document defines hacking and discusses its history and types. It began in the 1960s at MIT and was done by early computer programmers out of curiosity. There are three main types of hackers - black hat hackers violate security for gain/malice, white hats exploit weaknesses ethically, and grey hats fall in between. Reasons for hacking include fun, status, stealing information, or destroying enemy networks. The document outlines various hacking techniques like website, network, password and computer hacking. It provides tips for securing data and accounts as well as discussing advantages like recovering lost information and disadvantages like harming privacy and illegality.
This document discusses ethical hacking. It begins by defining hacking and distinguishing between black hat, white hat, and grey hat hackers. White hat hackers, also known as ethical hackers, hack systems with permission to identify vulnerabilities. The document outlines the different phases of ethical hacking including footprinting, scanning, enumeration, gaining access, and maintaining access. It provides examples of tools used in each phase and types of attacks like social engineering and SQL injection. The document emphasizes that for hacking to be ethical, hackers must have permission and respect privacy. It concludes by discussing how organizations can prevent hacking by closing vulnerabilities identified through ethical hacking activities.
Hacking refers to gaining unauthorized access to computer systems or networks. There are different types of hacking such as website hacking, email hacking, network hacking, password hacking, and online banking hacking. Ethical hacking involves testing a system's security vulnerabilities to help secure it. The document discusses these types of hacking in further detail, explaining how they work and can be prevented. It emphasizes using strong passwords, protecting computers, only downloading from trusted sources, and not using public networks without protection. Ethical hackers play an important role in evaluating security systems.
Ransomware and email security ver - 1.3Denise Bailey
This document provides an overview of ransomware attacks and email security. It begins with discussing trends in ransomware attacks and examples of recent high-profile ransomware incidents. It then explains what ransomware is, how it works, and the threats it poses. The document outlines common ransomware lures being used during the COVID-19 pandemic and describes how a ransomware attack occurs and spreads. It provides tips for prevention, detection, recovery from an attack, and discusses whether organizations should pay ransom demands. The document concludes with a discussion on decryption tools and additional security measures organizations can take.
The document discusses the topic of hacking. It defines a hacker as someone who hacks computer systems and networks. The document then covers the history of hacking, different types of hacking, reasons why hackers hack, and ways to protect systems from hackers. It also provides instructions on how kids and non-English speakers can engage in hacking and how to translate hackers' slang language.
This document discusses internet security and how to stay safe online. It begins with an introduction on why internet security is important because people access sensitive personal information like banking records online. It then discusses what internet security entails, including securing web browsers and authentication of data sent over the internet. It describes hackers as people with computer skills who can explore software and hardware, noting some hack illegally while others work to improve security. Common attacks are also outlined, such as phishing scams, pharming, and SQL injection. The document concludes with recommendations for staying safe, like using strong passwords, antivirus software, firewalls, and keeping computers updated.
The document discusses several modes and types of hacker attacks, including spoofing, denial of service attacks, session hijacking, and buffer overflow attacks. Spoofing involves altering one's identity to masquerade as another user or system. Specific types of spoofing covered include IP, email, and web spoofing. Denial of service attacks aim to overload systems to render them unusable. Session hijacking involves taking over an active session between another user and a server. Buffer overflow attacks exploit program vulnerabilities to overwrite memory and execute malicious code.
This document discusses ethical hacking. It defines ethical hacking as testing systems for security purposes with permission, compared to cracking which is hacking without permission for malicious reasons. It outlines different types of hackers like script kiddies, white hat hackers who hack legally for security work, grey hat hackers who can help or harm, and black hat hackers who hack criminally. The document advises on security practices like using antiviruses and strong passwords to prevent hacking.
This document discusses web security and outlines some key terminology and issues. It defines internet security as protecting information by preventing, detecting, and responding to attacks. Some key points made are that 1 in 8 computers are infected with malware, spam and phishing attacks are common threats, and firewalls and antivirus software can help secure systems and block unwanted traffic. The document also provides definitions for common security terms like hackers, viruses, Trojan horses, and ransomware.
This document provides an overview of DewanStudio, a digital agency. It highlights some of their clients which include banks, food companies, media organizations, and more. It also outlines the types of services DewanStudio provides such as website development, digital marketing, branding, and print work. Examples of projects completed for each client are listed.
La psicología educativa estudia procesos como el desarrollo, aprendizaje y motivación de los estudiantes. Los psicólogos educativos analizan las características de cada estudiante para potenciar su aprendizaje. Es importante que sigan principios éticos como promover la psicología científica y contribuir a mejorar la calidad de vida. La motivación es clave para el aprendizaje, y depende de factores intrínsecos y extrínsecos.
Análise Estrutural de um Chassi de Mini BajaRodrigo Lobo
O documento descreve uma simulação de estrutura realizada por uma equipe de engenharia para analisar a resistência de uma gaiola de mini Baja sob cargas de capotamento, colisão e impacto. A simulação utilizou o software SolidWorks e mostrou que a estrutura atende aos requisitos de segurança, com deformações dentro dos limites especificados, embora alguns elementos tenham excedido o limite de escoamento sob cargas laterais e frontais.
This document discusses different types of narrative structures that can be used in documentaries. It describes closed narratives which have a clear beginning, middle, and end with no loose ends. Open narratives end without a clear conclusion, leaving questions unanswered. Linear narratives show events in chronological order, while non-linear narratives have no set timeline. Single strand narratives focus on one character or plot, whereas multi-strand narratives show multiple perspectives. It also discusses theorists like Todorov, Propp, Levi-Strauss, and Barthes and the narrative patterns and codes they identified.
O documento descreve a competição Baja SAE Brasil, promovida anualmente desde 1995, na qual equipes de estudantes projetam, constroem e pilotam veículos off-road. A equipe SUPERBAJA participa desde 1998, construindo um veículo movido a motor Briggs & Stratton com estrutura tubular e suspensão independente. O documento argumenta que patrocinar a equipe oferece oportunidades valiosas de aprendizado para os estudantes e divulgação positiva para as empresas patrocinadoras.
Metals in prosthodontics/dental crown &bridge course by Indian dental academyIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
LSA17: Carrots and Sticks - The Right Incentives for Local Media Sales (tronc)Localogy
This document discusses strategies for motivating local media sales teams through incentives and pressure. It suggests using both carrots (rewards and recognition) and sticks (indirect pressure). For carrots, the key is having a compensation plan that clearly rewards desired activities and sales goals. Recognition such as praise and trophies can also boost revenue. For sticks, indirect pressure tactics are preferred over direct pressure, such as starting weekly sales meetings by reviewing revenue results or focusing on underperforming reps. The document closes by asking about successful sales contests used as additional motivators.
Module 4 Transcript - School for Change AgentsNHS Horizons
The document summarizes a webinar on making change happen from the School for Change Agents. It discusses how most change initiatives fail to fully deliver their objectives, with common failure rates quoted around 60-70%. A poll of webinar participants found the last change initiative they were involved in delivered about 6.5-7 out of 10 objectives on average. The webinar aims to help build capabilities around overcoming barriers to change and ensuring it is successfully implemented. Specific topics that will be covered include aligning motivations for change, building joy in work, appreciating energy for change, and establishing a clear purpose beyond just the change itself.
The Bajara Team simulated their off-road vehicle's roll cage structure using Ansys software prior to construction to prepare for a competition. Modal analyses found vibrational frequencies that could fatigue welding points. Collision and rollover simulations showed the roll cage would protect the pilot despite possible damage. Next steps are to modify the design to dampen vibrations and transform the vehicle into an agricultural machine suitable for small farms.
LSA17: Local Sales - Can the Patient Be Saved? (Vendasta, FCR Media, ReachLocal)Localogy
Local sales channels are struggling with churn, costs, competition, margins, complex products, confusing small businesses, and a lack of talent. The document discusses how sales channels must transform to meet changing market needs by making customer service more important than sales, using technology and data more efficiently, adapting sales skills to the current environment, and improving self-service sales tools.
LSA17: Getting Found Through Voice Optimization & Virtual Assistants (Soleo, ...Localogy
Voice search is growing rapidly and changing how people find information locally on their devices. As voice queries tend to be longer and more detailed than text queries, it provides richer intent that businesses need to understand. They must optimize not just for who they are but also what they offer to match how users search by voice for specific needs. This means focusing on relevant keywords, using natural language processing, and ensuring listings across directories and platforms are updated. Proper structured data and extensions can also help businesses respond directly to voice commands and queries on search engines and virtual assistants.
WCC COMM 119-Schedules and Safety (part #2)profluther
This document discusses safety and risk assessment for film productions. It explains that risk assessments identify hazards, assess the likelihood and severity of risks, and how to manage those risks. Key terms are hazard, which is something that could cause harm, and risk, which is the chance of a hazard occurring and the seriousness of the consequences. General rules for safety include not working alone, being organized, allowing enough time, and considering safety early in planning. The document directs readers to the textbook for more details on these rules and examples of risk assessments. It concludes with instructions to take a safety quiz and discuss a risk assessment for a proposed outdoor production location.
David consulted with his military commanders about bringing the Ark of God from Kirjath-jearim to Jerusalem. They agreed this was a good idea, as it would honor God and bring religious blessings. However, when they transported the Ark, God struck down Uzza for touching the Ark to steady it, showing the Ark still demanded respect. David was afraid and moved the Ark to Obed-edom's house instead of his own. After three months, God blessed Obed-edom, so David then took the Ark to Jerusalem with proper precautions.
Capitulo 1 ELABORACIÓN DE UN EDULCORANTE NATURAL A BASE DE STEVIA PARA EL US...Grecia Gonzalez
Este documento presenta la propuesta de investigación de un grupo de estudiantes para elaborar un edulcorante natural a base de stevia para pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 en el Hospital "Dr. Manuel Noriega Trigo". El problema es que la diabetes es una enfermedad creciente con altos costos de tratamiento. El objetivo es demostrar los beneficios de la stevia para controlar los niveles de glucosa. Se justifica por los aportes nutricionales y económicos de la stevia para esta población.
This document provides an overview of worship from various perspectives. It begins with definitions of worship from religious and philosophical sources that describe worship as ascribing worth to God, experiencing God's presence, and glorifying God. The document then explores different elements, experiences, and purposes of worship based on biblical passages. It discusses the role and importance of worship leaders, as well as the use of music, prayer, and other artistic elements in worship services. Overall, the document aims to define and describe the essence and meaning of worship from theological and practical standpoints.
Ethical Hacking : Why Do Hackers Attack And How ?HBServices7
Hackers attack websites and networks for various reasons such as financial gain, espionage, activism, or terrorism. Common attack methods include denial of service attacks to crash systems, spoofing identities to gain unauthorized access, hijacking sessions, exploiting software vulnerabilities like buffer overflows, and cracking passwords. To prevent attacks, network administrators must secure systems from intrusion, monitor for suspicious activity, and keep software updated by patching known vulnerabilities.
This document discusses various topics related to computer security and hacker attacks. It covers types of attacks like denial of service attacks, password attacks, spoofing, and buffer overflow attacks. It also explains security concepts like password security, network security, and different modes of hacker attacks over the internet, LAN, locally, and offline. The document emphasizes that as computer security improves, hackers are finding newer ways to compromise systems, so security is an ongoing challenge.
A denial-of-service (DoS) attack overwhelms a system's resources to prevent it from responding to requests, while a distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack uses multiple compromised systems. Common DoS/DDoS attacks include TCP SYN floods, teardrops, smurfing, and ping of death. In 2018, GitHub experienced a record 1.35 terabit DDoS attack. SQL injection occurs when malicious SQL queries are passed through user inputs to access databases. Man-in-the-middle attacks involve an attacker intercepting communications between two parties. Phishing scams use fraudulent emails to steal user information. Password attacks aim to obtain passwords through brute force guessing or
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This document contains a student's details - name, roll number, department, semester and subject code. It then discusses various types of cyber attacks like hacking, spoofing, denial of service attacks and password cracking techniques. It explains concepts like IP spoofing, email spoofing, session hijacking and different methods used by hackers to conduct password cracking like dictionary attacks and brute force methods.
This document provides an overview of computer security. It discusses why security is needed due to increased reliance on information technology. It then covers the history of some major computer attacks. The document defines computer security and discusses its goals of confidentiality, integrity and availability. It describes common security attacks like network attacks, web attacks, and software attacks. Finally, it discusses types of security like information security and the components that make it up.
This document discusses various types of cybercrime such as hacking, denial of service attacks, phishing, and virus dissemination. It provides examples of hacking tools like Nmap and Wireshark. Denial of service attacks are attempts to make computer resources unavailable and include Ping of Death and SYN attacks. Phishing involves sending fake emails pretending to be legitimate organizations to steal personal information. The document also discusses how Wikileaks may have breached the security of the US military's SIPRNET network and gives an example of the password cracking tool Cain and Abel. It concludes with sections on cyberlaw and cyber safety practices.
1. Trapdoors are secret entry points into a system that bypass normal security procedures, commonly used by developers in compilers. Logic bombs are malicious programs that are triggered when specified conditions are met, such as a particular date or user, and typically damage the system.
2. Trojan horses appear to have a normal function but have hidden malicious effects that violate security policies. Viruses are self-replicating code that alters normal programs to include infected versions and can have hidden payloads.
3. Worms propagate fully functioning copies of themselves across networks to infect other computers. Notable worms include Morris, Code Red, Nimda, Slammer, and Conficker which exploited software vulnerabilities to spread rapidly and
This document provides an overview of cybercrime, including definitions, types, and examples. It discusses common cybercrimes like hacking, denial-of-service attacks, phishing, and virus dissemination. For denial-of-service attacks and phishing, it provides details on how they work and examples of common tools used. It also discusses the SIPRNET network security breach by Wikileaks and analyzes how it may have occurred without evidence of unauthorized access. Finally, it covers related topics like cyberlaw and cyber safety best practices.
Cyber crime refers to criminal acts involving computers and networks. The document discusses various types of cyber crimes such as hacking, phishing, and cyber stalking. It outlines categories of cyber crimes including those against persons, property, and government. The document also provides details on cyber criminals, precautions to prevent cyber crime, and the advantages and disadvantages of cyber space.
This document provides information about cyber safety, including definitions of hacking, the history of hacking, early hackers, and types of cyber attacks like phishing. It defines hacking as using technical skills to overcome obstacles within a computer system through unauthorized access. The first computer hack occurred in the 1960s when Bell Labs modified a UNIX system. Phishing involves deceiving users into providing sensitive information through fraudulent emails or websites, while vishing, smishing, and pharming are phone, SMS, and website-based variants. The document also discusses types of phishing like spear phishing, whaling, deceptive phishing, and angler phishing, and provides quizzes to test understanding of cyber attack types. It covers malware
E-Mail Crimes - Gurugram Cyber Crime Cell July 2017Shyam Pareek
This presentation was submitted to Gurugram Police at the end of Cyber Crime Internship 2017 by our team members. There were total 100 lucky students who got a chance to join this internship and from these 100 students 5 different teams were made, at the end of the internship every team had to present on different topics related to cyber crimes and discuss on how stay safe or how to deal with those crimes.
E-mail crimes was the topic selected by our team and each of our team members explained the different parts of email crimes on the final day of our Internship.
The document discusses e-commerce security challenges and developments over the past decade due to widespread computerization and growing networking. It covers network and internet security issues like confidentiality, authentication, integrity, and key management. It describes security threats like unauthorized access, data theft, and denial of service attacks. It also discusses encryption techniques like symmetric and asymmetric encryption, and cryptography concepts like public and private keys, digital signatures, and digital certificates.
This lecture discusses common methods of cyberattack and types of malware. Some methods of attack explored include packet sniffing to intercept internet traffic, software attacks like trojans and viruses, and social engineering through phishing and hoaxes. Common types of malware described are trojans, viruses, worms, rootkits, adware, spyware, and ransomware. Social engineering methods used by cybercriminals like phishing are also explained.
Hacking refers to exploiting security flaws to access secured networks without authorization. The document provides a brief history of hacking from the 1980s to present day, describing some famous hackers and basic hacking skills needed. It discusses how to hide one's identity when hacking and find target IP addresses through methods like instant messaging. Common network hacking methods are outlined, such as gathering information and exploiting loopholes. Specific attacks explained include denial of service, sniffing, trojans, IP spoofing, and buffer overflows. Trojans allow remote access and control of the target system. Detection involves port scanning and antivirus software.
Hacking refers to exploiting security flaws to access secured networks without authorization. The document provides a brief history of hacking from the 1980s to present day, describing some famous hackers and basic hacking skills like programming and using Unix operating systems. It discusses how hackers find and mask their IP addresses to avoid detection when intruding computer systems. Common hacking methods are outlined, such as gathering information on targets and exploiting loopholes. Specific attacks explained include denial of service, sniffing, trojans, IP spoofing, and buffer overflows. Trojans allow remote access and control of infected systems. Detection involves port scanning and antivirus software.
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This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
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(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
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CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
3. • Internet has grown very fast and security has
lagged behind.
• Legions of hackers have emerged as impedance to
entering the hackers club is low.
• It is hard to trace the perpetrator of cyber attacks
since the real identities are camouflaged
• It is very hard to track down people because of the
ubiquity of the network.
• Large scale failures of internet can have a
catastrophic impact on the economy which relies
heavily on electronic transactions
Crisis
4. • In 1988 a "worm program" written by a
college student shut down about 10 percent
of computers connected to the Internet.
This was the beginning of the era of cyber
attacks.
• Today we have about 10,000 incidents of
cyber attacks which are reported and the
number grows.
Computer Crime – The Beginning
5. • A 16-year-old music student called Richard Pryce,
better known by the hacker alias Datastream
Cowboy, is arrested and charged with breaking into
hundreds of computers including those at the
Griffiths Air Force base, Nasa and the Korean Atomic
Research Institute. His online mentor, "Kuji", is
never found.
• Also this year, a group directed by Russian hackers
broke into the computers of Citibank and transferred
more than $10 million from customers' accounts.
Eventually, Citibank recovered all but $400,000 of
the pilfered money.
Computer Crime - 1994
6. • In February, Kevin Mitnick is arrested for a second
time. He is charged with stealing 20,000 credit card
numbers. He eventually spends four years in jail and
on his release his parole conditions demand that he
avoid contact with computers and mobile phones.
• On November 15, Christopher Pile becomes the first
person to be jailed for writing and distributing a
computer virus. Mr Pile, who called himself the Black
Baron, was sentenced to 18 months in jail.
• The US General Accounting Office reveals that US
Defense Department computers sustained 250,000
attacks in 1995.
Computer Crime - 1995
7. • In March, the Melissa virus goes on the rampage
and wreaks havoc with computers worldwide. After
a short investigation, the FBI tracks down and
arrests the writer of the virus, a 29-year-old New
Jersey computer programmer, David L Smith.
• More than 90 percent of large corporations and
government agencies were the victims of computer
security breaches in 1999
Computer Crime - 1999
8. • In February, some of the most popular websites in
the world such as Amazon and Yahoo are almost
overwhelmed by being flooded with bogus requests
for data.
• In May, the ILOVEYOU virus is unleashed and clogs
computers worldwide. Over the coming months,
variants of the virus are released that manage to
catch out companies that didn't do enough to
protect themselves.
• In October, Microsoft admits that its corporate
network has been hacked and source code for future
Windows products has been seen.
Computer Crime - 2000
9. • Some of the sites which have been compromised
– U.S. Department of Commerce
– NASA
– CIA
– Greenpeace
– Motorola
– UNICEF
– Church of Christ …
• Some sites which have been rendered ineffective
– Yahoo
– Microsoft
– Amazon …
Why Security?
10. • Because they can
– A large fraction of hacker attacks have been pranks
• Financial Gain
• Espionage
• Venting anger at a company or organization
• Terrorism
Why do Hackers Attack?
11. • Active Attacks
– Denial of Service
– Breaking into a site
• Intelligence Gathering
• Resource Usage
• Deception
• Passive Attacks
– Sniffing
• Passwords
• Network Traffic
• Sensitive Information
– Information Gathering
Types of Hacker Attack
12. • Over the Internet
• Over LAN
• Locally
• Offline
• Theft
• Deception
Modes of Hacker Attack
13. Definition:
An attacker alters his identity so that some one thinks he
is some one else
– Email, User ID, IP Address, …
– Attacker exploits trust relation between user and
networked machines to gain access to machines
Types of Spoofing:
1. IP Spoofing:
2. Email Spoofing
3. Web Spoofing
Spoofing
14. Definition:
Attacker uses IP address of another computer to acquire
information or gain access
IP Spoofing – Flying-Blind
Attack
Replies sent back to 10.10.20.30
Spoofed Address
10.10.20.30
Attacker
10.10.50.50
John
10.10.5.5
From Address: 10.10.20.30
To Address: 10.10.5.5
• Attacker changes his own IP address
to spoofed address
• Attacker can send messages to a
machine masquerading as spoofed
machine
• Attacker can not receive messages
from that machine
15. Definition:
Attacker spoofs the address of another machine and
inserts itself between the attacked machine and the
spoofed machine to intercept replies
IP Spoofing – Source Routing
Replies sent back
to 10.10.20.30
Spoofed Address
10.10.20.30
Attacker
10.10.50.50
John
10.10.5.5
From Address: 10.10.20.30
To Address: 10.10.5.5
• The path a packet may change can vary over time
• To ensure that he stays in the loop the attacker uses source routing
to ensure that the packet passes through certain nodes on the
network
Attacker intercepts packets
as they go to 10.10.20.30
16. Definition:
Attacker sends messages masquerading as some one else
What can be the repercussions?
Types of Email Spoofing:
1. Create an account with similar email address
– Sanjaygoel@yahoo.com: A message from this account can
perplex the students
1. Modify a mail client
– Attacker can put in any return address he wants to in the mail
he sends
1. Telnet to port 25
– Most mail servers use port 25 for SMTP. Attacker logs on to this
port and composes a message for the user.
Email Spoofing
17. • Basic
– Attacker registers a web address matching an entity e.g.
votebush.com, geproducts.com, gesucks.com
• Man-in-the-Middle Attack
– Attacker acts as a proxy between the web server and the client
– Attacker has to compromise the router or a node through which
the relevant traffic flows
• URL Rewriting
– Attacker redirects web traffic to another site that is controlled
by the attacker
– Attacker writes his own web site address before the legitimate
link
• Tracking State
– When a user logs on to a site a persistent authentication is
maintained
– This authentication can be stolen for masquerading as the user
Web Spoofing
18. • Web Site maintains authentication so that the
user does not have to authenticate repeatedly
• Three types of tracking methods are used:
1. Cookies: Line of text with ID on the users cookie file
– Attacker can read the ID from users cookie file
2. URL Session Tracking: An id is appended to all the links
in the website web pages.
– Attacker can guess or read this id and masquerade as user
3. Hidden Form Elements
– ID is hidden in form elements which are not visible to user
– Hacker can modify these to masquerade as another user
Web Spoofing – Tracking
State
19. Definition:
Process of taking over an existing active session
Modus Operandi:
1. User makes a connection to the server by
authenticating using his user ID and password.
2. After the users authenticate, they have access to the
server as long as the session lasts.
3. Hacker takes the user offline by denial of service
4. Hacker gains access to the user by impersonating the
user
Session Hijacking
20. • Attacker can
– monitor the session
– periodically inject commands into session
– launch passive and active attacks from the session
Session Hijacking
Bob telnets to Server
Bob authenticates to Server
Bob
Attacker
Server
Die! Hi! I am Bob
21. • Attackers exploit sequence numbers to hijack sessions
• Sequence numbers are 32-bit counters used to:
– tell receiving machines the correct order of packets
– Tell sender which packets are received and which are lost
• Receiver and Sender have their own sequence numbers
• When two parties communicate the following are needed:
– IP addresses
– Port Numbers
– Sequence Number
• IP addresses and port numbers are easily available so once
the attacker gets the server to accept his guesses
sequence number he can hijack the session.
Session Hijacking – How Does it
Work?
22. Definition:
Attack through which a person can render a system unusable or
significantly slow down the system for legitimate users by
overloading the system so that no one else can use it.
Types:
1. Crashing the system or network
– Send the victim data or packets which will cause system to crash or
reboot.
2. Exhausting the resources by flooding the system or network with
information
– Since all resources are exhausted others are denied access to the
resources
3. Distributed DOS attacks are coordinated denial of service attacks
involving several people and/or machines to launch attacks
Denial of Service (DOS)
Attack
23. Types:
1. Ping of Death
2. SSPing
3. Land
4. Smurf
5. SYN Flood
6. CPU Hog
7. Win Nuke
8. RPC Locator
9. Jolt2
10. Bubonic
11. Microsoft Incomplete TCP/IP Packet Vulnerability
12. HP Openview Node Manager SNMP DOS Vulneability
13. Netscreen Firewall DOS Vulnerability
14. Checkpoint Firewall DOS Vulnerability
Denial of Service (DOS)
Attack
24. • This attack takes advantage of the way in which
information is stored by computer programs
• An attacker tries to store more information on the stack
than the size of the buffer
How does it work?
Buffer Overflow Attacks
•
Buffer 2
Local Variable 2
Buffer 1
Local Variable 1
Return Pointer
Function Call
Arguments
•
Fill
Direction
Bottom of
Memory
Top of
Memory
Normal Stack
•
Buffer 2
Local Variable 2
Machine Code:
execve(/bin/sh)
New Pointer to
Exec Code
Function Call
Arguments
•
Fill
Direction
Bottom of
Memory
Top of
Memory
Smashed Stack
Return Pointer Overwritten
Buffer 1 Space Overwritten
25. • Programs which do not do not have a rigorous memory
check in the code are vulnerable to this attack
• Simple weaknesses can be exploited
– If memory allocated for name is 50 characters, someone can
break the system by sending a fictitious name of more than 50
characters
• Can be used for espionage, denial of service or
compromising the integrity of the data
Examples
– NetMeeting Buffer Overflow
– Outlook Buffer Overflow
– AOL Instant Messenger Buffer Overflow
– SQL Server 2000 Extended Stored Procedure Buffer Overflow
Buffer Overflow Attacks
26. • A hacker can exploit a weak passwords & uncontrolled
network modems easily
• Steps
– Hacker gets the phone number of a company
– Hacker runs war dialer program
• If original number is 555-5532 he runs all numbers in the 555-55xx
range
• When modem answers he records the phone number of modem
– Hacker now needs a user id and password to enter company
network
• Companies often have default accounts e.g. temp, anonymous with no
password
• Often the root account uses company name as the password
• For strong passwords password cracking techniques exist
Password Attacks
27. • Password hashed and stored
– Salt added to randomize password & stored on system
• Password attacks launched to crack encrypted password
Password Security
Hash
Function
Hashed
Password
Salt
Compare
Password
Client
Password
Server
Stored Password
Hashed
Password
Allow/Deny Access
28. • Find a valid user ID
• Create a list of possible passwords
• Rank the passwords from high probability to low
• Type in each password
• If the system allows you in – success !
• If not, try again, being careful not to exceed password
lockout (the number of times you can guess a wrong
password before the system shuts down and won’t let
you try any more)
Password Attacks - Process
29. • Dictionary Attack
– Hacker tries all words in dictionary to crack password
– 70% of the people use dictionary words as passwords
• Brute Force Attack
– Try all permutations of the letters & symbols in the alphabet
• Hybrid Attack
– Words from dictionary and their variations used in attack
• Social Engineering
– People write passwords in different places
– People disclose passwords naively to others
• Shoulder Surfing
– Hackers slyly watch over peoples shoulders to steal passwords
• Dumpster Diving
– People dump their trash papers in garbage which may contain
information to crack passwords
Password Attacks - Types
30. • Computer Security is a continuous battle
– As computer security gets tighter hackers are getting smarter
• Very high stakes
Conclusions
Editor's Notes
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Prevention: locks at doors, window bars, walls round the property
Detection: stolen items are missing, burglar alarms, closed circuit TV
Reaction: call the police, replace stolen items, make an insurance claim …
Prevention: encrypt your orders, rely on the merchant to perform checks on the caller, don’t use the Internet (?) …
Detection: an unauthorized transaction appears on your credit card statement
Reaction: complain, ask for a new card number, etc.
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Some stories about hackings
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Some stories about hackings
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The Computer Security Institute's fifth Computer Crime and Security Survey also found that the total reported financial losses have tripled.The annual survey is conducted with the participation of the San Francisco FBI Computer Intrusion Squad and aims to increase awareness of security. This year's survey was based on responses from 643 computer-security professionals in U.S. corporations, government agencies, financial institutions, medical institutions and universities.Only 42 percent of those answering the survey could put a dollar figure on their financial losses - reporting the total at $265 million. The average annual total over the last three years was $120 million.
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An active attack involves a deliberate action on the part of the attacker to gain information that he is after. Like trying to telnet to port 25 on a company server to break into the mail server. This is like a burglar trying to pick a lock. This is fairly easy to detect.
Passive attacks are mainly information gathering attacks and precede the active attacks.
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1. Normally users log on to one machine and have access to a number of computers.
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1. Normally users log on to one machine and have access to a number of computers.
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1. Normally users log on to one machine and have access to a number of computers.
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Repercussions:
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Potential Damages:
1. Change orders placed by the client (Instead of 500 widgets he can make the order 50,000 widgets)
2. Change meeting venues to send people on wild goose chases
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Potential Damages:
1. Change orders placed by the client (Instead of 500 widgets he can make the order 50,000 widgets)
2. Change meeting venues to send people on wild goose chases
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Session Hijacking allows hackers to bypass the authentication process of the computer and gain access to the machine.
After users authenticate and log on to a machine the authentication is valid for as long as the session lasts.
After the users authenticate they have
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Session Hijacking allows hackers to bypass the authentication process of the computer and gain access to the machine.
After users authenticate and log on to a machine the authentication is valid for as long as the session lasts.
After the users authenticate they have
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Session Hijacking allows hackers to bypass the authentication process of the computer and gain access to the machine.
After users authenticate and log on to a machine the authentication is valid for as long as the session lasts.
After the users authenticate they have
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Session Hijacking allows hackers to bypass the authentication process of the computer and gain access to the machine.
After users authenticate and log on to a machine the authentication is valid for as long as the session lasts.
After the users authenticate they have
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Session Hijacking allows hackers to bypass the authentication process of the computer and gain access to the machine.
After users authenticate and log on to a machine the authentication is valid for as long as the session lasts.
After the users authenticate they have
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Page 245 (Chapter 7 – Hackers Beware by Eric Cole)
When a program calls a subroutine, the function variables and the subroutine return address pointers are stored in a logical data structure known as a stack. A stack is a portion of memory that stores information the current program needs. A return pointer contains the address of the point in the program to return to after the subroutine has completed execution. The variable space is filled LIFO I.e. higher address to lower address.
When variable space is exceeded the data goes to neighboring variable space. To cause code to be executed an attacker takes advantage of this by precisely tuning the amount and content of data necessary to cause the buffer to over flow and the operating system stack to crash. The data that the attacker sends usually consists of machine specific byte code to execute a command, plus a new address of the return pointer. This address points back into the address space of the stack, causing the program to run the attacker’s instructions when it attempts to return from the subroutine.
The attackers code will run at whatever privileges the host code is running. So normally hackers try to use programs which run with root privileges.
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Get some stories about hackings
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Get some stories about hackings
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Get some stories about hackings
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Get some stories about hackings
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Get some stories about hackings